SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Factor structure and cultural factors of disruptive behaviour disorders symptoms in Italian children.

OBJECTIVE: Poor parent and teacher awareness for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the scepticism of many clinicians on the prevalence of the disorder, make Italy an interesting environment in which to verify neuropsychological constructs generated in a predominantly Northern American cultural contest. The aim of the study was to verify, by factor confirmatory analysis, the empirical validity of the DSM constructs underlying the diagnostic criteria for developmental disruptive behaviour disorders in Italian school-age children. METHODS: Scores for DSM-IV inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and for conduct disorder (CD) symptoms in 6-12 years old Italian children were analysed from 1575 parent and 1085 teacher forms of the disruptive behaviour disorders questionnaires collected in four different Italian regions. RESULTS: Reliability indicates high internal consistencies for both parent and teacher rating of inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and oppositionality, but not for conduct problems. In accordance with the literature, a relatively low inter-rater convergent and discriminant validity correlation was observed comparing measures obtained by between parents and teachers. Confirmatory factor analysis of both parent and teacher data showed a better fit for a four-factor model, indicating a factor structure in accordance with the DSM-IV taxonomy. When completed by parents and teachers of clinically assessed ADHD, dyslexic or normal children, the disruptive behavioural disorder questionnaires showed a significant predictive diagnostic value. CONCLUSION: Although an informant variance higher that dimensional (trait) variance was observed, the study provides support for DSM-IV taxonomy for developmental disruptive disorders, showing construct validity of ADHD. ODD and CD could also be distinguished from each other.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed2005

Dysthymic disorder contributes to oppositional defiant behaviour in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, combined type (ADHD-CT).

BACKGROUND: The specific relationships between oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), ADHD-CT, dysthymic disorder (DD) and anxiety disorders symptoms have not been studied in children with ADHD-CT. The relationship to DD is important because DD is common, has an earlier age of onset, is associated with significant morbidity and with increased rates of treatment non-responsiveness when comorbid with major depressive disorder and/or ADHD-CT. METHODS: 200 clinically referred children with ADHD-CT, without comorbid major depressive disorder, were identified. "ODD", "ADHD-CT", "DD" and "anxiety disorders" symptoms were defined by composite measures of (1) semi-structured clinical interview and (2) parent and/or child standardized questionnaires. Standard multiple regression was used to examine how well "ADHD-CT", "DD" and "anxiety disorders" symptoms predict "ODD" symptoms. RESULTS: Only "ADHD-CT" (15% of the variance) and "DD" (8% of the variance) symptoms made independent significant contributions to the prediction of "ODD" symptoms. LIMITATIONS: The study's sample size did not allow "ODD" and "conduct disorder" symptoms to be analysed separately. CONCLUSIONS: The association of DD with ODD may reflect a unique contribution of DD to ODD in children, whether ADHD-CT is present or not, or only when ADHD-CT is present.

Age of Onset↗

PubMed2005

Gender differences in adolescent depression: do symptoms differ for boys and girls?

BACKGROUND: Limited prior research suggests that depressed women are more likely to experience certain symptoms of depression than are depressed men. The purpose of this study was to examine whether such gender differences in depressive symptoms are present during adolescence. METHODS: The Childhood Version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia and the Beck Depression Inventory were administered to adolescents presenting for evaluation at an outpatient clinic (n=383; ages 11.9 to 20.0). RESULTS: Depressed girls and boys had similar symptom prevalence and severity ratings for most depressive symptoms. However, depressed girls had more guilt, body image dissatisfaction, self-blame, self-disappointment, feelings of failure, concentration problems, difficulty working, sadness/depressed mood, sleep problems, fatigue, and health worries than depressed boys on some comparisons. In contrast, depressed boys had higher clinician ratings of anhedonia, depressed morning mood, and morning fatigue. LIMITATIONS: Longitudinal research is needed to test whether such relatively gender-specific symptoms play different roles in the onset, maintenance, or remittance of depression for boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that, in general, the experience of depression is highly similar for adolescent girls and boys. However, some gender differences previously found among depressed adults appear to be present by adolescence, possibly suggesting somewhat distinct etiologies for depression among males and females.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Relationships between anxiety and externalizing disorders in youth: the influences of age and gender.

