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PubMed2001

The relationship between pedometer-determined ambulatory activity and body composition variables.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between pedometer-determined ambulatory activity (steps/day) and body composition variables body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat). DESIGN: : Secondary analysis of a cross-sectional objective activity monitoring study for up to 21 consecutive days. SUBJECTS: A total of 109 apparently healthy adults (eight African American males, 23 African-American females, 33 Caucasian males, 45 Caucasian females), age 44.9+/-15.8 y, BMI=26.9+/-5.1 kg/m2. MEASUREMENTS: Pedometer-assessed ambulatory activity (steps/day), height and weight, and percentage body fat by bioelectrical impedance. RESULTS: Analyzed as both a continuous and a categorical variable (determined using 25th and 75th percentiles for distribution for steps/day), ambulatory activity was consistently related to body composition variables. Steps/day was inversely correlated with BMI and percentage body fat (r=-0.30, and r=-0.27, respectively, both P<0.01). The consistency of the relationship was also evident when examined using accepted BMI cut-off points for normal-weight, overweight, and obese categories. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals in this small sample with values greater than approximately 9000 steps/day are more frequently classified as normal weight for height. Individuals with values less than approximately 5000 steps/day are more frequently classified as obese. These findings require further corroborative investigation but provide preliminary cutoff points for identifying individuals at risk who may benefit from appropriate physical activity intervention.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Lower resting metabolic rate in the elderly may not be entirely due to changes in body composition.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether or not the lower resting metabolic rate (RMR) in the elderly is entirely due to changes in body composition. DESIGN: Cross-sectional data of 132 female (age 69.9+/-5.5 y, body mass index (BMI) 26.5+/-4.0 kg/m(2)) and 84 male (age 68.9+/-5.1 y, BMI 26.1+/-2.8 kg/m(2)) participants of the longitudinal study on nutrition and health status in an aging population of Giessen, Germany, as well as that of 159 young women (age 24.8+/-3.0 y, BMI 21.1+/-2.5 kg/m(2)) and 67 young men (age 26.8+/-3.4 y, BMI 23.3+/-2.4 kg/m(2)) were analysed. RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry after an overnight fast and body composition was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis and predictive equations from the literature. Analysis of covariance was used to adjust RMR for body composition, body fat distribution and smoking habits. Additionally, RMR that is to be expected theoretically, was calculated on the basis of the subjects' body composition and the specific metabolic rate of the different organs and was compared to measured RMR. RESULTS: Compared to young subjects adjusted RMR was significantly lower in elderly women (5432+/-82 vs 5809+/-70 kJ/day, P<0.01) and men (6971+/-99 vs 7558+/-121 kJ/day, P<0.001). In both elderly women and men, measured RMR was markedly lower than calculated RMR (-625+/-404, -515+/-570 kJ/day). By contrast, measured and calculated RMR were nearly the same in young men (159+/-612 kJ/day); in young women the difference between measured and calculated RMR was only -300+/-457 kJ/day. In both sexes, these differences are significantly larger in the elderly when compared to young adults. CONCLUSION: These results support the point of view that the decline in RMR with advancing age cannot be totally due to changes in body composition.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

