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PubMed1995

[The importance of the wheat harvest in the expedition of Mopox in Cuba (1797-1799)].

The expedition of Mopox gathers, during their stay in the island of Cuba, a variety of acclimatized wheat that constituted a rarity of the agricultural flora of the Habana. The gathering work carried out by the naturalist and expeditionary Baltasar Boldo, favored the description that Mariano Lagasca fulfill later in the Royal Botanical Garden from Madrid. The effort of the Spanish botanists has served in order to identify the wheat that continued cultivating in the region of Villa Clara in the XIXth century, and in order to recommend to the agricultural Cuban institutions the cultivation of a type of wheat similar to that which Boldo found in the vicinity of the Habana.

Botany↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of health surveillance at several primary care units in Cuba].

BACKGROUND: The organization and operation of the epidemiological monitoring carried out at several Primary Care facilities in Cuba was assessed by means of a study conducted for the purpose of ascertaining the effectiveness of the monitoring in question and of contributing to further improve the mechanisms thereof and thus improve the health conditions of the population. This assessment was implemented at eight Polyclinics in the city of Havana throughout the 1998-1999 period. METHOD: By means of the implementation of an integral methodology, an assessment was made of the three factors involved in the monitoring system at the facilities in question, that is, the organization, the process and the results thereof. For this purpose, a survey which quantified some aspects of the system (sensitivity, opportunity, representativeness, usefulness) and a semi-structured survey of epidemiologists and other physicians involved in the monitoring in question in addition to the users of the system was used. RESULTS: The assessment of the organization revealed the monitoring organization to be adequate. In the assessment of the process, sensitivity was found to be low at some polyclinics, problems existing at many of them with regard to the opportunity and flexibility of the system. The assessment of the results of the monitoring revealed them to be satisfactory as regards their effectiveness for detecting acute events, as well as in the perception of the users with regard to the usefulness of these results for solving the problems pinpointed. CONCLUSIONS: The monitoring done at the polyclinics assessed is indicative of there being an adequate organization of the monitoring, although some shortcomings were found to exist with regard to the fulfillment of some aspects of the monitoring. This however has no bearing on the results for the system as a whole, which is capable of detecting any epidemiological situation of importance and of suggesting appropriate measures for controlling the situation.

Cuba↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiological characteristics of a group of multi organ donors used to transplant organs in Cuba].

INTRODUCTION: For current transplants, the organ donor is a basic factor. OBJECTIVES: To determine the demographic characteristics of the donors used in the Cuban liver transplant programme, the main causes of brain death, most widely used amines and serology pattern. To report the transplants carried out. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the clinical histories of the actual donors processed between July 1999 and July 2000. RESULTS: During the period studied 13 actual donors were used: 9 men (69.2%) and 4 women (30.8%) distributed in the following age groups: 15 30 years: 3 cases (23%); 31 45 years : 4 cases (30.8%); 46 60 years: 5 cases (38.5%), and over 60 years: 1 case (7.7%). We did 42 transplants: 12 liver, including the first hepato renal in Cuba, 18 kidney, 10 cornea, and 1 heart. The causes of death were: head injury: 10 (76.9%), and hemorrhagic cerebral vascular accident: 3 (23.1%). Only 3 cases (23.1%) did not require the use of vasoactive amines. These were used in the other 10 (76.9%). The most commonly used were dopamine and epinephrine, in 6 cases each (46.1%). In the serological studies for immunoglobulin G for cytomegalovirus all 13 were positive, Epstein Barr virus 6 (46.1%), toxoplasma 12 (92.3%), herpes virus 1: 13, herpes virus 11: 13. CONCLUSIONS: The typical donor was a man aged 46 60 years with brain death due to head injury following a road traffic accident. A large proportion of donors required the use of amines to maintain hemodynamic stability. There was a large proportion of patients who were found on microbiological serology studies to test positive.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Typing habitats of Aedes albopictus in Cuba and their association with other species of Culicidae, 1995-1998].

