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PubMed1995

Effects of a colostrum substitute and of dietary brewer's yeast on the health and performance of dairy calves.

We tested the effects of substituting a whey protein concentrate for dam's colostrum at first feeding and of 1% brewer's yeast in dry feed on calf health and performance. Eighty-four calves were assigned to four preweaning and eight postweaning treatments based on feeding either dam's colostrum or a whey protein concentrate at birth and either yeast or no yeast in the dry feed both before and after weaning. After the first feeding, all calves were fed colostrum through 4 d of age and an all milk protein milk replacer from d 5 to 46 of age. Daily feed intakes, health measurements, and weekly BW were recorded. Calves fed whey protein concentrate at birth had similar health parameters and greater feed efficiency than calves fed colostrum over the preweaning period. Addition of 1% brewer's yeast to the dry feed apparently reduced the incidence of fever and the number of associated antibiotic treatments during the preweaning period, but had no effects thereafter. Under the conditions of this study, whey protein concentrate was an effective substitute for dam's colostrum at first feeding, and 1% brewer's yeast fed in dry feed may reduce susceptibility to infection prior to weaning.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1995

Addition of soybean trypsin inhibitor to bovine colostrum: effects on serum immunoglobulin concentrations in Jersey calves.

Secretion of trypsin by the neonate may reduce absorption of Ig from colostrum and increase failure of transfer of passive immunity, particularly for calves fed after 12 h of age. Jersey calves (n = 48) were used in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of soybean trypsin inhibitor (0 or 1 g) added to 1 L of maternal colostrum at the first two feedings and time of initial feeding (.65 or 12 h of age). A second colostrum feeding was offered 12 h after the initial feeding. Maternal colostrum was analyzed for Ig by radial immunodiffusion and trypsin inhibitor by radial protease diffusion. Jugular blood was sampled at 0, 12, 24, and 48 h after initial feeding, and serum was analyzed for IgG and IgM. Addition of trypsin inhibitor increased serum Ig and total serum protein concentrations, regardless of age at first feeding. Concentrations of serum IgG and IgM were increased 16 and 30%, respectively, when trypsin inhibitor was fed. Age of first feeding did not affect concentrations of IgG or IgM in serum. Supplementation of colostrum with trypsin inhibitor improved transfer of passive immunity to neonatal Jersey calves.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Enhancement of resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum by pooled bovine colostrum during murine retroviral infection.

The therapeutic efficacy of pooled bovine colostrum for the control of cryptosporidiosis was investigated during murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in female C57Bl/6 mice. Mice were infected with LP-BM5 murine leukemia retrovirus for four months and then inoculated with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Persistent cryptosporidiosis was established in all retrovirus immunosuppressed mice, while control mice were refractory to infection. Parasite colonization of intestinal villi was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in immunosuppressed animals that received dietary supplemental pooled bovine colostrum compared with to those that did not receive colostrum treatment. Similarly, shedding of oocysts in the feces of immunosuppressed animals that received dietary pooled bovine colostrum was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced compared with those that did not at 26 days post-parasite challenge. Since the nonimmune bovine colostrum contained no anti-Cryptosporidium antibodies, this suggests that passively transferred antibodies alone are unlikely to have provided the improved resistance shown in this study.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Cellular and humoral factors in colostrum of HIV infected and uninfected lactating mothers.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the cellular and humoral factors in colostrum from HIV infected and uninfected lactating mothers. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. SETTING: Maternity Ward. METHODS: Colostrum was collected from 130 mothers (62 HIV seropositives and 68 HIV seronegatives). These colostrum samples were tested for total cell count, cell viability, differential count, phagocytic activity of macrophages, 'T' cell counts, IgA, IgM and IgG levels. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant decrease in the phagocytosis and 'T' cell number (p <0.001) and in the IgA and IgG levels (p<0. 05) in the colostrum obtained from HIV seropositive mothers as compared to HIV seronegative ones. CONCLUSION: Some of the cellular and humoral factors are reduced in colostrum samples obtained from HIV seropositives as compared to normals.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Co-administration of the health food supplement, bovine colostrum, reduces the acute non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced increase in intestinal permeability.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective analgesics but cause gastrointestinal injury. Present prophylactic measures are suboptimal and novel therapies are required. Bovine colostrum is a cheap, readily available source of growth factors, which reduces gastrointestinal injury in rats and mice. We therefore examined whether spray-dried, defatted colostrum could reduce the rise in gut permeability (a non-invasive marker of intestinal injury) caused by NSAIDs in volunteers and patients taking NSAIDs for clinical reasons. Healthy male volunteers (n=7) participated in a randomized crossover trial comparing changes in gut permeability (lactulose/rhamnose ratios) before and after 5 days of 50 mg of indomethacin three times daily (tds) per oral with colostrum (125 ml, tds) or whey protein (control) co-administration. A second study examined the effect of colostral and control solutions (125 ml, tds for 7 days) on gut permeability in patients (n=15) taking a substantial, regular dose of an NSAID for clinical reasons. For both studies, there was a 2 week washout period between treatment arms. In volunteers, indomethacin caused a 3-fold increase in gut permeability in the control arm (lactulose/rhamnose ratio 0.36+/-0.07 prior to indomethacin and 1.17+/-0.25 on day 5, P<0.01), whereas no significant increase in permeability was seen when colostrum was co-administered. In patients taking long-term NSAID treatment, initial permeability ratios were low (0.13+/-0.02), despite continuing on the drug, and permeability was not influenced by co-administration of test solutions. These studies provide preliminary evidence that bovine colostrum, which is already currently available as an over-the-counter preparation, may provide a novel approach to the prevention of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal damage in humans.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of immunoglobulin G in bovine colostrum and milk by direct biosensor SPR-immunoassay.

