PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Cercopithecidae”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

A comparative study of basal metabolism and thermoregulation in a folivorous (Colobus guereza) and an omnivorous (Cercopithecus mitis) primate species.

1. Abdominal temperatures (Tab) and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured in two males each of colobus and Sykes monkeys. 2. Tab in both species had the same range (36 38.5 C), but there were marked differences in the daily rhythms. 3. Low ambient temperatures (Ta) had little effect on Tab; at Ta = 33.5 35.5 C. however, Tab rose quickly to above 40 C. 4. The thermoneutral zone (TNZ) extended from about 5 to 28 C in both species. 5. In the colobus monkeys the basal metabolic rate (BMR) was considerably lower than in the Sykes monkeys: 85% vs 113% of the value predicted from body mass.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Studies on the olfactory nervous system of the Old World monkey.

From the results of our electrophysiological and HRP studies in the old world monkey, multiple olfactory pathways have been clarified. The old world monkey has two neocortical olfactory areas, but no functional vomeronasal system. The response patterns to odors in various olfactory areas have also been studied. On the other hand, in the rabbit (Onoda and Iino, 1980) and dog (Onoda et al., 1981, 1982), which do have active vomeronasal systems, only one neocortical olfactory area was found. This important difference had already been indicated in three previous papers in which Takagi (1979, 1980, 1981) theorized that mammals can be divided into two groups according to their olfactory nervous mechanisms. One group includes old world monkeys, higher primates and man, and the other new world monkeys and lower mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Karyotypic fission theory and the evolution of old world monkeys and apes.

The karyotypes of living catarrhines are correlated with the current concepts of their fossil record and systematic classification. A phylogeny, beginning at the base of the Oligocene, for those animals and their chromosome numbers is presented. Todd's (1970) theory of karyotypic fissioning is applied to this case - three fissioning events are hypothesized. A late Eocene event (the primary catarrhine fissioning) is hypothesized to underlie the diversification of the infraorder Catarrhini into its extant families, the second fissioning underlies the radiation of the pongidae/Hominidae in the Miocene and the third accounts for the high chromosome numbers (54 - 72) and the Neogene(Miocene-Pliocene-Pleistocene) radiation of members of the genus Cercopithecus. Published catarrhine chromosome data, including that for "marked" chromosomes (those with a large achromatic region that is the site for ribosomal RNA genes) are tabulated and analysed. The ancestral X chromosome is always retained in the unfissioned metacentric state. The Pongidae/Hominidae have 15 pairs of mediocentric chromosomes that survived the second fissioning whereas the other chromosomes (besides the X) are thought to be fission-derived acrocentrics. Both the detailed karyology and the trend from low to high numbers is best interpreted to support Todd's concept of adaptive radiations correlated with karyotypic fissioning in ancestral populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Immunohistochemical evidence for a new group of catecholamine-containing neurons in the basal forebrain of the monkey.

Using a specific antibody to the catecholamine (CA) synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), in combination with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method, we have found evidence for the existence of a new CA-containing cell group extending from the orbitofrontal cortex through the olfactory and pyriform cortices in the brain of two species of monkey. The TH-positive perikarya, which are 4000-5000 in number, are situated within the outer layers of these cortices and also within the olfactory tubercle and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca. They have small (10-20 microns) somata of round or oval shape. A majority are bipolar with long, slender dendrites but some are small, multipolar with widely branching dendrites. The shape and laminar distribution of these TH-positive neurons suggest that they may serve functions as cortical interneurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

A novel population of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurones in the basal forebrain of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

We have observed in the basal forebrain of the common marmoset a group of neurones which display tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (THir) with three different polyclonal antibodies and one monoclonal antibody, and which express TH mRNA as shown by in situ hybridization histochemistry. The population of cells is composed of large multipolar neurones and is located predominantly in the substantia innominata and at the ventral, medial and lateral margins of the external segment of the globus pallidus. The cell morphology and the distribution of THir cells corresponds closely to the caudal portion of the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Adjacent sections demonstrate both THir and choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the cells in this group, as well as strong acetylcholinesterase activity but not dopamine immunoreactivity. These observations indicate that many cholinergic neurones in the posterior nucleus basalis of Meynert of the marmoset contain tyrosine hydroxylase, and suggest that both acetylcholine and catecholamine may be synthesised as co-localised neurotransmitters within the same magnocellular neurones. We observe no THir cells in similar areas of the basal forebrain of either rhesus or talapoin monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Parturition in non-human primates: pain and auditory concealment.