A typing of the habitats of Aedes albopictus in Cuba was made after its detection in 1995. It was observed in suburban areas of the Boyeros Municipality, in Havana City, where a study was conducted from October, 1995, to July, 1998. Most of the positive repositories were found outside the houses. Tins, tires, trees and plants were the places preferred for its breeding. It was found in the breeding places associated with Aedes mediovittatus and Culex quinquefasciatus, dominant species in these places. It was also observed a trend towards an increase of the number of repositories colonized only by the species under study. Reference was made to the phenomenon of competence between this species and the indigenous species present in such places.

Aedes↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical features of dengue fever in children during the outbreak in Santiago de Cuba].

A study of the dengue outbreak occurred from January to November 1997 in Santiago de Cuba municipality was performed to characterize the clinical picture of the patients. The sample was taken from those patients presenting with clinical and epidemiological elements and positive IgM determination serological test. Seventy-seven patients were confirmed as having dengue virus 2 infection whose clinical-humoral characteristic was dengue fever predominantly present in school boys. The clinical picture was given by fever headache, retrorbitary pain, osteomioarticular pain as the most common symptom and by exanthema as a prevailing sign. Most of bleedings occurred on the 2nd day and the most frequent hemorrhagic manifestation was positive tourniquet test.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

[Fur color gene profiles and length of hair of several cat populations in Cuba, Costa Rica, Colombia, Paraguay, Chile and Argentina, and possible genetic origins of these cat populations].

Until the present moment, only a scarce number of Latin American domestic cat populations have been studied from a population genetic standpoint. For this reason, the cat populations of La Havana (Cuba), San José (Costa Rica), Bogota and Ibagué (Colombia), Asuncion (Paraguay), Santiago (Chile) and Buenos Aires (Argentina) were sampled for several coat genes. The results obtained were as follows: (1) there was a strong genetic resemblance between several Hispanic American cat populations (especially, those of Buenos Aires, San José and the two Colombian populations studied) and those from South Western United States (California, Texas and Colorado), which adds support to the suspicion that these populations probably have a common origin; (2) The cat population of Santiago (Chile), contrarily to the other Hispanic American populations studied, showed a strong genetic resemblance with some Anglo North American populations; and (3) The l (long hair) and d (dilution) alleles showed systematic higher frequencies in the Hispanic American populations than those observed in Spain. Although the Hispanic American populations were not identical to the current Spanish populations (with the exception of Asuncion), this historic genetic experiment was very different to that found for the British populations and their overseas colonies.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Investigation of the prevalence and inheritance of bronchial asthma in San Antonio de los Baños, Cuba.

A survey of bronchial asthma prevalence and inheritance patterns was carried out in the municipality of San Antonio de los Banõs, La Habana, Cuba, employing as a sample 3,295 of the area's inhabitants. These persons, selected by stratified, non-restricted sampling techniques, represented 11.02 per cent of the total population. The asthma prevalence found in this sample, which was considered representative of the local population, was 9.74 percent. No significant variations were noted in male and female prevalence rates. The occurrence of bronchial asthma is strongly influenced by inheritance. Our survey supported this view, and also showed that the age of asthma onset is influenced by whether or not the subject's family has a positive history of allergy or not. However, patients with a positive history on one side of their family had an age of onset that was not significantly different from patients with a positive history on both sides (p less than 0.35). Overall, the results tend to confirm that the inheritance of bronchial asthma is autosomal and does not conform to simple dominant or recessive inheritance patterns. Rather, asthma inheritance appears multifactorial, perhaps involving varying degrees of expression, indicating that more is involved than absence or deficiency of a single enzyme.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

A comparison of the age distributions in the dengue hemorrhagic fever epidemics in Santiago de Cuba (1997) and Thailand (1998).

The age profiles of the infected populations of two dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) epidemics, the 1997 epidemic, in Santiago de Cuba and the 1998 epidemic in Thailand, are compared. Using an age-structured model of disease transmission, the dependence of the forces of infection on age was determined for each epidemic. The difference in the behavior of the two epidemics and the role of primary and secondary infection in the development of DHF are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Cuba's exiles: portrait of a refugee migration.