Minimal information about the relationship between anxiety disorders and externalizing disorders in youth is available. This study examined relationships between different specific anxiety and externalizing disorders and examined whether these associations varied by age and gender. The Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders (MECA) data set, consisting of youth from ages 9 to 17 recruited at four sites across the United States using a probability sampling method, was used. Results indicated that all externalizing disorders (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder) were positively related to a range of anxiety disorders. The magnitude of these associations tended to be stronger for males than for females (particularly for associations between social phobia and all externalizing disorders) and at younger, compared to older, ages (particularly for the association between oppositional defiant disorder and overanxious disorder). The cross-sectional positive relationships between externalizing and anxiety disorders vary somewhat based on gender, age, and which specific pair of disorders is examined; this may help explain the discrepant findings of previous research in this area.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

External validation of comorbid patterns of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.

To evaluate the external validity of comorbid patterns of anxiety disorders among youth who presented to an anxiety disorders clinic, comorbid cases were compared to "pure" anxiety disorder cases. Children and adolescents (N=329; mean age=10.04 years) and parents were administered structured interviews and four groups were formed, Pure Anxiety, Anxiety+Anxiety, Anxiety+Externalizing, and Anxiety+Depressive, and compared along with four external validation criteria: sociodemographics, clinical phenomenology, psychosocial, and family factors. All comorbid groups were more severe than the pure anxiety group on clinical phenomenology and psychosocial factors. The Anxiety+Depressive Disorders group was most severe on all criteria except sociodemographics. Results provide evidence for the external validity of comorbid diagnostic presentations among anxiety disorders, as there was differential meaningfulness in the diagnostic presentation of a pure anxiety disorder versus anxiety disorder comorbid with other disorders. Assessment and future research implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Regionally specific alterations in membrane phospholipids in children with ADHD: An in vivo 31P spectroscopy study.

This multi-voxel, phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P MRS) study examined the prefrontal cortex (PFC), basal ganglia (BG) and superior temporal (ST) region in 10 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 15 healthy controls. ADHD patients had lower PFC and BG phosphomonoester (PME) levels compared to healthy children. No differences were noted in the ST. These deficits in membrane phospholipid (MPL) precursor levels suggest reduced mass of cellular MPLs due to a possible underdevelopment of neuronal processes and synapses in ADHD.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed2006

Parent-of-origin effects in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

The goal of the present study was to investigate parent-of-origin effects in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Parent-of-origin effects in ADHD may be due to differences in the relative quantity of risk factors transmitted by each parent. Alternatively, parent-of-origin effects may be produced by qualitative differences in the risks transmitted, such as those carried on the sex chromosomes or regulated by genomic imprinting. 60 children with maternal-only history of ADHD and 131 children with paternal-only history of ADHD were compared on three domains for which prior evidence suggested parent-of-origin effects may exist: core symptoms, disruptive behaviours and depression. Dependent variables were derived from previously validated, age-appropriate and standardized parent and teacher interviews and questionnaires. Depression levels were rated using the Child Depression Inventory. Consistent with previous research and the predictions derived from threshold models of ADHD etiology, the maternal history group received higher ratings of behavioural disorder (ADHD, conduct disorder and oppositional symptoms) than the paternal history group. Parent-of-origin effects were also observed for depression, with the paternal history group rating themselves as significantly more depressed than children in the maternal history group, particularly girls. Heightened paternal transmission relative to maternal is suggestive of genomic imprinting, and the interaction with proband sex indicates the involvement of the sex chromosomes or sex-specific physiological or hormonal factors. Interpretations of these data in terms of environmental and genetic factors, including epigenetic and sex-linked hypotheses, are explored.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed2000

Pediatric mania: a developmental subtype of bipolar disorder?