Descriptions of parturition are reviewed for 88 individuals in 29 species of captive and wild non-human primates. Mild or severe discomfort, in the form of straining, stretching, arching, grimacing, writhing, shaking, doubling up, eye closure and restlessness is reported in 69 cases. Silence and utterance of moderate-level vocalizations are reported in 21 and 43 cases, respectively. The overall pattern indicates that parturition in non-human primates is characterized by a significant degree of pain and discomfort, while vocal responses to pain are generally subdued. We suggest that analgesia is the mechanism, and concealment of the parturient female the adaptive significance behind this blocking of vocal pain responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Thermostability characteristics of glucosephosphate and triosephosphate isomerase in erythrocytes from several species.

Significant differences in the thermostability of both glucosephosphate and triosephosphate isomerase were noted among a series of six primate and five nonprimate species. The enzyme structural differences among species, as assessed by thermostability profiling, was greater than expected from electrophoretic mobility patterns. Microheterogeneity of GPI, i.e. differences in thermostability within a species that are not detectable by electrophoresis, was detected in two primate species. Major differences in the levels of erythrocyte enzyme activity were observed with human and cow differing by 18-fold for TPI and baboon and cow differing by seven-fold in GPI activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

On the loss of uricolytic activity during primate evolution--I. Silencing of urate oxidase in a hominoid ancestor.

Urate oxidase activity is not detectable in liver homogenates from the gibbon, orangutan, chimpanzee, gorilla and human. Liver homogenates from five genera of Old World and two genera of New World monkeys have easily detectable levels of urate oxidase activity. There is no evidence for extant detectable intermediate steps in the loss of urate oxidase activity in the hominoids. Urate oxidase activity from Old World and New World monkeys is stable, a simple observation which debunks a long-standing myth. Urate oxidase activity was silenced in an ancestor to the five living genera of hominoids after divergence from the Old World monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Relationship between dominance hierarchy, cerebrospinal fluid levels of amine transmitter metabolites (5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and homovanillic acid) and plasma cortisol in monkeys.

The dominance hierarchy has repercussions for a monkey's sexual behaviour and endocrine state. Here we report on neural mechanisms that are sensitive to a monkey's status in the social hierarchy, and which may regulate not only its endocrine function but its sexual responsiveness to its own hormones. During the initial phase of group formation, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, the metabolite of serotonin, increases in the cerebrospinal fluid of monkeys which become subordinate (all groups), but decreases in monkeys which become dominant (two out of three groups) and shows no changes in intermediate-ranking animals (five out of seven). Homovanillic acid, a metabolite of dopamine, may also increase in the cerebrospinal fluid of monkeys that become subordinate (two out three groups). In the initial period of group formation these changes in transmitter metabolites do not parallel changes in cortisol. However, in the established social groups, both 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and plasma cortisol are related to the social hierarchy, being greater in those monkeys that are subordinate, but homovanillic acid shows no consistent change. Although subordinate monkeys receive more aggression than others in their group, fluctuations in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid do not correlate with aggressive behaviour, and are equally high on days when no aggression occurs. Dominant males, however, had higher 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels on days when they were involved in agonistic encounters. In the established social hierarchy therefore, elevated levels of the serotonin metabolite in cerebrospinal fluid seem reflect a "state"-dependent consequence of occupying a position of low social status.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

beta-Endorphin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of male talapoin monkeys in social groups related to dominance status and the luteinizing hormone response to naloxone.