"This article provides a portrait of Cuba's exiles [in the United States] that encompasses all their waves of migration, while utilizing the Cuban exodus to shed light on the broader phenomenon of refugee migration. It argues that to understand the changing social characteristics of the exiles over twenty years of migration, we need to understand the changing phases of the Cuban revolution. Utilizing the Cuban exodus as data, the article uses Egon F. Kunz's...theoretical framework for refugee migration to shed light on the refugees' varying experiences, while also using the actual Cuban refugee experience to react to Kunz's abstract model."

Americas↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Adult mortality between ages 15 and 49 in Cuba. Levels and trends, 1960-1982].

Mortality levels and trends for the population of Cuba aged 15-49 are analyzed. Differences according to age, sex, and cause of death are described. "Results show a trend to decreased mortality in most of the causes, particularly marked for infectious diseases and maternal deaths; accidents and other unnatural causes are [the] first cause of death in the younger groups; cardiovascular diseases and neoplasias increased their relative importance, even more in those older than 30 years." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Proximate determinants of fertility in Cuba. The Bongaarts model].

"The results of the implementation of the Bongaarts method for quantitating the effects of [proximate] determinants on fertility are presented. The model used is of the multiplicative kind and relates the global fertility rate to the so called natural fertility rate. Thus, it is possible to quantitate and separate the effect of each determinant and thus find out what factors have been responsible for the rapid change in fertility [in Cuba] from 1972 on. The determinant of highest impact on the fertility level attained in each province was assessed. The most important results point [to] the use of contraceptives as the cause for the rapid decline in the fertility level and the married state as the variable conditioning provincial differences." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Americas↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Accident death rate. Some data on its behavior in Cuba].

"An analysis of the behavior of accident death rates in Cuba in the last few years and its distribution by sex, age, place of residence, and different causes, is made [in an attempt] to understand its behavior and implement efficient preventive methods. This analysis demonstrates that accident death risks increase with advanced age. Accident frequency of occurrence varies significantly with sex, but males show rates twice as high. Also some differences are noted concerning the major causes of accident for both sexes. At the same time, the significance of these causes varies for each age group and sex, with younger age brackets showing a prevalence of traffic accidents and advanced age a prevalence in accidental falls." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Age Factors↗

PubMed2002

Total energy expenditure by the doubly-labeled water method in rural preschool children in Cuba.

An evaluation of the capacity of the Cuban Nutrition Program for covering the energy requirements of children was carried out in children 5.0 +/- 1.0 years of age in a rural mountain community in Cuba. Five males and six females (19 +/- 3.05 kg average weight) with a mean BMI 15.4 +/- 2.2 kg/m2) were included in the study. Six of the subjects were well-nourished, three were undernourished, and two were overweight. Total energy expenditure was determined by the doubly-labeled water technique. Resting metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry. Energy intake, measured by a three-day weighed dietary record, was 1,527 kcal/day (6.39 MJ). The total energy expenditure of the well-nourished children was 11.8% lower than present energy recommendations (1,773 kcal). This implies that well-nourished children who are moderately to heavily physically active require 82.6 kcal/kg per day. The physical activity level of normal Cuban children is nearly 1.8, which is much higher than that reported in studies of children from industrialized countries using the doubly-labeled water technique. The measured daily energy intake was 1.7 times the resting metabolic rate RMR and 1.04 times the total energy expenditure.

Anthropometry↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Neuroimmune epidemiological value of reibergram in the first echovirus 16 meningoencephalitis outbreak in Cuba].

