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Results for “Behavior change”

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PubMed1982

Self-administered programs for health behavior change: smoking cessation and weight reduction by mail.

Forty smokers and 47 overweight individuals were recruited for a home correspondence program for either smoking cessation or weight loss. Participants were assigned to one of four programs for changing their respective health behaviors: (1) a home correspondence program conducted entirely by mail, (2) the mail program with supplemental financial contigency contracts tied to completion of written homework, (3) the correspondence programs supplemented both by homework contracts and by regular calls to a telephone answering system, and (4) a standard behavioral group program which acted as a comparison condition. Results showed that all three correspondence approaches produced significant changes in health behaviors equal to the changes experienced by participants in the standard group program. The implication of these findings for development of low cost programs for disease prevention are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Time course of certain behavioral changes after hippocampal damage and their alteration by dopaminergic intervention into nucleus accumbens.

Independent groups of rats with hippocampal, neocortical, or sham lesions were observed 7, 14, or 28 days after surgery in an open field-hole board apparatus and in a smaller circular apparatus. In the circular apparatus, animals were observed after unilateral injection of the dopamine agonist, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino-2-imidazoline (DPI) or saline into nucleus accumbens. Behavioral changes in locomotion, exploration and grooming measured in the open field were consistent with those found previously after hippocampal damage, with each behavioral anomaly demonstrating a specific pattern of change after surgery. In general, the injection of DPI into nucleus accumbens produced greater behavioral change in animals with hippocampal damage than in animals with either neocortical or sham lesions. The drug-induced changes in the hippocampally lesioned rats made their behavior more like that of control animals. These results suggest that destruction of the hippocampus may induce alterations in dopaminergic mechanisms in nucleus accumbens which can be modified by appropriate pharmacologic intervention.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Preclinical laboratory course in dental behavioral science: changing human behavior.

Dental health professionals are frequently frustrated when they present preventive or therapeutic regimens to patients. This paper describes an approach to the teaching of behavioral science designed to familiarize the dental student with applying behavioral change techniques to dental problems. Ninety-nine second-year dental students participated in the two-credit course. Students were taught in six groups, each led by a clinician-behavioral scientist team. The behavioral science materials were presented in five slide-tape programs developed by the authors. The key to the course was a behavior change project in which each student identified a problem, designed an intervention strategy, and attempted to manage the problem using the behavioral techniques presented.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed1997

Do behavior changes herald physical illness in adults with mental retardation?

A longitudinal study of 62 individuals with profound mental retardation was conducted to determine if direct care staff can identify behavior change prior to identifying symptoms of acute illness. Results indicate that staff were able to notice changes in sluggishness prior to the onset of illness. Self-care behavior was of borderline significance and there was no significant change in eight behavior dimensions (vocalizations, peer conflict, stereotypy, aggression, self injurious behavior, restlessness, distractibility, and depression). This finding should alert physicians and caregivers to the importance of prompt response to symptoms. Reliance on behavioral observation of direct care staff is not always sensitive enough to pick up changes in health status in less restrictive residential environments.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2005

Instructional design strategies for health behavior change.

To help health educators build upon the best of different health behavior change theories, this paper offers a unified set of instructional design strategies for health education interventions. This set draws upon the recommendations of Rosenstock (Health Belief Model), Bandura (Social Cognitive Theory), and Dearing (Diffusion Theory), and uses a modified Events of Instruction framework (adapted from Robert Gagne): gain attention (convey health threats and benefits), present stimulus material (tailor message to audience knowledge and values, demonstrate observable effectiveness, make behaviors easy-to-understand and do), provide guidance (use trustworthy models to demonstrate), elicit performance and provide feedback (to enhance trialability, develop proficiency and self-efficacy), enhance retention and transfer (provide social supports and deliver behavioral cues). Sample applications of these strategies are provided. A brief review of research on adolescent smoking prevention enables consideration of the frequency with which these strategies are used, and possible patterns between strategy use and behavioral outcomes.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Attitude change as a motivational factor in producing behavior change related to implementing primary nursing.

This study examined the relationship between nurses' improved attitudes toward the feasibility of primary nursing within the Veterans Administration setting and resultant behaviors directed at implementing primary nursing. Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory served as an explanatory model for observed outcomes. Improved attitudes motivated participants to engage in predicted behaviors. Findings implied that effective training is maximized in situations in which correspondence exists between the source of the behavioral deficiency and educational activities designed to remedy the deficiency.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1990

Behavioral weight-loss for multiply-handicapped adults: assessing caretaker involvement and measures of behavior change.

Two groups of cerebral palsied, mentally retarded, overweight adults received training in seven behavioral self-control techniques for reducing caloric intake and increasing activity levels over the course of 19 weeks. One group's parents/caretakers had frequent contacts from the diet leader, (Home-Help Group); the other group, balanced with the first for degree of handicap, had no caretaker-directed communications other than initial notification (No Help Group). Measures of adherence were included to assess the process of behavioral change during the diet program. A significant treatment effect accrued for all participants in the diet program, with the Home-Help Group of dieters showing clinically, though not statistically superior weight loss at treatment end and at follow-ups through one year. Specific behaviors taught, such as replacing utensils after each bite and eating slowly, showed significant changes in the expected directions with weight change. Implications of the data for future treatment programs are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Defining participant exposure measures in Web-based health behavior change programs.