History of anorexia nervosa in bulimic patients: its influence on body composition.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the body composition of a group of patients fulfilling DSM-IV criteria for bulimia nervosa (BN), comparing the patients who had a history of DSM-IV anorexia nervosa (AN) with those without such a history to determine (1) whether both groups differed in terms of body composition and (2) whether the differences between groups could be the consequence of the past condition. METHODS: The sample consisted of 104 patients, 43 with prior AN (BN-AN group) and 61 without a history of AN (BN-nonAN). The patients were assessed using anthropometric and bioelectrical methods: height and weight, body circumferences, abdominal diameter, skinfold thickness, and body impedance analysis. In a later phase and to test the influence of current low weight on the results, two experimental groups were created: the first group was composed of the patients from the BN-AN group who had a normal body mass index (BMI range in this group, 20.1-23.4 kg/m2; n = 23); the second group consisted of 23 patients from the BN-nonAN group in the same BMI range. In both phases unpaired sample t tests were performed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: More than 40% of the bulimic patients with a history of AN had a BMI less than 20. They had a lower percentage of body fat, lower muscle mass, and higher percentage of extracellular water. Nevertheless, most of these differences disappeared in the second phase of the analysis, when only the patients within a normal weight range were compared. DISCUSSION: According to these results, a significant number of bulimic patients with a history of AN tend to retain some clinical traits of the past condition and could be viewed as remaining in a "subclinical anorexic status": they are thinner and seem to have less difficulties in maintaining low weight than patients without a history of AN. Nevertheless, in patients who have reached a normal weight after AN, all these differences disappear. This fact raises some important questions related to the boundaries between AN and BN, the shifting from one to another, or when AN patients really recover.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Comparison of three techniques for body composition analysis in cystic fibrosis.

Body composition analysis is an important component of nutritional assessment in cystic fibrosis (CF). No gold standard of measurement exists, and techniques applicable to healthy populations may be unsuitable for CF patients. We assessed lean body mass (LBM) in 12 children with CF by skinfold (SK) measurements, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA) and repeated these measures in 10 subjects 6 mo later. SK and DPA measures in eight older CF patients and eight healthy controls were compared to evaluate any effect of disease on estimates of LBM by use of DPA. Good agreement between the measures was seen at baseline and 6 mo by use of concordance plots. However, the limits of agreement between measures ranged up to 19% of SK-derived LBM measures (baseline: SK and DPA, 2.63 to -3.93 kg; SK and BIA, 2.36 to -1.24 kg; BIA and DPA, 1.88 to -4.28 kg; 6 mo: SK and DPA, 2.10 to -3.58 kg; SK and BIA, 6.28 to -5.49 kg; BIA and DPA, 5.53 to -7.79 kg). The change in LBM over 6 mo did not correlate among the three measures. Only BIA change in LBM correlated with weight change (r = 0.716, P < 0.02), probably due to the inclusion of weight in the regression equations for determining LBM from impedance. The relationship between SK and DPA measures did not differ between the CF and control groups, suggesting that there was no effect of disease on the DPA measure. The results suggest that none of these methods is precise enough to follow short-term changes in the nutritional status of CF patients longitudinally.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1984

Nutritional assessment by isotope dilution analysis of body composition.

The three components of body mass, body cell mass (BCM), extracellular fluid (ECF), and fat + extracellular solids (ECS: bone, tendon, etc) can be quantified using established isotope dilution techniques. With these techniques, total body water (TBW) and ECF are measured using 3H2O and 82Bromine, respectively, as tracers. BCM is calculated from intracellular fluid (ICF) where ICF = TBW - ECF. Fat + ECS is estimated as: body weight - (BCM + ECF). TBW and ECF can be determined by either of two calculation methods, one requiring several timed plasma samples (extrapolation method) and one requiring a single plasma sample and a 4-h urine collection (urine-corrected method). The comparability of the two calculation methods was evaluated in 20 studies in 12 bone marrow transplant recipients. We found that for determination of TBW and ECF there was a very strong linear relationship (r2 greater than 0.98) between the calculation methods. Further comparisons (by t test, 2-sided) indicated that for the determination of ECF, the methods were not significantly (p greater than 0.90) different; however, TBW determined by the urine-corrected method was slightly (0.1 to 6%), but significantly (p less than 0.01) greater than that determined by the extrapolation method. Therefore, relative to the extrapolation method, the urine-corrected method "over-estimates" BCM and "under-estimates" fat + ECS since determination of these compartment sizes depends on measurement of TBW. We currently use serial isotope dilution studies to monitor the body composition changes of patients receiving therapeutic nutritional support.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1985

[Evaluation of body composition in obese subjects].

