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PubMed2000

Attentional function in secondary school students receiving isoniazid prophylaxis for tuberculosis infection.

Reports have suggested that isoniazid treatment may be associated with poor concentration and subtle reduction in memory. This study examines attentional function and processing speed in a group of 25 adolescents who received isoniazid prophylaxis for at least 6 months. As adolescents often face major educational assessment milestones, such cognitive side effects may have important implications. Participants were assessed before treatment, 1 month into treatment and at least 1 week after treatment cessation. Measures included the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test and subtests of the appropriate Wechsler scale sensitive to attention and speed of information processing. Isoniazid does not appear to cause significant adverse effects on attentional function in adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Once-weekly and 5-days a week iron supplementation differentially affect cognitive function but not school performance in Thai children.

Many studies have reported comparable hemoglobin response in subjects given intermittent and daily iron supplements. However, the effect of intermittent iron supplementation on impaired cognitive function, one of the serious consequences of iron deficiency among children, has not been studied. We investigated the effects of 1 d/wk (weekly) and 5 d/wk (daily) iron supplementation on changes in results of intelligence quotient (IQ), Thai language, and mathematics tests among Thai primary schoolchildren. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Primary schoolchildren (n = 397) were randomly assigned to receive iron supplements daily or weekly or placebo. Ferrous sulfate (300 mg) or placebo tablets were given under direct observation by the researcher for 16 wk. Changes in IQ, and Thai language and mathematics scores were then compared. The increases in hemoglobin concentration were comparable in the weekly and daily iron supplementation groups but serum ferritin increased more in the children supplemented daily. Children receiving daily iron supplements, however, had a significantly lower increase in IQ (3 +/- 12 points) than those receiving the supplement weekly (6 +/- 12 points) or placebo (6 +/- 12 points), whereas the last-mentioned two groups did not differ. Z-scores of Thai language and mathematics test results did not differ among the groups. We conclude that weekly iron supplementation is the regimen of choice in this study community.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Lung function in school-age children who had mild lower respiratory illnesses in early childhood.

We examined the relationship between patterns of mild lower respiratory illness (LRI) experienced in early childhood and lung function in 89 boys and 70 girls 6 to 18 yr of age. The children's histories of outpatient visits for wheezing and nonwheezing LRI during the first 6 yr of life had been documented by physicians in a single pediatric practice. Most children were reported by their parents to have been free of recurrent respiratory symptoms during the 2 yr prior to lung function testing. In sex-specific analyses, average lung function assessed by spirometry was similar in children who had made zero or one physician visit for wheezing LRI during the preschool years. Boys who had experienced two or more episodes of wheezing LRI during the preschool years had lower average FEV1, FEV1/FVC, FEF25-75, Vmax50, and Vmax75 than did boys who had zero or one preschool wheezing illness. The association between recurrent preschool wheezing LRI and later lung function remained after exclusion of data from seven boys who were reported to have wheezed in the 2 yr prior to study. Girls who had experienced two or more preschool wheezing LRI had lower average FEF25-75 and Vmax50 than girls with a history of zero or one such illness, but differences were not statistically significant. Recurrent nonwheezing LRI during the preschool years was not significantly associated with subsequent lung function in either sex, regardless of preschool wheezing LRI history. Detailed information concerning early childhood LRI experience is valuable in epidemiologic studies of factors influencing lung function in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Variational chronoreflexometric evaluation of the central nervous system functions in elementary school children with mental retardation].

Parameters of variational chronoreflexometry variation curve of distribution were shown to correlate with the level of mental development in mentally retarded children. The borderline values of the CNS function condition's criteria were determined for both normal children and those mentally retarded. A feasibility of assessing the interhemisphere functional asymmetry by means o this particular method, was shown.

Central Nervous System↗
PubMed2001

Poor school and cognitive functioning with silent cerebral infarcts and sickle cell disease.

