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PubMed1966

Composition of the secretion from the eccrine sweat glands of the cat's foot pad.

1. The sweat composition from the cat's foot pad was examined at various rates of secretion. Sodium pentobarbitone or chloralose anaesthesia were used.2. Cat's pad sweat contains lactate, glucose is almost absent, and the sodium and chloride concentrations increased with increasing sweat rate. In these respects the secretion resembles human eccrine sweat.3. The sodium, chloride, and potassium concentrations are much higher than in human sweat; also the potassium level decreased with increasing rate. Consequently, whereas human sweat is hypotonic with respect to the plasma, cat's pad sweat is slightly hypertonic with respect to the plasma even at low rates of secretion. In contrast to human sweat glands, which produce a slightly acidic secretion containing ammonia, cat's pad sweat glands produce an alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate. Also in contrast to human sweat, lactate levels decreased with increasing sweat rate.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

The resting potential of moth muscle fibre.

1. The membrane of the moth muscle fibre was tested for resting permeability to various ions: it is not permeable to Mg(2+) or Ca(2+); it is slightly permeable to Na(+) and NH(4) (+); it is appreciably permeable to Cl(-), but Cl(-) is passively distributed; it is apparently permeable to H(+) but effects of HCO(3) (-) are not ruled out; and it is primarily permeable to K(+).2. Measurement of the internal K(+) activity showed that E(K) is less negative than the resting potential.3. In the presence of DNP, or under anoxia, the membrane potential approaches, E(K); there is a small concomitant decrease in effective membrane resistance.4. An increase in external Ca(2+) concentration is accompanied by increased effective membrane resistance and an increase in amplitude of the negative resting potential.5. Cooling the membrane (below room temperature) decreased the amplitude of the resting potential by 4-16 mV per 10 degrees C, and was accompanied by a large increase in effective membrane resistance.6. The experimental results most readily fit the hypothesis that the resting potential of the moth muscle fibre, although the membrane is highly permeable to K(+), Cl(-) and apparently to H(+), is primarily maintained by an electrogenic transport process which generates an ionic current across the membrane. The possibility that the concentration gradient of H(+) ions is metabolically maintained at a level sufficient to explain the resting potential was considered to be unlikely but could not be directly excluded.

Acetazolamide↗
PubMed1997

Nonenzymatic and enzymatic hydrolysis of alkyl halides: a theoretical study of the SN2 reactions of acetate and hydroxide ions with alkyl chlorides.

The SN2 displacements of chloride ion from CH3Cl, C2H5Cl, and C2H4Cl2 by acetate and hydroxide ions have been investigated, using ab initio molecular orbital theory at the HF/6-31+G(d), MP2/6-31+G(d), and MP4/6-31+G(d) levels of theory. The central barriers (calculated from the initial ion-molecule complex) of the reactions, the differences of the overall reaction energies, and the geometries of the transition states are compared. Essential stereochemical changes before and after the displacement reactions are described for selected cases. The gas phase reactions of hydroxide with CH3Cl, C2H5Cl, and C2H4Cl2 have no overall barrier, but there is a small overall barrier for the reactions of acetate with CH3Cl, C2H5Cl, and C2H4Cl2. A self-consistent reaction field solvation model was used to examine the SN2 reactions between methyl chloride and hydroxide ion and between 1,2-dichloroethane and acetate in solution. As expected, the reactions in polar solvent have a large barrier. However, the transition state structures determined by ab initio calculations change only slightly in the presence of a highly polar solvent as compared with the gas phase. We also calibrated the PM3 method for future study of an enzymatic SN2 displacement of halogen.

Acetates↗
PubMed1995

Kinetic mechanism studies of the soluble hydrogenase from Alcaligenes eutrophus H16.