The body composition of 12 obese patients was assessed. The dilution method was used to assess the total areas of sodium and water. Total potassium was measured indirectly using the following formula: total potassium = R X total body water-total body sodium, where R represents the contents in a whole blood sample. Both fat and muscle mass were found to be increased in the obese subjects. Examination of the total sodium/total water ratio and the relationship between weight and muscle mass, cellular mass and total fat showed the dimensional increase was harmonious.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1993

Body composition of postpubertal gilts at nutritionally induced anestrus.

An experiment using comparative slaughter was conducted to examine the relationship between occurrence of nutritionally induced anestrus in postpubertal gilts and chemically determined body composition and body composition changes. Thirty-nine Duroc x (Yorkshire x Landrace) gilts, each having experienced three or more estrous cycles, were used. Nine gilts were chosen randomly, weighed, ultrasonically scanned for 10th rib backfat thickness, and slaughtered to determine initial body composition. Remaining gilts were allotted randomly to five dietary treatments, four characterized as severely energy restrictive (RES; .25, .50, .75, and 1.0 mcal of ME/d) and a control (3.4 Mcal of ME/d). Dietary treatments provided equal amounts of protein (50 g), minerals, and vitamins daily. Individual serum progesterone levels were determined every 3 d using RIA and gilts were considered anestrous when concentrations were < 1.0 ng/mL for four consecutive samples (9 d). All RES gilts became anestrous, and gilts restricted more severely tended (P = .22) to do so more quickly. Days to anestrus were 66.0 +/- 12.0, 77.4 +/- 13.1, 84.5 +/- 12.0, and 86.5 +/- 12.0 for treatments .25, .50, .75, and 1.0, respectively. Among RES treatments there were no linear, quadratic, or cubic effects of ME intake (P > .10) on the quantity of body protein or fat lost, or on the quantity of body protein or fat remaining at anestrus. However, individual body protein and body fat contents of RES gilts at slaughter revealed that anestrus occurred at a wide range of body compositions, from 13.4 to 20.2 kg of protein and .36 to 27.0 kg of fat. This wide range of individual values suggests that estrous activity in the mature gilt is not controlled by specific threshold levels of body reserves.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1994

Comparable effects of diet and exercise on body composition and lipoproteins in older men.

Changes in body composition, fat distribution and lipoprotein lipids in response to weight loss elicited by a 10-month program of hypocaloric diet (HD) therapy alone or combined with aerobic exercise training (AEX+HD) were examined in sedentary obese older males. Body composition was assessed by hydrodensitometry and fat distribution was evaluated with skinfold thickness and circumference measures. The HD group underwent a dietary/behavioral modification program to reduce caloric intake. The AEX+HD group underwent a similar dietary modification program combined with aerobic exercise training. Following completion of the study, 15 subjects from each group were individually pair matched based on age (57.1 +/- 1.7 vs 61.3 +/- 2.4 yrs) and their reduction in body mass (-7.6 +/- 1.3 vs -8.0 +/- 1.1 kg). Reductions in fat and fat-free mass and skinfold thickness and circumferences were similar in both groups. In both the AEX+/HD and HD groups there were significant reductions in the ratio of low-density lipoproteins to high-density lipoproteins (HDL-C) and triglycerides and a significant increase in HDL2-C. There were no differences in final values or absolute and relative changes in the various lipoprotein values between the two groups. These results suggest weight loss induced by diet alone or combined with aerobic exercise cause similar changes in body composition and lipoprotein lipids.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1993

Relationship of body composition of mature ewes with condition score and body weight.

Fourteen mature, ovariectomized, western-range ewes with an initial mean BW of 72 +/- 4.5 kg and mean condition score (CS) of 7.5 +/- .3 were used to evaluate the relationship between CS and body composition. Diets of chopped straw and alfalfa hay were formulated to provide either maintenance energy or less than maintenance energy (100 or 60% of ME) to induce changes in BW and CS. After 180 d, ewes were weighted, scored for body condition, and slaughtered. All carcass components, viscera, and organs were analyzed for lipid, DM, and ash, and protein was determined by difference. Body weight and CS values were related by regression analysis to percentage of composition and weights of carcass components, carcass, and empty body. Body weight and CS were highly correlated (r = .89) and analysis indicated that each increase in CS resulted in an increase of 5.1 kg of BW. Condition score accounted for more variation of percentage of lipid in the empty body (R2 = .95) and carcass (R2 = .90) than did BW (R2 = .84 and .80, respectively). In contrast, BW accounted for more of the variation in carcass weight (R2 = .97) and empty BW (R2 = .99). Inclusion of both BW and CS in regression models did not increase the variation accounted for with the single best predictor. With mature western-range ewes in this study, CS was highly related to carcass lipids and could be used to describe energy reserves available to ewes.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1996