Despite ongoing controversy, the view that pediatric mania is rare or nonexistent has been increasingly challenged not only by case reports, but also by systematic research. This research strongly suggests that pediatric mania may not be rare but that it may be difficult to diagnose. Since children with mania are likely to become adults with bipolar disorder, the recognition and characterization of childhood-onset mania may help identify a meaningful developmental subtype of bipolar disorder worthy of further investigation. The major difficulties that complicate the diagnosis of pediatric mania include: 1) its pattern of comorbidity may be unique by adult standards, especially its overlap with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, aggression, and conduct disorder; 2) its overlap with substance use disorders; 3) its association with trauma and adversity; and 4) its response to treatment is atypical by adult standards.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Symptomatology and comorbidity of generalized anxiety disorder in children and adolescents.

This study investigated the symptomatology and comorbidity of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in a clinically referred sample of Italian children and adolescents as a function of age and gender. The sample consisted of 58 subjects (19 children and 39 adolescents), 23 males and 35 females screened from consecutively referred children and adolescents. This sample was divided into two groups of younger children (19 subjects, eight males and 11 females aged 7 to 12 years; mean age, 9.6) and adolescents (39 subjects, 15 males and 24 females aged 12 to 18 years; mean age, 14.9). Feelings of tension, apprehension, the need for reassurance, irritability, negative self-image, and physical complaints were reported in more than 70% of the subjects. Differences in the symptomatic profile between males and females were not significant. Children and adolescents did not show significant differences in the number of symptoms. The need for reassurance was significantly more frequent in children, and brooding was more frequent in adolescents. Other anxiety disorders were commonly comorbid with GAD. More than half of the patients with GAD showed a concurrent depressive disorder; no differences were found for comorbidity between children and adolescents, except for higher rates of separation anxiety disorder in children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Temporal association between childhood psychopathology and substance use disorders: findings from a sample of adults with opioid or alcohol dependency.

Adults with substance use disorders (SUD; alcohol or drug abuse or dependence) were evaluated to determine if childhood-onset psychopathology preceded the onset of SUD. Using structured psychiatric interviews, we assessed 47 clinically referred adults with SUD (27 with opioid dependence and 20 with alcohol dependence), with attention to childhood-onset psychopathology. A sequence of psychopathology and SUD was reconstructed using mean diagnosis onset data. Sixty-two percent of the 47 SUD adults (mean age 39.3+/-6.6 years) had early-onset SUD (defined as < or = 18 years) and 38% had late-onset SUD (> or = 19 years at onset). Psychopathology preceded the onset of SUD in 56% of adults. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, multiple anxiety, and disruptive disorders typically preceded the onset of SUD; in contrast, mood disorders (specifically depressive and bipolar disorders) followed the onset of SUD. The majority of clinically referred adults with SUD had psychopathology that began in childhood, frequently preceding the onset of their SUD. These findings further highlight the importance of targeting antecedent disorders for preventive and early intervention programs aimed at reducing the risk for SUD.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder: an EEG analysis.

This study investigated EEG differences between two groups of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined type (ADHD), with or without comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and normal control subjects. Each group consisted of 20 males. All subjects were between the ages of 8 and 12 years, and groups were matched on age. EEG was recorded during an eyes-closed resting condition from 21 monopolar derivations, which were clustered into nine regions for analysis. The EEGs were Fourier transformed to provide absolute and relative power estimates for the delta, theta, alpha and beta bands. Values were also calculated for the theta/alpha and theta/beta ratios. The ADHD groups had more absolute and relative theta than the control group. Regionally, the ADHD groups had less relative alpha and more relative delta in posterior regions, and less relative beta in the frontal regions, than the control group. These differences were also apparent in both ratio measures. Only two significant topographic differences were found between the ADHD groups, with both of these being less deviant from normality in the ADHD+ODD group than the ADHD group. These results indicate that EEG correlates of ADHD are not clouded by the presence of comorbid ODD, which suggests possible applications in clinical practice.