Purified soluble hydrogenase (H2:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.12.1.2) from Alcaligenes eutrophus was activated to high specific activities by flushing the enzyme consecutively with N2 and H2 and then adding substoichiometric quantities of NADH. H2-dependent NAD+ reduction activities > or = 110 mumol NADH formed/min/mg protein at pH 8.0 and 30 degrees C were obtained which were stable for several hours at 4 degrees C. Kinetic studies were conducted anaerobically using activated enzyme for the purpose of evaluating the potential of using hydrogenase to enhance decompression of mammals breathing H2/O2 mixtures under hyperbaric conditions (i.e., at ambient pressures greater than 1 atm). Using nonlinear curve fitting of the kinetic data, it was found that H2 and NAD+ bind hydrogenase via a ping pong bi bi mechanism with Km values (+/- SE) of 11 +/- 0.9 and 138 +/- 11 microM, respectively, at 30 degrees C and pH 8.0. Sodium ions were found to reversibly inhibit hydrogenase via a dead-end type of inhibition in which two catalytic forms of the enzyme bind Na+ with dissociation constants calculated to be 8.3 +/- 1.2 and 49.8 +/- 11.5 mM. In the absence of NaCl, maximum NAD+ reduction activity was measured at pH 8.3 at 30 and 37 degrees C. In the presence of 50 mM NaCl, inhibition was observed primarily at alkaline pH, and at assay pH values < or = 7.0, little or no difference was observed in activity in the presence or absence of 50 mM NaCl at a given temperature. Least squares analyses of the kinetic data indicated that substrate inhibition by H2 occurs at high substrate concentrations (Ki = 1.46 +/- 0.64 mM), which would become a significant influence on enzyme catalytic activity at hyperbaric levels of H2.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed2004

Effects of chloride substitution on electromechanical responses in the pulmonary artery of Dahl normotensive and hypertensive rats.

1. We have investigated the in vitro interaction between chloride ions and endothelium as revealed by alterations in vascular contractility and smooth muscle cell membrane potential in isolated pulmonary arteries from Dahl salt-resistant normotensive and salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. 2. Exposure to nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) of tissues from normotensive but not hypertensive rats augmented contractions to cirazoline. While chloride removal did not alter cirazoline-induced contractions, it completely abolished the augmentation by l-NAME in normotensive rats. However, in hypertensive rats, removal of chloride ions significantly attenuated contractions elicited by cirazoline, and l-NAME effectively reversed this inhibition. 3. Methacholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxations of the same magnitude were evident in both normotensive and hypertensive rats. However, basal cyclic GMP levels were found to be significantly higher (7.8-fold) in blood vessels of normotensive rats compared to hypertensive rats. 4. The resting membrane potential in pulmonary arteries of hypertensive rats (-52.1+/-1.04 mV) revealed a significant hyperpolarisation when compared with that of normotensive rats (-46.4+/-1.58 mV). Cirazoline did not produce a significant depolarisation in blood vessels of either normotensive or hypertensive rats. Perfusion with chloride-free solution resulted in a modest but significant hyperpolarisation (-8.0 mV) in the blood vessels of hypertensive but not in normotensive rats. 5. We conclude that salt-dependent hypertension in Dahl rats is accompanied by functional and biochemical changes in low-pressure blood vessels. These changes can, in part, be attributed to impairment in the basal, but not methacholine-stimulated, release of nitric oxide, and to altered chloride ion handling.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1991

Stimulation by gonococci of chloride ion uptake in human leucocytes in relation to other properties of phagocytosis.

Human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) underwent several changes in response to challenge with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, namely (1) an increase in oxygen uptake, (2) changes in membrane electrical properties, and (3) increased transport of chloride ions (Cl-) across the membrane. Mean oxygen consumption and Cl- uptake by PMNL were stimulated by both pilate (P+) and non-pilate (P-) gonococci, although the levels were much reduced in the presence of P+ organisms. P+ gonococci also initiated low levels of polarisation or depolarisation in contrast with P- cells, which caused hyperpolarisation followed by depolarisation in the PMNL. Most of the strains showed these patterns. High performance liquid chromatography of extracts of unstimulated PMNL and of PMNL challenged with gonococci confirmed production of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in the leucocyte. Furthermore, addition of radiolabelled Cl- to the PMNLs showed that some of the Cl- taken up by the cells in response to gonococcal challenge was incorporated into the HOCl, suggesting a direct relationship between stimulation of Cl- uptake and production of active chlorine compounds in the leucocyte.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1991

Effects of dietary pH and phosphorus source on performance, gastrointestinal tract digesta, and bone measurements of weanling pigs.

