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PubMed1980

Liver function tests and low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives.

Twenty healthy female volunteers were treated with 35 microgram ethinyl estradiol and 0.4 mg norethindrone for a two-month period of time. Liver function tests (serum SGOT, SGPT, LDH, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin and prothrombin times) were measured at baseline and control prior to treatment, and at one and two months of therapy. There was a 1.25% incidence of abnormalities in the 320 tests conducted during therapy. During the first month of therapy, there was a 1.9% incidence of abnormal tests. 0.625% incidence of abnormal tests was seen in the second month of treatment. A 5% incidence of abnormalities (single episodes in each parameter) was seen in SGPT, LDH, total bilirubin and prothrombin time levels during the two-month period. This was well below the 10-30% incidence of abnormalities reported with 50-100 microgram of estrogen-containing birth control pills in previous studies. There seems to be little effect on liver function tests with use of estrogen preparations containing 35 microgram ethinyl estradiol.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

alpha 2-Antiplasmin and alpha 2-macroglobulin--the main inhibitors of fibrinolysis--during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, delivery, and treatment with oral contraceptives.

alpha 2-Antiplasmin and alpha 2-macroglobulin have been studied during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and parturition in healthy women, and during use of various types of contraception in both healthy and diabetic women, and compared with a reference group of healthy men and women. alpha 2-Antiplasmin showed a slight sex difference, with higher values in women. The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle showed slightly higher values than the other phases. alpha 2-Antiplasmin increased during pregnancy, decreased (probably due to consumption) during labor and increased again in the puerperium. Treatment with neither combined contraceptive pills nor low dose progestogen pills gave any changes in alpha 2-antiplasmin. alpha 2-Macroglobulin showed low values during menstruation. The increase during pregnancy and treatment with combined contraceptive pills is in accordance with earlier findings. It is concluded that synthesis and metabolism of alpha 2-antiplasmin are under hormonal influence. The role of alpha 2-antiplasmin in the decreased fibrinolysis in pregnancy is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Oral contraceptives, hypertension and nephrosclerosis].

Oral contraceptives are of pathogenetic importance in hypertension of women aged 26 to 35 years. The hypertensive reaction occurs predominantly in those women who have hereditary predisposition to hypertension or diabetes mellitus, who suffer themselves from diabetes or who showed toxemia in previous pregnancies. Our findings are not in agreement with the suggestion that oral contraceptive hypertension in women is always reversible. Simultaneous administration of estrogen and progestogen accelerates Goldblatt-type hypertension in rats. Neither estrogen nor progestogen alone alters arterial blood pressure. In the hormonal combination the hypertensive effect of estrogen can be replaced by epsilon-aminocapronic acid. Estrogen is the only substance increasing plasma renin activity. There is no correlation between the increase of blood pressure and the plasma renin activity in the various groups of experimental animals receiving the different pharmacological substances. Estrogen and the synthetic progestogen cause sodium retention. Because of this, oral contraceptive hypertension may be supposed not to result from a stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-system. Oral contraceptive hypertension may result from a combination of endothelial lesions due to the estrogen's effect on blood coagulation leading to nephrosclerosis, and sodium retention produced predominantly by the synthetic progestogen.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Outcome of pregnancies following the use of oral contraceptives.

The use of oral contraception by women doctors on the Medical Register for England and Wales in 1975 was studied and related to the outcome of their pregnancies. Nearly two thirds had used oral contraception at some time, but less than one third of their pregnancies had followed its use. Users tended to be younger at the time of the survey and to smoke in pregnancy more often. After allowing for these associations a poor outcome was just slightly more common in pregnancies occurring after OC use, particularly in conceptions occurring within a month or after a year of cessation. In contrast conceptions occurring in the 2nd or 3rd month after cessation had an unusually favourable outcome. It therefore seems likely that at least some of this weak association between oral contraception and poor outcome may be explained by factors that determine the length of time it takes to conceive. Overall it seems that any real risk to pregnancies conceived after cessation of oral contraception must be very small and outweighed by the undoubted advantages of its use.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Oral contraception].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined↗
PubMed1983

The effects of three different regimens of oral contraceptives and three different intrauterine devices on the levels of hemoglobin, serum iron and iron binding capacity in anemic women.