The authors evaluated education attainment and neuropsychological deficits in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and silent cerebral infarcts. Children with silent infarcts had twice the rate of school difficulties as children without infarcts. Eighty percent of silent infarct cases had clinically significant cognitive deficits, whereas 35% had deficits in academic skills. Children with silent cerebral infarcts show high rates of poor educational attainment, cognitive deficits, and frontal lobe injury. Poor school performance in SCD is one indicator of silent infarcts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Respiratory symptoms and lung function in Bangkok school children.

BACKGROUND: Previous epidemiological studies have shown acute effects of ambient air pollutants in children with respiratory disorders. METHODS: The chronic effects of air pollution in Bangkok children were investigated. Children aged 10-15 years were examined for lung functions using spirometry tests and for respiratory symptoms by the American Thoracic Society's Division of Lung Diseases (ATS-DLD-78-C) questionnaire during May-August 2004. Effects of residential area were estimated by multiple logistic regression analysis. Of the 878 children, 722 (82%) had completed lung function test and ATS-DLD questionnaire. RESULTS: In children, who live in roadside (R) and general (G) areas with high (H) pollution, the prevalence of respiratory symptoms increased significantly [odds ratios (95% confidence interval) in HR and HG are 2.44 (1.21-4.93) and 2.60 (1.38-4.91), respectively]. Children with normal lung function were less observed in H- and M-polluted roadside and general area [HR, OR = 1.41 (95% CI 0.89-2.22); HG, 1.08 (0.71-1.64); and MR, 0.99 (0.63-1.57)]. Residential locations and family members were associated with the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, whereas factors such as the responder of ATS-DLD, gender, age, residential years, home size, parental smoking habits, use of air conditioners, and domestic pets were not associated. Age was associated with the impaired lung function, whereas others factors were not associated. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of respiratory symptoms and impaired lung function were higher among children living in areas with high pollution than those in areas with low pollution.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ventilatory lung function tests in school children of 6-13 years.

Spirometry was performed in 186 healthy school children, 6-13 years of age, selected from urban population of Rohtak city (India), to derive the regression equation for prediction of normal value of ventilatory lung function in this age group. Values of lung functions in the present study are well comparable to other North Indian studies and Western reports, but higher than the South Indian children. Lung functions have shown better linear correlation with age and height as compared to weight. Comparison of ventilatory function tests in boys and girls showed statistically higher FVC, FEV1, PEFR, FEF25% and MVV in boys, while FEF50% FEF75% and FEF75-85% were statistically higher in girls in different age groups. No specific pattern of variation in lung function tests was observed with sex. Regression equations for different ventilatory functions have been derived for either sex with the best possible combination of physical parameters.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Short-term variations in oscillatory and spirometric lung function indices among school children.

The aim of this study was to compare immediate, daily and weekly variation in respiratory resistance measured by means of the forced oscillation technique (Rrs,FOT) to spirometric indices in 7-12 year old children with chronic respiratory symptoms. The lung function measurements were performed in 19 children on 4 days, i.e. two consecutive days during two consecutive weeks. On each day, the measurements were carried out at the same time of day and always repeated three times. In addition, Rrs,FOT and spirometric lung function indices were compared with an exercise challenge test in 12 children. Intrasubject coefficients of variation (CoVs) for Rrs,FOT were larger than those for spirometric indices. Only in the immediately repeated measurements was the CoV of maximal expiratory flow at 25% vital capacity larger than that of Rrs,FOT (16.6 vs 14.9%). At all time intervals, the smallest CoVs were observed in forced vital capacity (FVC) or in the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to FVC (2.0-2.6%). When excluding Rrs,FOT values which were not within 2 SD (0.11 kPa.L-1.s) of the differences between the immediately repeated measurements, the CoV of the immediately repeated measurements of Rrs,FOT was reduced to 9.1%, being smaller than that of maximal mid-expiratory flow (10.1%). However, even then the day-to-day variation in Rrs,FOT was clearly larger (16.0%) than those of the airflow indices at specified lung volumes (7.2-8.3%). This was also true for the weekly variation. In the exercise challenge test, there were larger changes in Rrs,FOT values than in the spirometric indices, but Rrs,FOT was the most sensitive index to detect changes in the respiratory system. In conclusion, the variation in Rrs,FOT values was larger than that of most spirometric indices. When a reliability index was applied, the immediate variation in Rrs,FOT values was comparable to those of the airflow indices at specified lung volumes. Rrs,FOT was also the most sensitive index in the exercise challenge test, and therefore it seems to be suitable for detection of short-term functional changes in the respiratory system. However, the relatively low repeatability of Rrs,FOT over days and weeks may limit its applicability to longer-term follow-ups.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed2006