Crossbred pigs (n = 144, average age and weight = 28 +/- 3 d, 7.5 kg) were used in two 6-wk trials to assess the effects of dietary pH and P source on growth performance, gastrointestinal digesta pH and chloride ion concentration (Cl-), and bone characteristics. Treatments were randomly allotted within blocks (based on weight within gender) to a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement with three dietary pH levels (5.4, 6.0, and 6.7) and two P sources: dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and defluorinated phosphate (DFP). Pigs fed the pH 6.7 diet had reduced ADG (P less than .01) and average daily feed intakes (ADFI; P less than .001) during wk 1 to 3 and overall compared with pigs fed the pH 6.0 diet, but ADG and ADFI were not affected when the pH 5.4 diet was fed. There was a dietary pH x P source interaction (P less than .05) for ADFI. Pigs had decreased ADFI as dietary pH was increased from 6.0 to 6.7 for both DCP and DFP, but ADFI was similar for the pH 6.0 and 5.4 diets with DFP, whereas ADFI was greater for the pH 5.4 diet with DCP. Dietary pH did not influence ADFI:ADG ratio (F:G; P greater than .05), and P source had no effect (P greater than .05) on either ADG, ADFI, or F:G.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1975

The effect of potassium chloride infusion of parotid salivary flow and composition in conscious sheep.

The composition and flow of parotid saliva in conscious sheep was measured before, during and after the intravenous infusion of 0-43 M-KCl or 0-43 M-NaCl at 2 ml./min for 2 hr. The salivary flow rate was depressed during the infusion of potassium chloride into both intact sheep and adrenalectomized sheep. As the salivary flow was unchanged by sodium chloride infusion it was concluded that the potassium ion was responsible for the decrease in flow and that this effect was not mediated through any of the adrenal hormones. The highly significant negative correlation between plasma potassium concentration and salivary flow throughout all potassium infusions indicated that the extent to which the salivary flow was depressed varied with the degree of hyperkalaemia. Except for situations where mineralocorticoid levels were likely to be elevated the concentrations of sodium and potassium in the saliva were positively correlated with the plasma concentrations of these ions. The salivary bicarbonate concentration of the saliva was negatively related to flow. The chloride concentration of the saliva was negatively correlated with salivary flow during all potassium chloride infusions.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1997

Serine protease inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction associated with cisplatin resistance in human tumor cell lines: targets for therapy.

Indicators of mitochondrial function were studied in two different cell culture models of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum-II (CDDP) resistance: the intrinsically resistant human ovarian cancer cell line CI-80-13S, and resistant clones (HeLa-S1a and HeLa-S1b) generated by stable expression of the serine protease inhibitor-plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2 (PAI-2), in the human cervical cancer cell line HeLa. In both models, CDDP resistance was associated with sensitivity to killing by adriamycin, etoposide, auranofin, bis[1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane]gold(I) chloride ([Au(DPPE)2]Cl), CdCl2 and the mitochondrial inhibitors rhodamine-123 (Rh123), dequalinium chloride (DeCH), tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP), and ethidium bromide (EtBr) and with lower constitutive levels of ATP. Unlike the HeLa clones, CI-80-13S cells were additionally sensitive to chloramphenicol, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+), rotenone, thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA), and antimycin A, and showed poor reduction of 1-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), suggesting a deficiency in NADH dehydrogenase and/or succinate dehydrogenase activities. Total platinum uptake and DNA-bound platinum were slightly lower in CI-80-13S than in sensitive cells. The HeLa-S1a and HeLa-S1b clones, on the other hand, showed poor reduction of triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC), indicative of low cytochrome c oxidase activity. Total platinum uptake by HeLa-Sla was similar to HeLa, but DNA-bound platinum was much lower than for the parent cell line. The mitochondria of CI-80-13S and HeLa-S1a showed altered morphology and were fewer in number than those of JAM and HeLa. In both models, CDDP resistance was associated with less platinum accumulation and with mitochondrial and membrane defects, brought about one case with expression of a protease inhibitor which is implicated in tumor progression. Such markers may identify tumors suitable for treatment with gold phosphine complexes or other mitochondrial inhibitors.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2006

Leukocyte populations and mRNA expression of inflammatory factors in quarter milk fractions at different somatic cell score levels in dairy cows.