INTRODUCTION: During the third quarter of 2000, an outbreak of echovirus 16 meningoencephalitis was firstly occurred in Cuba and produced vomiting, headache, fever and exanthem that differentiate it from other enterovirus epidemies. OBJECTIVE: To describe the intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis pattern of the epidemie from the reibergram. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Diagnostic serum and cerebrospinal fluid from 18 children during the acute phase by nephelometrie assay, besides cytochemical and virological study. RESULTS: A predominant absence of intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis and two patients with IgA and IgM synthesis was produced. 66% of cerebrospinal blood barrier dysfunction, 6.26 10 3 mean albumin ratio, lactate below 2.1 mmol/L and glucose concentration in cerebrospinal fluid was 50% over glucose blood content and 168 cells 10 6 L mainly lymphocytes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The intratecal immunoglobulin synthesis pattern differs from other enterovirus outbreaks that have affected this population and it seems the one found for the diagnostic period in adults. This finding alerts the possibility of genetic changes in echovirus 16 strain, interesting from the neuroimmunoepidemiological point of view.

Cuba↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Brugada's syndrome: experience in Cuba in 2001].

The Brugada syndrome is the most frequent electrical cause of sudden death in patients with structurally normal heart. It is characterized by ST segment elevation in V1-V3 leads, pseudo right bundle branch block and proneness for episodes of life-threatening ventricular cardiac arrhythmias. The aim of this study was to characterize patients with Brugada syndrome identified in Cuba between 1995 and 2001. Fourteen patients with these electrical signs (13 male and 1 female, mean age 42.8) were studied. Seven of them were symptomatic and seven were not. The pharmacological test with sodium channel blockers was very useful (it was positive for all the patients). HV interval was normal. Programmed ventricular stimulation was performed. Ventricular arrhythmia was inducible in 3 symptomatic patients and 2 asymptomatic. All the symptomatic patients and those asymptomatic in whom ventricular arrhythmia was inducible received automatic defibrillators. One clinical recurrence of ventricular arrhythmias was observed. Antiarrhythmic drugs were only used rarely. Clinical history and electrocardiographic tracings were very important to diagnose this syndrome. There were light, transient or masked electrical signs. The treatment of choice is the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Mental disorders in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 in Cuba].

INTRODUCTION: Of the different hereditary ataxias present in Cuba, spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is the most prevalent molecular type. Over the last years a great amount of progress has been made in clinical, epidemiological, molecular and neurophysiological research. Yet, the main psychiatric disorders that appear in these patients remain unknown. Their proper diagnosis will help to draw up a program of individualized therapeutic interventions for each disorder and will allow the patient to cope better with his or her illness and to take part in an effective physical and psychological rehabilitation program. AIMS. To identify the mental disorders that appear in patients suffering from SCA2. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a descriptive study of series of cases in 150 patients with SCA2. Data was obtained by means of a semi structured interview with patients and their relatives, as well as a thorough psychiatric exploration, which enabled us to sort the symptoms according to spheres. A battery of psychometric tests and the diagnostic and research criteria for the international classification of mental illnesses were also used. RESULTS: Findings showed that 88% of those studied present at least one clinical manifestation related with mental disorders. These included, essentially, disorders involving adaptation, sleep, mood and sexual disorders. Mental retardation and dementia were other alterations that were diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS: Disorders in the psychic sphere are a part of the SCA2 phenotype

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Health care in Cuba: socialized medicine in a developing country.

Several registered nurses representing the American Organization of Nurse Executives (AONE), the American Association of Critical Care Nurses, and a group of nurses and physicians representing Disease Case Management visited Cuba under the auspices of the People to People Ambassador Program. The purpose of the People to People Ambassador Program is to exchange ideas, foster international friendships, and advance worldwide peace and communication. The authors were a part of the AONE delegation and will share their experiences during their visit to Cuban health care facilities.

Community Health Services↗

PubMed1976

[Middle-level medical training in Cuba].

The background, evolution, and prospects for training middle-level medical technicians in Cuba are reviewed, with emphasis on the relationships existing among socioeconomic structures, the education sector, and the health sector. Developments since the revolution of 1959 may be divided into three periods--1959-1964, 1965-1969, and 1970-1975--which reflect a clear policy progressing from the quantitative to the qualitative. A description is given of the health and education systems and subsystems that have emerged as a result of changes in the social, political, and economic system and have made it possible to develop new approaches to teaching, including work-study programs and integrated training.

Allied Health Personnel↗