Alpha Rhythm↗

PubMed1998

Response inhibition and response re-engagement in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, disruptive, anxious and normal children.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) is uniquely related to impairments in two aspects of executive functioning: (1) response inhibition: and (2) response re-engagement. AD/HD (n = 10), disruptive (n = 11), anxious (n = 11) and normal children (n = 21) were compared on the change task. Children were in the age range of 8 12 years. The psychopathological groups were recruited from special educational services. Parent, teacher and child questionnaires were used to select children with pervasive disorders. Controls attended normal classes and scored low on all questionnaires. Compared with normal children, both AD/HD and disruptive children showed poor response inhibition, but only AD/HD children exhibited a deficit in the underlying inhibitory process. Some evidence was found for enhanced response inhibition in anxious children. Both AD/HD and disruptive children demonstrated higher variability in the speed of the response re-engagement process and were less accurate. The results suggest that AD/HD involves a more pervasive impairment in cognitive functioning, rather than a deficit restricted to the powers of response inhibition.

Anxiety Disorders↗

PubMed2002

Timing and force control in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: subtype differences and the effect of comorbid developmental coordination disorder.

This study examined the motor and performance outcomes of boys with subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (DSM-IV, [American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed., Washington, DC, 1994]). It also examined the differences between boys with a single diagnosis of ADHD versus those who have the dual categorisation of ADHD and developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The participants were 157 boys, aged 7.70-12.98 years recruited from a community sample. Parent report was used to classify 143 boys into either a comparison group or one of the three DSM-IV ADHD subtypes. Participants were given a battery of tests that included the Movement Assessment Battery for Children [Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Psychological Corporation/Harcourt Brace-Jovanovich, New York, 1992], the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children--Third Edition [Manual for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Psychological Corporation, New York, 1992] and a finger tapping task targeting motor processing, preparation, and execution. Boys with subtypes that included inattentive symptomatology had significant difficulties with timing, force output and showed greater variability in motor outcomes. Boys with the comorbid condition (i.e., ADHD and DCD) had particular difficulty with force control. These outcomes identify a need for increased recognition of the clinical and research implications of the relationship between ADHD and motor dysfunction. This potentially impacts on assessment, intervention, theoretical modelling and the general interpretation of cognitive abilities research with children with ADHD.

Attention↗

PubMed1998

A review of methods and instruments for assessing externalizing disorders: theoretical and practical considerations in rendering a diagnosis.

This review addresses the most current and widely used methods of assessing childhood and adolescent externalizing disorders. Interviews, rating scales, and self-report instruments are described, and their strengths and weaknesses are discussed. Direct observational techniques in naturalistic and analogue settings are also reviewed. Throughout the article, commentary is offered regarding the psychometric adequacy and clinical validity of these instruments. It is suggested that, although the instruments presently used to assist in diagnosing externalizing disorders generally possess adequate reliability and representational validity, evidence of elaborative validity is lacking. Clinicians and researchers are encouraged to adopt a broader conceptualization of the diagnostic process, to question existing standards for establishing validity, and to consider alternative means of demonstrating diagnostic utility.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

International consensus statement on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behaviour disorders (DBDs): clinical implications and treatment practice suggestions.