BACKGROUND: Published research on the use of Web-based behavior change programs is growing rapidly. One of the observations characterized as problematic in these studies is that participants often make relatively few website visits and spend only a brief time accessing the program. Properly structured websites permit the unobtrusive measurement of the ways in which participants access (are exposed to) program content. Research on participant exposure to Web-based programs is not merely of interest to technologists, but represents an important opportunity to better understand the broader theme of program engagement and to guide the development of more effective interventions. OBJECTIVES: The current paper seeks to provide working definitions and describe initial patterns of various measures of participant exposure to ChewFree.com, a large randomized controlled trial of a Web-based program for smokeless tobacco cessation. METHODS: We examined measures of participant exposure to either an Enhanced condition Web-based program (interactive, tailored, and rich-media program) or a Basic condition control website (static, text-based material). Specific measures focused on email prompting, participant visits (number, duration, and pattern of use over time), and Web page viewing (number of views, types of pages viewed, and Web forum postings). RESULTS: Participants in the ChewFree.com Enhanced condition made more visits and spent more time accessing their assigned website than did participants assigned to the Basic condition website. In addition, exposure data demonstrated that Basic condition users thoroughly accessed program content, indicating that the condition provided a meaningful, face-valid control to the Enhanced condition. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend that researchers conducting evaluations of Web-based interventions consider the collection and analysis of exposure measures in the broader context of program engagement in order to assess whether participants obtain sufficient exposure to relevant program content.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Behavioral changes after focal cerebral ischemia by left middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

Behavioral changes after occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) in rats were investigated for 16 weeks. Impairment of motor coordination and incidence of neurological deficits including hemiplegia and abnormal posture were present for the first 2 and 4 weeks after MCA occlusion, respectively. Learning behavior in one-trial passive avoidance task was disturbed for the entire 16-week period when rats were trained at days 3 after MCA occlusion. Reacquisition was also impaired when rats were retrained on 8 weeks after MCA occlusion. Except for synchronized EEG at days 2 after MCA occlusion, significant changes in spontaneous movement and EEG were not observed in the MCA-occluded group. These results suggest that this rat model of MCA-occlusion is useful for quantitatively measuring functional changes in chronic phase of focal cerebral ischemia.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Behavioral changes associated with epilepsy.

Epilepsy can be accompanied by changes in cognition, personality, affect, and other elements of behavior. There is no single epileptic constitution or personality complex. A unifying theme to the behavior in epilepsy is diversity. As one looks at the behavioral traits reported in epilepsy, a specific and consistent pattern is lacking. Rather, extremes of behavior are accentuated: sometimes in one direction, often in both directions. Changes in emotional state are prominent among behavioral features in epilepsy. Some authors describe a prominent deepening or increase in emotionality, whereas others identify a global decrease in emotional life and content. Emotional lability is also reported. Sexuality and libido are typically decreased, but fetishism, transvestism, exhibitionism, and hypersexual episodes also occur. Concerns over morality may be lacking or exaggerated. Patients may be irritable and aggressive or timid and apathetic. The impressive list of people with epilepsy in politics, religion, arts, and sciences suggests a positive expression of this behavioral spectrum. Psychosis, depression, paranoia, and personality disorders may represent a negative pole of epilepsy-related behavioral changes. The most important aspect of behavioral changes in epilepsy for physicians is to recognize and treat dysfunctional behavior. Depression is a common problem that is often unrecognized and untreated. Other treatable problems include impotence, anxiety, panic attacks, and psychosis. Identifying risk factors will, it is hoped, assist in developing methods to prevent these disorders.

Anxiety Disorders↗

PubMed2005

Theory-based behavior change interventions: comments on Hobbis and Sutton.

Hobbis and Sutton (this issue) suggest that Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) techniques can be used in interventions based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Although this suggestion has merit, CBT is only one of many applicable methods for producing belief and behavior change. Moreover, CBT's primary purpose is to help people carry out intended behaviors, not to influence intentions, and that it is more useful in face-to-face than in community-level interventions. Contrary to Hobbis and Sutton's critique, TPB can accommodate core beliefs or fundamental assumptions, but the theory suggests that interventions targeted at such beliefs are less effective than interventions targeted at behavior specific beliefs.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗

PubMed1995

Innovation and behavior change. Applied anthropology strategies for international health and cross-cultural medicine.

Most international health programs depend on individual behavior change. Cleverly catalyzing such change in populations requires knowledge of preprogram health behaviors and the web of culture in which they are suspended. This article reviews general medical anthropology perspectives and cases from the field. The current methods for defining baseline health knowledge, attitudes, and practices are reviewed to facilitate the development of benchmarks against which successful programmatic change can be measured.

Anthropology, Cultural↗

PubMed1999

Cognitive and behavioral changes after unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy: relationship with lesional data from MRI.