The effects on hemoglobin, iron and iron binding capacity (IBC) in 150 moderately anemic women of 1) a 21-day low-dose combined pill, 2) the same low-dose combined pill for 21 days, followed by 7 days of an iron-containing pill, 3) the same low-dose combined pill administered for 63 consecutive days, followed by 7 days of no pill intake, 4) Lippes IUD, 5) TCu 220C and 6) Progestasert were studied. The three pill regimens were associated with an increase in hemoglobin and serum iron after 12 months. However, the iron pill and 63-day schedule groups produced an increase in hemoglobin and iron at the 6th month ans a diminution of IBC at 12 months. The Lippes and TCu 220C groups did not show any change in hemoglobin, iron or iron binding capacity after 12 months. The Progestasert group showed an increase in hemoglobin and iron levels at 6 and 12 months, and a diminution of IBC at 12 months. The pill and Progestasert have advantages as contraceptives in anemic women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Acute renal vein thrombosis, oral contraceptive use, and hyperhomocysteinemia.

Oral contraceptive use and hyperhomocysteinemia are considered to be relatively weak risk factors for venous thromboembolism. We report a case of acute renal vein thrombosis, a rare and aggressive form of thromboembolism, that occurred in a 21-year-old woman taking oral contraceptives, who was subsequently found to have marked hyperhomocysteinemia. This case suggests that the oral contraceptive and hyperhomocysteinemia may interact in a synergistic manner in the pathogenesis of thrombosis. In oral contraceptive users who develop venous thrombosis in the absence of other risk factors, clinicians should consider investigations for an underlying prothrombotic biochemical disorder.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of ovarian follicular activity during treatment with a monthly injectable contraceptive and a low-dose oral contraceptive.

Ovarian follicular development occurs during treatment with combined and progestin-only oral contraceptive (OC) pills and progestin-containing subdermal implants, and can be associated with the development of persistent functional cysts that may require surgical removal. Lunelle is a once-a-month injectable contraceptive containing estradiol cypionate 5 mg and medroxyprogesterone acetate 25 mg. A randomized, comparative study was undertaken to compare the effect on ovarian follicular activity associated with use of Lunelle and a low-dose OC. A total of 30 ovulatory subjects were randomly assigned to receive two cycles of treatment with either an OC containing ethinyl estradiol 20 microg and 0.1 mg levonorgestrel or Lunelle. During the second cycle of treatment, pelvic sonography was performed every 4 days, at which time the maximum follicle diameter was measured. Study end points were the presence of follicles >/=10, 20, and 30 mm. In all, 13 of 15 subjects in the OC group and 14 of 15 in the Lunelle group completed the study. Follicles measuring >/=10 mm were present in 11 of 13 (84.6%) in the OC users and in four of 14 (28.6%) in the Lunelle users (p <0.05). In the OC group, six of 13 subjects (46.1%) developed follicles >/=20 mm, and one of 13 (7.7%) developed follicles >/=30 mm. No subjects in the Lunelle group developed a follicle >/=20 mm in diameter. This study indicates that Lunelle is associated with a significantly lower incidence of ovarian follicular development compared to that of an OC containing 20 microg ethinyl estradiol and 0.1 mg levonorgestrel.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Contraceptive outcomes among adolescents prescribed Norplant implants versus oral contraceptives after one year of use.

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to evaluate both the continuation and pregnancy rates and the side effects experienced during the first year of use by adolescents who selected Norplant implants as compared with those who chose oral contraceptives for contraception. Furthermore, side effects experienced at 6 versus 12 months among Norplant implant users were compared to determine whether they diminished with continued use of this method. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a case-control study of 56 adolescents < or = 18 years old who selected implants as compared with 56 age-matched controls who chose oral contraceptive pills during the same time period. RESULTS: Only 34% of patients prescribed oral contraceptives as compared with 91% of Norplant implant patients were still using their chosen method 1 year later. As a result 25% of oral contraceptive users became pregnant within 12 months as compared with none who selected Norplant implants. Side effects were reported by > 80% of patients in both groups, with menstrual irregularities reported more often by Norplant implant users than by oral contraceptive users (73% vs 5%, p = 0.01). Furthermore, Norplant implant users gained more weight than oral contraceptive users (8.7 vs 4.2 pounds) and were twice as likely to have an abnormal Papanicolaou smear. Finally, little diminution in side effects was observed during the second 6 months of Norplant implant use. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm that Norplant implants provide better protection against unintended pregnancy in an adolescent population but may be associated with more side effects. Clinicians should be aware of these findings so they can adequately counsel young patients about these two methods of contraception.

Adolescent↗