Aging in women--the four-compartment model of body composition.

The four-compartment model of body composition was examined in 155 white women through measurement of total body carbon (TBC), nitrogen (TBN), calcium (TBCa), and water levels. The age (mean +/- SD) of the population was 51.4 +/- 13.5 years, and values for the four compartments were as follows (in kilograms): protein 8.9 +/- 1.0, water 30.9 +/- 3.5, mineral 2.6 +/- 0.4, and fat 22.6 +/- 7.3. There was a linear change with age for protein and water, whereas mineral and fat were curvilinear. These latter two compartments also showed differences in premenopausal and postmenopausal rates of change. Various models were fit to the data to adjust for body size and age. Each of the four compartments (mineral, water, fat, and protein) changed with age, with fat increasing and the other compartments declining. The equation, y = age + age2 + height + weight, fit the data as well as the other models. Equations are provided to assess body composition in populations with disorders of nutrition, as well as other illnesses, using height, weight, and age as covariates. Since this was a cross-sectional study, longitudinal studies will have to be performed to confirm the accuracy of rates of change with age predicted with each compartment.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2001

Relations among measures of body composition, age, and sex in the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus).

Few studies of body composition have been done in New World primates. In the study reported here, four methods of assessing body composition (body weight, anthropometry, labeled-water dilution, and total body electroconductivity) were compared in 20 marmosets, aged 0.96 to 7.97 years. Males and females did not differ in any measure (P > 0.05). Body weight ranged from 272 to 466 g, and body fat estimates varied from 1.6 to 19.5%. Strong positive correlations were observed between total body water and total body electroconductivity (R2 = 0.77), body weight and fat-free mass (males R2 = 0.95; females R2 = 0.91), and body weight and fat mass (males R2 = 0.86; females R2 = 0.85; P < 0.01). Male and female slopes were equivalent (P > 0.05) for the regressions of fat and fat-free mass against body weight. Positive correlations also were observed between girth measures and fat-free mass (R2 = 0.48 to 0.78) and fat mass (R2 = 0.60 to 0.74; P < 0.01). A good second- order polynomial relationship was observed between age and fat-free mass for the combined sample (R2 = 0.64). Results indicated that: subjects were lean; there was no sexual dimorphism relative to measures; body weight provided a reliable estimate of fat and fat-free mass; and within-subject body weight changes reflected a similar relationship between body weight and fat-free mass as did that across subjects.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Anthropometric and body composition assessment in dialysis patients.

Anthropometric and body composition assessments provide important information about the nutritional status of dialysis patients. Anthropometric measurements describe body size, fatness, and leanness in dialysis patients and have been collected in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and HEMO studies. Dialysis patients present special problems for anthropometry, including decreased functional status and increased comorbidity, that challenge nutrition assessment methodology. Recumbent anthropometric techniques are recommended and stature is estimated from knee height. Measures of weight, stature, calf circumference, arm circumference, and triceps and subscapular skinfolds have recently been reported for dialysis patients, who tend to be shorter, lighter, and have less adipose tissue than healthy persons of the same age. The HEMO study anthropometric data provide a clinical reference for assessing the nutritional status of dialysis patients. The most common body composition methods used with dialysis patients are dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), bioelectrical impedance, total body water (TBW), and prediction equations, but they are not recommended for assessment of predialysis patients, as estimates are best obtained postdialysis. The TBW volume used in calculating the dose of dialysis has commonly been predicted from the limited, out-of-date equations of Watson, based on nonrepresentative samples. New prediction equations are available for white, black, and Mexican American children and adults. Watson's data are not representative of the TBW of U.S. men and women. The greater TBW in non-Hispanic black men and women and Mexican American women reflects the greater levels of obesity in the U.S. population.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1998

Correlation of injury occurrence data with estimated maximal aerobic capacity and body composition in a high-frequency manual materials handling task.