Auditory functions in children at schools for the deaf.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate auditory functions in children at schools for the deaf in Turkey. DESIGN: A total of 218 children who were attending the school for deaf children were involved in the study. Familial and medical histories were obtained, and otoscopic examinations were performed. Immittance audiometry, acoustic reflex testing, pure tone audiometry, otoacoustic emission and auditory brain stem response tests were performed. RESULTS: The mean age of identification of hearing loss was 48 months. Impacted wax was the most common otoscopic finding that was seen in 49 (22.47%) of children. Nontype-A tympanograms were found in 18 (8.25%) of children. One-hundred-eighty-nine (86.69%) children had profound hearing loss, and 29 (10.3%) had severe hearing loss on pure tone audiometry. On auditory brain stem response testing, 192 (88.07%) children had profound hearing loss, and 26 (11.41%) had severe hearing loss. Only one child had auditory neuropathy/dys-synchrony, as his otoacoustic emission results were normal without synchronous auditory brain stem responses. The hearing threshold levels were found >105 dB in 28 children only with pure tone audiometry. CONCLUSION: Early auditory screening is necessary to identify the children at risk. All hearing disorders cannot be detected by subjective or objective audiometric tests only. Pure tone audiometry still has a role in determining hearing threshold levels. The audiological research directions should be directed towards routine pure tone audiometry, otoacoustic emission and auditory brain stem response assessment for all hearing impaired children to enable an successful treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The effect of intervention methods on nutritional status and cognitive function of primary school children infected with Ascaris lumbricoides.

The prevalence rate of ascariasis in primary school children in northern Jakarta, Indonesia varies from 60% to 90%. An association between helminthic infection and educational achievement has long been recognized. This study was carried out in the northern part of Jakarta among primary school children 6-8 years of age. Treatment of ascariasis and health education were used as the interventions. Before the interventions, basic data on socioeconomic status, epidemiology, infection with Ascaris lumbricoides, nutritional status, and cognitive function were collected. After the interventions, only data on infection with A. lumbricoides, nutritional status, and cognitive function were collected. The children were divided into five groups. Group I was given an anthelminthic (mebendazole), group II was provided with health education, group III was given an antihelminthic and provided with health education, group IV was given a placebo (controls), and group V consisted of egg-negative children, who also served as controls. Data from 336 students were analyzed by analysis of covariance. Parasitologic examinations showed a mean prevalence rate of 58.4% for A. lumbricoides infection in the pre-intervention children and a mean prevalence rate of 40.6% in the post-intervention children. Concerning nutritional status, approximately 80% of the children showed good scores in the pre- and post-treatment data, and only a small percentage (0.9-16.2%) showed mild or moderate malnutrition. No significant difference was found between the pre- and post-treatment nutritional status. The results of the cognitive test showed that the group treated with mebendazole showed significant improvement in the Colored Progressive Matrices and Coding test. Children also showed an improvement in their learning ability, concentration, and eye-hand coordination after five months of receiving this intervention.

Antinematodal Agents↗
PubMed1994

Comments on functional analysis procedures for school-based behavior problems.