beta-Endorphin-like immunoreactivity was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid of 20 male talapoin monkeys living in mixed-sex social groups. It was shown that beta-endorphin was the major immunoreactive peptide; there was no evidence for high molecular weight precursors, or for either N-acetyl or C-shortened metabolites. Dominant males (those at the top of the social hierarchy) had lower levels of beta-endorphin than those of intermediate rank; subordinate males had higher levels than either of the other two ranks--about three times those measured in dominants. There were significant negative correlations between beta-endorphin in cerebrospinal fluid and both the amount of aggression given and sexual behaviour shown towards females. The response of the hypothalamo-pituitary system to opiate blockade was tested by giving the males naloxone in doses of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg and assaying serum levels of luteinizing hormone 20 min later. Dominant males released significant amounts of luteinizing hormone at doses of 0.25 and higher; there was no release in either intermediate or subordinate monkeys at any dose. These findings show that an animal's rank in the social group in which it lives is strongly correlated with beta-endorphin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid, and with changes in the neuroendocrine response to opiate blockade. Altered opiate neural activity may be responsible for the depressed levels of sexual behaviour and gonadal function observed in monkeys at the bottom of the hierarchy.

Aggression↗
PubMed1989

Beta-endorphin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of monkeys are influenced by grooming relationships.

Social relationships are integral to the behaviour of many mammalian species. Primates are unusual in that their social relationships are extensive within groups, which often contain many reproductively active males and females. Several hypotheses have been forwarded to explain the ultimate causation of primate sociality. While attention has focused on grooming as a proximate factor influencing social relationships, the neural basis of such behaviour has not been investigated in monkeys. This report presents changes in the brain's opioid system contingent on grooming in monkeys. Opiates themselves have a feedback interaction with grooming behaviour, as revealed from the administration of opiate agonists and antagonists. Opiate receptor blockade increases the motivation to be groomed, while morphine administration decreases it. These data support the view that brain opioids play an important role in mediating social attachment and may provide the neural basis on which primate sociality has evolved.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effects of changing hypothalamic temperature on eccrine sweating in the patas monkey.

Two male (10-13 kg) patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) were implanted with bilateral thermodes to control hypothalamic temperature. Animals were restrained in primate chairs and instrumented to yield hypothalamic (THYPO), colonic (Tc), and mean skin (Tsk) temperatures, chest sweat rate (mSW), and heart rate (HR). THYPO was monitored using a thermocouple inserted to the tip of a non-perfused thermode; mSW was measured using resistance hygrometry. After the monkey equilibrated to a selected ambient temperature, four thermodes were perfused with water from a temperature-controlled bath. Increasing THYPO from 37 to 41 degrees C increased mSW from 0.05 to 0.30 mg.cm-2.min-1. Reducing Tsk shifted the THYPO:mSW relationship to the right (p less than 0.05) without significantly altering its slope. Activity-induced changes in HR, when THYPO was constant, caused fluctuations in ongoing sweating that closely tracked HR. We conclude that mSW in the patas monkey is controlled by both peripheral and central thermal inputs and nonthermal factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Divergence of primate ribosomal RNA genes as assayed by restriction enzyme analysis.