This article evaluates the correlation between injury occurrence, step test estimated maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), and body composition in a high-frequency manual materials handling task. The study used 212 highly trained male manual material handlers working for a major materials handling company. Three locations across the United States (western, midwestern, and southeastern) were chosen based on similarity of size and function. An estimated maximal aerobic capacity was obtained for each participant using a submaximal bench step protocol. Also, a percentage body fat estimation was randomly obtained for approximately 25% of the participants. The correlation between injury occurrences, absolute VO2max, relative VO2max, and percentage body fat were analyzed. Also, the relationship between both VO2max estimations and percentage body fat was analyzed. Finally, the correlation between location VO2max and percentage body fat was studied. Results indicated no significant difference between absolute VO2max, injury, or percentage body fat. Relative VO2max suggested a significant relationship with injury occurrences and body composition. Body composition also indicated a significant correlation with injury occurrences. Finally, location played a significant factor in injury occurrence, step test estimated VO2max, and estimated body composition. This investigation demonstrates significant evidence of the predictability of employee injury occurrence and the fitness estimation methods used. In a high-frequency manual materials handling task, high occurrences of injury were significantly correlated with low estimated relative maximal aerobic capacity and high estimated percentage body fat.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed1998

Fat oxidation in nonobese and obese adolescents: effect of body composition and pubertal development.

OBJECTIVES: To measure postabsorptive fat oxidation (F(ox)) and to assess its association with body composition (lean body mass [LBM] and body fat mass [BFM]) and pubertal development. DESIGN: We studied 235 control (male/female ratio = 116/119; age [mean +/- SD]: 13.1 +/- 1.7 years; weight: 45.3 +/- 10.5 kg; LBM: 34.3 +/- 7.1 kg; BFM: 11.0 +/- 4.5 kg) and 159 obese (male/female ratio = 93/66; age: 12.9 +/- 2.1 years; weight: 76.2 +/- 19.1 kg; LBM: 47.4 +/- 10.9 kg; BFM: 28.8 +/- 9.2 kg) adolescents. Postabsorptive F(ox) was calculated from oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and urinary nitrogen as measured by indirect calorimetry and Kjeldahl's method, respectively. Body composition was determined by anthropometry. RESULTS: Postabsorptive F(ox) (absolute value and percentage of resting metabolic rate) was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in the obese adolescents (76.7 +/- 26.3 gm/24 hours, 42.3% +/- 18.7%) than in the control subjects (40.0 +/- 26.3 gm/24 hours, 28.7% +/- 17.0%), even if adjusted for LBM. F(ox) corrected for BFM was similar in control and in obese children, but was significantly lower in girls compared with boys (control male subjects: 62.1 +/- 29.1 gm/24 hours, control female subjects: 51.6 +/- 28.4 gm/24 hours, obese male subjects: 57.3 +/- 29 gm/24 hour, obese female subjects: 45.0 +/- 28.4 gm/24 hours). BFM and LBM showed a significant positive correlation with F(ox). By stepwise regression analysis the most important determinant of F(ox) was BFM in obese and LBM in control children. There was a significant rise in F(ox) during puberty; however, it was mainly explained by changes in body composition. CONCLUSIONS: Obese adolescents have higher F(ox) rates than their normal-weight counterparts. Both LBM and fat mass are important determinants of F(ox).

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1993

Body composition of sedentary and physically active spinal cord injured individuals estimated from total body electrical conductivity.