Researchers and clinicians worldwide share concerns that many youngsters with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and/or disruptive behaviour disorders (DBDs) do not receive appropriate treatment despite availability of effective therapies. At the request of Johnson and Johnson (sponsor), 11 international experts in child and adolescent psychiatry were selected by Professor Stan Kutcher (chair) to address these concerns. This paper describes the experts' consensus conclusions, including treatment practice suggestions for physicians involved in the early treatment of youngsters with ADHD (or hyperkinetic disorder, in countries preferring this classification) and/or DBDs internationally: suggested first-line treatment for ADHD without comorbidity is psychostimulant medication aided by psychosocial intervention. For ADHD with comorbid conduct disorder (CD), psychosocial intervention combined with pharmacotherapy is suggested. For primary CD, suggested first-line treatment is psychosocial intervention, with pharmacotherapy considered as an 'add-on' when aggression/impulsivity is marked and persistent. Pharmacotherapy requires careful titration; full-day coverage is the suggested goal. Regular long-term follow-up is recommended.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed1999

Pituitary-adrenal reactivity in a child psychiatric population: salivary cortisol response to stressors.

The aim of this explorative study was to investigate whether physical and psychological challenges are effective in inducing a cortisol response in psychiatric and control children, and if so whether the cortisol response can discriminate between diagnostic groups and is related to psychiatric symptoms. Fifty-two patients, including children with dysthymia, oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder, pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified (PDDNOS) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, were compared to 15 healthy control children. Symptomatology was scored using the Child Behaviour Checklist. The response to both psychological and physical challenges was assessed by measuring salivary cortisol and heart rate. Physical challenge, but not psychological challenge, resulted in an overall increase in heart rate and saliva cortisol. Dysthymic and PDDNOS patients showed a diminished cortisol response, in spite of a significant increase in heart rate. These groups scored highest on the symptom factor withdrawal. Withdrawal was negatively correlated with the cortisol response. Thus, physical exercise is effective in inducing a salivary cortisol response in children. Dysthymic and PDDNOS patients have a disturbed pituitary-adrenal function in relation to physical stress, that may be associated with withdrawal.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Quality of movement as predictor of ADHD: results from a prospective population study in 5- and 6-year-old children.

The aims of this prospective study were (1) to examine whether quantitative and/or qualitative aspects of motor performance in 5- to 6-year-old children can predict attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 18 months later; (2) to investigate whether this relation is also present in oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder (ODD/CD). Quantitative and qualitative aspects of motor performance were tested in a selected community sample (n=401; 232 males, 169 females; mean age 6 years 4 months, SD 6 months, range 5 years 4 months to 7 years 11 months) using the Maastricht Motor Test. Eighteen months later, standardized psychiatric information was obtained with the Amsterdam Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents: 35 children were classified as having ADHD, and 92 children as having ODD/CD. Weighted analyses were used in logistic regression analyses to investigate predictive values. Unlike quantitative aspects of motor performance, qualitative aspects were predictive of ADHD. Motor performance was not predictive of ODD/CD.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed2002

Driving in young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: knowledge, performance, adverse outcomes, and the role of executive functioning.

Past studies find that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) creates a higher risk for adverse driving outcomes. This study comprehensively evaluated driving in adults with ADHD by comparing 105 young adults with the disorder (age 17-28) to 64 community control (CC) adults on five domains of driving ability and a battery of executive function tasks. The ADHD group self-reported significantly more traffic citations, particularly for speeding, vehicular crashes, and license suspensions than the CC group, with most of these differences corroborated in the official DMV records. Cognitively, the ADHD group was less attentive and made more errors during a visual reaction task under rule-reversed conditions than the CC group. The ADHD group also obtained lower sceres on a test of driving rules and decision-making but not on a simple driving simulator. Both self- and other-ratings showed the CC group employed safer routine driving habits than the ADHD group. Relationships between the cognitive and driving measures and the adverse outcomes were limited or absent, calling into question their use in screening ADHD adults for driving risks. Several executive functions also were significantly yet modestly related to accident frequency and total traffic violations after controlling for severity of ADHD. These results are consistent with earlier studies showing significant driving problems are associated with ADHD. This study found that these driving difficulties were not a function of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder, depression, anxiety, or frequency of alcohol or illegal drug use. Findings to date argue for the development of interventions to reduce driving risks among adults with ADHD.

Accidents, Traffic↗