We investigated cognitive and behavioral changes after unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy, and their relationship with lesion size and location as identified in magnetic resonance image quantitative analysis. Fifteen consecutive patients with Parkinson's disease were assessed neuropsychologically before and after unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy (five right and 10 left). Immediate postsurgery evaluation (1 week) demonstrated significant worsening of memory, motor learning, motor speed, and verbal fluency. In the 3-month follow up, learning, memory, and speed returned to the presurgical level, but verbal fluency remained below the baseline. Significant improvements were observed in visuospatial functions and obsessive-compulsive behavior. Lesional volume did not correlate with neuropsychologic changes. Left lesions produced more impairment in verbal fluency than right-sided lesions. Regression analysis identified two lesional areas in the pallidum mediale internum. These regions accounted for 68% of the variance in the visuospatial changes.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

West Texas teenagers and AIDS: a survey of their knowledge, attitudes, behavioral changes, and information sources.

We conducted this study to determine the knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and sources of AIDS information among teenagers in West Texas. We also examined differences by gender, ethnicity, and rural/urban status. Results were divided into the following categories: general knowledge of AIDS, AIDS-related attitudes, behavior changes caused by AIDS, and AIDS information sources. The 289 ninth-grade students revealed a greater knowledge of AIDS than had been shown in studies in other states. However, there were group differences with Anglo students exhibiting greater knowledge of AIDS. There were also some differences between rural and urban students, with urban students scoring higher on knowledge. Finally, doctors were regarded as the most reliable source of AIDS information. There were many implications related to AIDS education from these results and from the other findings in this study.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2006

Application of theory-based health behavior change techniques to the prevention of obesity in children.

Few studies that apply behavior change constructs such as goal setting, self-efficacy, and readiness for change to childhood obesity interventions exist. The purpose of this study was to adapt these constructs for use within a community-based obesity prevention program designed for fifth and sixth graders and their families. Games, worksheets, and a helpful acronym made the constructs developmentally appropriate and comprehensible to 11- and 12-year-olds. The age-adapted techniques have the potential to enhance obesity programs in a population for whom the obesity issue is critical.

Abbreviations as Topic↗

PubMed1998

Indomethacin-induced behavioral changes in an elderly patient with dementia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of behavioral changes induced by indomethacin in an elderly man with a history of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. CASE SUMMARY: A 92-year-old white man with a history of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type, glaucoma, and constipation was treated with indomethacin for an episode of pseudogout. After six doses of indomethacin 25 mg, the patient became very agitated, confused, and was physically and verbally aggressive to the nurses. Indomethacin was discontinued and the patient recovered after receiving haloperidol 0.5 mg/d p.o. over a period of 10 days. DISCUSSION: Only a few cases of psychosis have been reported in the literature concerning the use of indomethacin in patients over the age of 60 years. The mechanism by which indomethacin causes psychosis is not well understood, but it is postulated that the acute psychosis may be related to the similarity between the molecular structure of indomethacin and serotonin. Both indomethacin and serotonin have an indolic moiety, which may explain the development of acute psychosis in this patient. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare providers should be aware that patients with a history of dementia who are receiving indomethacin may be at risk of developing severe behavior problems along with gastrointestinal and renal adverse effects.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Lack of behavior change after disclosure of hepatitis C virus infection among young injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland.

We evaluated behavior change after disclosure of a positive hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody test result among a cohort of young injection drug users (IDUs). Participants underwent semiannual interviews, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HCV antibody testing, and pretest and posttest counseling. We used chi(2) statistics to study changes in the frequencies of high-risk behaviors from baseline to a 6-month follow-up visit among 46 IDUs who had a positive HCV test result and among 60 IDUs who did not have a positive HCV test result or who were unaware of their test result. No significant differences were detected between the 2 groups. Both groups continued to share syringes, needles, and other injection paraphernalia. These findings suggest that young IDUs may not be aware of the risk of HCV infection and highlight the urgent need for post-HCV test guidelines and behavioral interventions to reduce ongoing high-risk behavior that perpetuates the risk of HCV transmission.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Interactive behavior change technology. A partial solution to the competing demands of primary care.

BACKGROUND: Primary care practices are faced with the challenge of having too much to do in too little time. As a result, behavioral counseling is often overlooked, especially for patients with multiple health behaviors in need of change. METHODS: This paper describes recent examples of the application of interactive behavior change technologies (IBCTs) to deliver health behavior change counseling before, during, and after the office visit to inform and enhance patient-clinician interactions around these issues. The 5A's framework (assess, advise, agree, assist, arrange follow-up) is used to consider how interactive technology can be used to implement behavior change counseling more consistently. RESULTS: A variety of IBCTs, including the Internet, clinic-based CD-ROMs, and interactive voice-response telephone calls have been shown to be feasible and potentially valuable adjuncts to clinic-based behavioral counseling. These technologies can both increase the effectiveness of behavioral counseling and extend the reach of these services to patients with barriers to face-to-face interactions. CONCLUSIONS: If appropriately developed with the context of primary care in mind and integrated as part of a systems approach to intervention, IBCT can be a feasible and appropriate aid for primary care. Recommendations are made for the types of IBCT aids and research that are needed to realize this potential.

Behavior Therapy↗