The effect of somatic cell count (SCC) and milk fraction on milk composition, distribution of cell populations, and mRNA expression of various inflammatory parameters was studied. Therefore, quarter milk samples were defined as cisternal (C), first 400 g of alveolar (A1), and remaining alveolar milk (A2) during the course of milking. Quarters were assigned to 4 groups according to their total SCC: 1) <12 x 10(3)/mL, 2) 12 to 100 x 10(3)/mL, 3) 100 to 350 x 10(3)/mL, and 4) >350 x 10(3)/mL. Milk constituents of interest were SCC, fat, protein, lactose sodium, and chloride ions as well as electrical conductivity. Cell populations were classified into lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils (PMN). The mRNA expression of the inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, cyclooxygenase-2, lactoferrin, and lysozyme was measured via real-time, quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Somatic cell count decreased from highest levels in C to lowest levels in A1 and increased thereafter to A2 in all groups. Fat content increased from C to A2 and with increasing SCC level. Lactose decreased with increasing SCC level but remained unchanged during milking. Concentrations of sodium and chloride, and electrical conductivity increased with increasing SCC but were higher in C than in A1 and A2. Protein was not affected by milk fraction or SCC level. The distribution of leukocytes was dramatically influenced by milk fraction and SCC. Lymphocytes were the dominating cell population in group 1, but the proportion of lymphocytes was low in groups 2, 3, and 4. Macrophage proportion was highest in group 2 and decreased in groups 3 and 4, whereas that of PMN increased from group 2 to 4. The content of macrophages decreased during milking in all SCC groups whereas that of PMN increased. The proportion of lymphocytes was not affected by milk fraction. The mRNA expression of all inflammatory factors showed an increase with increasing SCC but minor changes occurred during milking. In conclusion, milk fraction and SCC level have a crucial influence on the distribution of leukocyte populations and several milk constituents. The surprisingly high content of lymphocytes and concomitantly low mRNA expression of inflammatory factors in quarters with SCC <12 x 10(3)/mL indicates a different and possibly reduced readiness of the immune system to respond to invading pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Regulation of intestinal secretion involved in the interaction between neurotransmitters and prostaglandin E2.

In this short review, it will be described that neurotransmitter-induced secretion in the intestine may be influenced by the tissue level of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In the normal condition, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and acetylcholine (ACh) are the predominant neurotransmitters of secretomotor neurones. VIP and ACh activate distinct second messenger systems in epithelial cells, i.e. adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium ion (Ca2+), respectively. An increase in intracellular cAMP induces a small amount of chloride (Cl-) secretion in epithelial cells, while simultaneous increases in intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP greatly enhances the cAMP-induced Cl- secretion. When the concentration of prostaglandins reaches a high level in the intestinal tissue substance P, which is a neurotransmitter of sensory neurones, can also induce a massive Cl- secretion by cross-potentiation of cAMP and Ca2+ in epithelial cells. In conclusion, it is considered that the concentration of tissue PGE2 may indicate tissue alert level, and when this level elevates, PGE2 enhances ACh and SP-induced Cl- secretion, thus mediating massive fluid secretion for host defence.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Analysis of the pentafluorobenzoyl derivative of phenylethylamine utilizing negative ion chemical ionization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

A negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) mass spectrometric procedure has been developed to measure phenylethylamine in human urine as the pentafluorobenzoyl derivative. The aromatic amine was isolated from alkaline urine by hexane and ethyl acetate extraction followed by a back-extraction into diluted acid. The acid extract was lyophilized and the residue derivatized with (2,3,4,5,6)-pentafluorobenzoyl chloride. Quantification was achieved by comparing the peak areas of the [M-HF]- ion to a ratio of internal and external standards. The phenylethylamine levels excreted by normal subjects and patients with phenylketonuria were found to be consistent with previous reports.

Benzoates↗
PubMed2002

Osmoregulatory action of PRL, GH, and cortisol in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L).