Functional analysis procedures were developed in the 1980s in an effort to determine whether clinicians could identify the function of behavior problems like self-injury and aggression. More recently, several groups of researchers have been attempting to extend that procedure to classroom environments. The following commentary reflects my viewpoint of this transition.

Aggression↗
PubMed1999

Lung function in school-aged asthmatic children with inhaled cromoglycate, nedocromil and corticosteroid therapy.

Two-thirds of the children with asthma in our area use cromones and only one-third steroids as the maintenance therapy. This study aimed to evaluate our treatment policy based on the international consensus. Peak expiratory flow (PEF), dynamic spirometry and bronchodilation test results were therefore collected in 195 school-aged patients who visited our outpatient clinic in 1995. Sixty-four children (33%) used cromoglycate, 86 (44%) nedocromil and 45 (23%) inhaled steroids. Twenty-five (12%) needed combination therapy, mainly with salmeterol. Lung function results were good, and there were no significant differences between the therapeutic groups irrespective of whether pre- or postbronchodilator values were considered. PEF was decreased in eight (4%), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEVI) in four (2%) and maximum mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) in 33 (17%) patients. At least one result was decreased in 39 (20%) cases, in most cases (77%) MMEF alone. Significant rises after salbutamol inhalations were observed in 17 (9%) in PEF, in two (1%) in FEV1 and 20 (10%) in MMEF values. Thus, the bronchodilation test was positive in 33 (17%) cases, and in 22 (11%) cases it was the only sign of bronchial obstruction. Over 70% of the children with asthma can be treated with cromones by a stepwise treatment modality. Inhaled steroids can be restricted to those not controllable by cromones. Lung function tests, including postbronchodilator values, should be part of the follow-up of continuous maintenance medication for asthma.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1999

Patterns of cognitive functioning in school-aged children with Noonan syndrome associated with variability in phenotypic expression.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cognitive profiles of children with Noonan syndrome (NS) and to relate these profiles to measures of overall clinical severity. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty-five children with NS between the ages of 7 and 18 years were tested on their intellectual, psychosocial, and academic functioning. The diagnosis of NS was established on the presence of a typical face, the characteristic heart defect, thorax deformity, short stature, affected first-degree relative(s), and cryptorchidism in male subjects. RESULTS: The total group of children with NS (n = 35) achieved significantly lower mean full-scale IQ, verbal IQ (VIQ), and performance IQ (PIQ) scores (between 85.9 and 89.3) than expected based on normative data. The individual full-scale IQ scores varied between 48 and 130. Because of this wide range of individual scores, the mean group values are not extremely informative. The mean full-scale IQ for the group with moderate NS (n = 19) is 90.8; for the children with severe NS (n = 16) the mean full-scale IQ is 80.6. The patterns of discrepancies between VIQ and PIQ are: (1) an extreme discrepancy between VIQ and PIQ is most likely to emerge in children with severe NS with (low) average intellectual abilities; (2) children with moderate NS are more likely to attain similarities in VIQ and PIQ scores; and (3) children with moderate NS demonstrate a particular pattern of discrepancy between VIQ and PIQ (ie, VIQ > PIQ). CONCLUSION: For children with NS, the findings on physical examination are indicative of the pattern of cognitive abilities. NS is not associated with substantial deficits in the level of intellectual functioning or with a single/unitary cognitive pattern. Severe NS expression, however, predicts in part a specific pattern of deficits and capacities in cognitive functioning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[School entrance screening: prospects for health data collection for health promotion in the school and community].

The function of school entrance examinations changes over the period of history. Nowadays the early diagnosis of special disease is done by the medical practitioner outside the public health department, while the school health services are confronted with a new task in the field of local surveillance and health promotion. A doctorate thesis focuses on the question of what data should be obtained by the school entrance examination and what are the results for a data-based health promotion in school and community. The thesis concentrates on North Rhine-Westphalia and is based on an expert interview concerning to the "Jugendärztlichen Definitionen" of the Bielefelder Modell.

Child↗