Primate ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes have been compared by restriction endonuclease mapping. In all species examined, the restriction map of the reiterated ribosomal DNA is simple (within the limits of detection by hybridization with rRNA) and is consistent with a high degree of homogeneity among the repeats. Within a species, all members have similar rDNA restriction patterns. However, different species of primates have distinctly different rDNA restriction maps; even chimpanzee and man can be discerned by their rDNA restriction patterns. Possible mechanisms for maintenance of homogeneity of the rDNA repeats within a species, while allowing divergence among closely related species, are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Determination of a new antifilarial drug, UMF-058, and mebendazole in whole blood by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A rapid and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for simultaneous quantitative determination of a new antifilarial drug (UMF-058, I) and mebendazole (MBZ) is described. After a simple extraction from whole blood, both compounds were analysed using a C18 Nova Pak reversed-phase column and a mobile phase of methanol-0.05 M ammonium dihydrogenphosphate (50:50, v/v) adjusted to pH 4.0, with ultraviolet detection at 291 nm. The average recoveries of I and MBZ over a concentration range of 25-250 ng/ml were 92.0 +/- 7.7 and 84.4 +/- 4.4%, respectively. The minimum detectable concentrations in whole blood for I and MBZ were 7 and 6 ng/ml, respectively. This method was found to be suitable for pharmacokinetic studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Electron microscopic atlas of the simian cochlea.

An electron microscopic atlas of simian cochlear duct structures is presented with the hope that it may help to clarify certain questions of structural-functional relationships. Emphasis is placed on structures directly involved in sensory transduction and in synaptic transmission, at afferent and efferent nerve fiber terminals. A brief discussion is included as an introduction to the possibilities of interpretation of electron microscopic data. Orientation of electron micrographs is assisted by means of numerical coding on light microscopic photographs, and by means of a diagram which combines electron microscopic and light microscopic data.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Apical hair cells and hearing.

This study assessed the contribution of the apical hair cells to hearing. Guinea pigs, chinchillas and monkeys were behaviorally trained using positive reinforcement to respond to pure-tone stimuli. When a stable audiogram had been determined, each subject received one of three experimental treatments: ototoxic drug administration, low-frequency noise exposure, or the application of a cryoprobe to the bony wall of the cochlear apex. After post-treatment audiograms stabilized, subjects were euthanized and the percentage of hair cells remaining was assessed by light microscopy. Results indicate that a redundancy of encoding mechanisms exist in the mammalian cochlea for low-frequency stimuli. They also suggest that a very small percentage of apical hair cells are sufficient for some low-frequency hearing. Finally, data from this and other studies suggest that the low-frequency threshold shift caused by the loss of a certain percentage of apical hair cells is less pronounced than the high-frequency threshold shift caused by the loss of a comparable percentage of basal hair cells. These data agree with anatomical and electrophysiological evidence that functional as well as anatomical differences may exist between the apex and base of the cochlea.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Preclinical evaluation for noninvasive reversal following long-term vas occlusion with styrene maleic anhydride in langur monkeys.

A preclinical evaluation for reversal through a noninvasive approach following long-term vas occlusion with styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) has been attempted in langur monkeys at the level of semen parameters, sperm functional tests, semen biochemistry, histology and ultrastructure of reproductive organs, hematology and serum clinical biochemistry including antisperm antibodies (ASA), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and testosterone. Noninvasive reversal through palpation, percutaneous squeezing and electrical stimulation, forced vibratory movements and suprapubic percussion in the inguinal segments and per-rectal digital massage was attempted in seven langur monkeys after 540 days following vas occlusion. The results revealed instant azoospermia reversal on the same day of reversal with impaired sperm quality, which showed gradual improvement and normospermia with normal motility and viability after 60-90 days of reversal. Sperm functional tests, including ultrastructure of spermatozoa, indicative of sterility in the initial ejaculations, reached normalcy after 90-120 days of reversal. The seminal plasma biochemistry indicative of obstructive azoospermia regained a normal pattern after 90-120 days of reversal. The morphology of testes that showed focal degeneration during 540 days of vas occlusion and that of vasa deferentia that showed exfoliation of epithelial cells resumed to normal morphology comparable with control animals after 150 days of reversal. The morphology of the epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate did not show appreciable changes following vas occlusion and after noninvasive reversal compared with those of control animals. Hematology, serum clinical chemistry, ASA, PSA and testosterone fluctuated within control limits, indicating safety of the procedure at the level of accessory reproductive organs. The results suggest that noninvasive reversal is feasible even after long-term vas occlusion with SMA and is safe without adverse side effects.

Animals↗