The osmoregulatory actions of ovine prolactin (oPRL), ovine growth hormone (oGH), and cortisol were tested in the euryhaline gilthead seabream Sparus aurata. Acclimated to sea water (SW, 40 ppt salinity, 1000 mOsm/kg H(2)O) or brackish water (BW, 5 ppt, salinity, 130 mOsm/kg H(2)O), injected every other day for one week (number of injections, 4) with saline (0.9% NaCl), oPRL (4 microg/g body weight), oGH (4 microg/g body weight) or cortisol (5 microg/g body weight), and transferred from SW to BW or from BW to SW 24h after the last injection. Fish were sampled before and 24h after transfer. Gill Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity, plasma osmolality, plasma ions (sodium and chloride), plasma glucose, and muscle water moisture were examined. SW-adapted fish showed higher gill Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity, plasma osmolality, and plasma ions levels than BW-adapted fish. Transfer from SW to BW decreased plasma osmolality and ions levels after 24h, while transfer from BW to SW increased these parameters, whereas gill Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity was unaffected. oPRL treatment significantly decreased gill Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity and increased plasma osmolality and ions in SW- and BW-adapted fish. This treatment minimizes loss of osmolality and ions in plasma after transfer to BW and increased these values after transfer to SW. No significant changes were observed in gill Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity, plasma osmolality, and plasma ions in oGH-treated group with respect to saline group before or after transfer from SW to BW or from BW to SW. Treatment with cortisol induced, in SW-adapted fish, a significant increase of gill Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity and decrease of plasma osmolality and plasma ions. In BW-adapted fish this treatment induced a significant increases in gill Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity, plasma osmolality, and plasma ions. After transfer to SW cortisol-treated fish had higher plasma osmolality than the saline group. Our results support the osmoregulatory role of PRL in the adaptation to hypoosmotic environment in the gilthead seabream S. aurata. Further studies will be necessary to elucidate the osmoregulatory role of GH in this species. Cortisol results suggest a "dual osmoregulatory role" of this hormone in S. aurata.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Hypertonic saline-dextran resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock induces transient mixed acidosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the magnitude and mechanism of potential metabolic acidosis after resuscitation with 7.5% sodium chloride/6% dextran-70. DESIGN: Blinded, randomized, control trial. SETTING: Laboratory setting. SUBJECTS: Sixteen healthy Yorkshire swine. INTERVENTIONS: Anesthetized, mechanically ventilated swine underwent 90 mins of hemorrhagic hypotension (mean arterial pressure of 50 to 55 mm Hg), and a lactic acid infusion (1.5 to 2.4 mmol/kg) was given during the last 60 mins of hemorrhage to produce pretreatment acidosis. The pigs were then given either 4 mL/kg of intravenous normal saline (n = 8) or 7.5% sodium chloride/6% dextran-70 (n = 8). Groups then received isotonic lactated Ringer's solution to restore and maintain cardiac output for 120 mins. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: There was no difference between groups during baseline or shock for any parameter. At the end of shock, arterial pH and base balance were below baseline values. During resuscitation, cardiac output was reached and maintained in both groups. One minute after infusion of hypertonic saline/dextran, there was a significant but transient decrease in arterial pH (from 7.407 +/- 0.015 to 7.339 +/- 0.025) and base balance (from -6.5 +/- 0.7 to -9.9 +/- 1.0 mmol/L). These changes returned to shock levels by 10 mins and then normalized to baseline levels. Hypertonic saline dextran resulted in an immediate hypernatremia, hyperchloremia, and hypokalemia, a decrease in inorganic strong ion difference (calculated as sodium plus potassium minus chloride concentrations), and no immediate change in anion gap. The normal saline group did not show an initial transient decrease in pH and base balance during resuscitation. Plasma lactate, total protein, and hemoglobin concentrations decreased equally in both groups, although they decreased more quickly with hypertonic saline/dextran. CO2 temporarily and insignificantly increased in arterial blood slightly more after the administration of hypertonic saline/dextran. By 120 mins, acid-base, electrolyte and protein changes were normalizing with hypertonic saline/dextran, while pH, base balance, and protein were decreasing below shock values in animals initially treated with normal saline. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertonic saline/dextran caused an immediate, transient acidemia, which was primarily due to a hyperchloremic, hypokalemic, metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap and decreased inorganic strong ion difference, but which was partially due to a mild transient respiratory acidosis. The acidemia was transient because of the offsetting alkalotic effects of decreasing serum protein, normalization of electrolytes, and transient nature of the increase in CO2. Lactic acidosis was not the cause of the acidemia. Over time, the acid-base status appeared to be improved more effectively with hypertonic saline/dextran than with isotonic saline resuscitation.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed2003

Regulation of branchial Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase in common carp Cyprinus carpio L. acclimated to different temperatures.