Reliability and evidence of construct validity of Total Body Electrical Conductivity (TOBEC) for estimating body composition in spinal cord injured subjects was evaluated using 17 males with C6-L2 spinal cord transections. Subjects reporting regular exercise were categorized as active (n = 12); nonexercisers were considered sedentary (n = 5). Measures included body weight, length, circumferences, skinfolds, and three TOBEC readings. Reliability for percent fat of both single and multiple TOBEC trials (t = 3) ranged from .994 to .999. Average percent fat values were significantly (p < .009) higher in sedentary subjects. Sum of seven skinfolds was significantly correlated (r[15] = 0.73, p < .01) with percent fat measured by TOBEC. Results suggest TOBEC is reliable (rtt > 0.99) in estimating body composition in spinal cord injured individuals. High reliability estimates for single and multiple trials indicate use of a single trial will provide reliable body fat estimates. Construct validity evidence infers that TOBEC measured body composition discriminates between active and sedentary paraplegics.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Techniques of body composition assessment: a review of laboratory and field methods.

Body composition is one of the major health-related components of fitness. Thus, it is important for health and fitness professionals to have a general understanding of the most commonly used techniques for assessing body composition. This review presents the developmental background and underlying principles and theory of four laboratory (hydrodensitometry, air displacement plethysmography, isotope dilution, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) and four field (bioelectrical impedance analysis, near-infrared interactance, skinfolds, and anthropometry) methods of body composition assessment. In addition to a description of the methods, the validity, and reliability, strengths, and limitations of each measurement tool are examined. Highlights of the laboratory methods include the relatively new Bod Pod air displacement device, which is a promising assessment tool more convenient than hydrodensitometry but still lacking substantial validity testing and the ability of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to measure regional composition making it an attractive method for clinicians. Advancements in segmental and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance for compartmental analysis have enhanced the value of this field method, but research continues to show that commercially available near-infrared interactance units are invalid. With this knowledge, the clinician and researcher should be able to make an informed decision regarding the most appropriate measurement device for their body composition assessments.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2005

Anthropometric indicators of body composition in young adults: relation to size at birth and serial measurements of body mass index in childhood in the New Delhi birth cohort.

BACKGROUND: South Asians have a muscle-thin but adipose body phenotype and high rates of obesity-related disease. Adult body composition may be predictable in early life. OBJECTIVE: Anthropometric indexes of adult body composition were examined in relation to birth size and body mass index (BMI) during childhood. DESIGN: A population-based cohort of 1526 men and women aged 26-32 y in Delhi, India, who were measured sequentially from birth until 21 y of age were followed up. Adult weight, height, skinfold thicknesses, and waist and hip circumferences were measured. BMI and indexes of adiposity (sum of skinfold thicknesses), central adiposity (waist-hip ratio), and lean mass (residual values after adjustment of BMI for skinfold thicknesses and height) were derived. RESULTS: Mean birth weight was 2851 g. As children, many subjects were underweight-for-age (>2 SDs below the National Center for Health Statistics mean; 53% at 2 y), but as adults, 47% were overweight, 11% were obese, and 51% were centrally obese (according to World Health Organization criteria). Birth weight was positively related to adult lean mass (P < 0.001) and, in women only, to adiposity (P = 0.006) but was unrelated to central adiposity. BMI from birth to age 21 y was increasingly strongly positively correlated with all outcomes. BMI and BMI gain in infancy and early childhood were correlated more strongly with adult lean mass than with adiposity or central adiposity. Higher BMI and greater BMI gain in late childhood and adolescence were associated with increased adult adiposity and central adiposity. CONCLUSIONS: Birth weight and BMI gain during infancy and early childhood predict adult lean mass more strongly than adult adiposity. Greater BMI gain in late childhood and adolescence predicts increased adult adiposity.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1998

Techniques used in measuring human body composition.

Remarkable progress is evident in the field of body composition research. This review summarizes main body composition research concepts, examines new component measurement methodologies and identifies potential areas for future research. As the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is now gaining acceptance, both clinically and in the research laboratory, as a useful body composition method, particular emphasis is placed on this important approach.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