Isogenic carp Cyprinus carpio L. were acclimated to water temperatures of 15, 22 and 29 degrees C for at least 8 weeks. The acclimations consistently resulted in slightly, but significantly, different plasma osmolality, sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations between the groups studied. Plasma total and ionic calcium levels were unaffected, indicating successful adaptation. The apparent changes in set point for plasma ion levels are explained by altered sodium pump activity and hormonal control of branchial permeability to water and ions. It appears that in 15 degrees C-acclimated fish, a lower apparent Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity is compensated by strongly enhanced Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase expression (determined biochemically and immunohistochemically). In 29 degrees C-acclimated fish, the higher ambient temperature activates the enzyme. Arrhenius plots for branchial Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase preparations of the three groups of fish suggest the occurrence of different enzyme isoforms or protein (in)stability as explanations for differences in apparent enzyme activities, rather than temperature-dependent changes in membrane fluidity. As for hormonal control over permeability, prolactin mRNA expression (and anticipated production and release) is lower in fish kept at 29 degrees C, suggesting that control over branchial permeability to water and ions needs to be downregulated at higher temperatures. In so doing, enhanced sodium pump activity is balanced by a controlled passive ion loss to fine-tune plasma sodium levels. Basal plasma cortisol levels did not correlate positively with Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase expression, but doubling plasma cortisol levels in control fish by administering exogenous cortisol (for 7 days, using implanted minipumps and thus stress-free) enhanced Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase expression. This effect must be the result of a glucocorticoid action of the steroid: in fish, mineralocorticoid receptors have higher affinity for cortisol than glucocorticoid receptors. At a lower ambient temperature, branchial Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase expression is upregulated to counteract the temperature-inhibited activity of the sodium pump, perhaps via a mineralocorticoid receptor.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1995

[Pharmacological properties of chitosan-coated dialdehyde cellulose (chitosan DAC), a newly developed oral adsorbent (I). Effect of chitosan DAC in normal rats].

The effects of chitosan-coated dialdehyde cellulose (chitosan DAC), a newly developed oral adsorbent of urea and ammonia, were examined in an in vitro adsorption study and in normal rats. Chitosan DAC showed high adsorption capacity for urea and ammonia in an in vitro study using the diluted supernatant of rat gastrointestinal fluid. In contrast, Kremezin, an oral charcoal adsorbent (AST-120), had little influence on these substances. In normal rats fed diets containing chitosan DAC (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 10% content) for three weeks, increases in fecal wet weight, fecal dry weight and fecal water content were observed in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, chitosan DAC feeding increased fecal excretion of nitrogen and electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride ions) and decreased the apparent protein ratio in a dose-dependent manner. There were no obvious effects in serum parameters except that increased levels of protein and albumin and decreased levels of blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol and glucose were observed in rats fed a high concentration of chitosan DAC. In conclusion, these findings suggest the possibility that chitosan DAC treatment might be effective for improving chronic renal failure.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1981

In vivo continuous monitoring of ionized calcium in dogs using ion sensitive field effect transistors.

The authors have used calcium ion (Ca++) sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) probes to monitor in vivo changes in Ca++ activity in the venous blood of dogs in response to infusions of sodium citrate or calcium chloride. During eight experiments, Ca++ activity changes were monitored in response to sodium citrate infusions simulating infusion of 1, 2, or 4 units of citrate preserved blood per 6 min. The ISFET probe recorded decreases in Ca++ activity during all infusions. Periodic serum samples were analyzed off-line using an in vitro ion selective electrode instrument. Analysis of variance showed no statistically significant differences between off-line sample and ISFET Ca++ activities (p greater than 0.05). A second experiment tested the use of the Ca++ ISFET as a control sensor for maintaining a desired Ca++ level. These studies provided a range of Ca++ activity values for comparison of off-line and ISFET values. Infusion rates of sodium citrate or calcium chloride needed to maintain venous Ca++ activity at 1.0 mEq/L or 3.0 mEq/L for periods of 30 min ranged from 440 to less than 1 mg/min during maintenance periods. Observation of hemodynamics during the calcium ion control maneuvers suggests that calcium ion may be used to improve cardiovascular performance during critical care situations that involve cardiovascular instability.

Animals↗