An automated biosensor surface-plasmon resonance-based assay was developed for the determination of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in bovine milk and colostrum with either goat or rabbit antibovine IgG or protein G used as detecting molecule. The method is configured as a direct and nonlabeled immunoassay, with quantitation against an authentic IgG calibrant. Whole colostrum or milk is prepared for analysis by dilution into buffer. Analysis conditions, including ligand immobilization, flowrate, contact time, and regeneration, were optimized, and nonspecific binding was evaluated. Performance parameters included working range of 15-10 000 ng/mL, method detection limit of 0.08 mg/mL, overall instrument response reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSD(R)) of 0.47%, mean between-run RSD(R) of 10.5% for colostrum, and surface stability over 200 analyses. The proposed method was compared with independent alternative methods. The technique was applied to the measurement of IgG content during early lactation transition from colostrum to milk, as well as in consumer milk, colostrum, and hyperimmune milk powders.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Bordetella pertussis FHA antibodies in maternal/infants sera and colostrum.

The high incidence of pertussis in the first year of life confirms that susceptibility remains high for children in this age group despite > 90% pertussis vaccine compliance. In this respect, immunoresponse to Bordetella pertussis was investigated. Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) antibodies were studied due to their important protective role, in blocking the adherence of the bacteria to respiratory tract ciliated cells. The relative rate of detection and degree of positivity of IgG and IgA antibodies to Bordetella pertussis FHA were studied in maternal and infant sera and in colostrum samples of the respective mothers. The study comprised 143 mothers of child bearing age and 25 newborns. The highest percentages of serum IgG and IgA were present in the younger females group (15-25 yrs). Both IgG and IgA were detected in the same mother in 60% of them. The study showed that 96.9% of colostrum samples who were positive for IgA, were associated with IgA positivity in serum, also an increase in the degree of serum IgA positivity was associated with a higher rate of detection of IgA in colostrum. Maternal serum IgA could therefore be used as a marker for the future presence of IgA in colostrum. This work demonstrated that newborns show little passive immunity to pertussis, evidenced by the low placental transfer of IgG (35.7%) and the low rate of detection of IgA in the colostrum (41%). We concluded that, it would be advantageous to reimmunize pregnant women, without adequate serum antibody to Bordetella pertussis, with appropriate new vaccine which would offer a better passive immunity to their infants.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Retinol levels in human colostrum: influence of child, maternal and socioeconomic variables].

OBJECTIVES: To determine colostrum retinol levels in breastfeeding women from the city of Natal, state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, and to investigate the relationship between retinol levels in colostrum and child, maternal and socioeconomic variables. METHODS: Forty-two healthy women aged 18 to 39 years were evaluated 48 hours after delivery. Socioeconomic, anthropometric, and dietary data were collected by means of a questionnaire. Body mass index was used to determine nutritional status. The Virtual Nutri software was used to analyze data on daily intake of vitamin A. Retinol levels were determined in 2 ml of colostrum using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Most women were of low socioeconomic and educational backgrounds. Vitamin A intake was adequate in 55% of the women (mean intake = 1,398.8 micro g RE/day). The mean amount of retinol in colostrum was 93.1 51.1 micro gRE/100 ml. No significant differences were found in terms of milk retinol levels for the variables income (p = 0.503), educational level (p = 0.708) and birth weight (p = 0. 499). However, a statistically significant difference was observed for nutritional status during pregnancy (0.016). CONCLUSION: The lack of influence of socioeconomic factors on colostrum retinol levels suggests the existence of an adaptive mechanism of the mammary gland to maintain adequate retinol levels that meet the infantacute;s daily needs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[Bovine colostrum and protection of young animals].

An insufficient absorption of colostrum-immunoglobulins (Ig) by the newborn calf may result in morbidity and mortality at the early age of 1-2 weeks after birth. According to a study from California, such losses amounted to 20% in dairy herds. Ig-deficiencies were observed in almost 90% of all calves which died within the first week of their lives. The rapid identification of Ig-deficient calves, compensation by feeding colostrum from another dam or the application of relevant commercial products from the dairy industry are attempts to remedy such a situation. Feeding bovine colostrum to lambs, kids, foals and piglets, bovine Ig is readily absorbed into the blood-system of these animals. Vaccination of pregnant animals aims at the provocation of specific antibodies for the protection of the offspring. The application of the vaccine into the mammary gland at ablactation provokes specific IgA- and IgM-antibodies which are normally not channelled from the blood system + of the mother into the colostrum. The advantage of the vaccination of pregnant animals is the immediate provision of protecting antibodies for the newborn immuno-incompetent animal. Under the pressure of an increasing criticism against the routinely applied supplementary feeding of antibiotics, this kind of immunization may reach more and more of importance. Like non-specific Igs, specific colostrum-Igs are absorbed into the blood-system of newborns from other animal species.

Animal Diseases↗

PubMed2005

Protective effects of bovine colostrum on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced intestinal damage in rats.

The aim of this study was to examine whether bovine colostrum was able to prevent the NSAID induced small intestinal damage in animals. The animal model population of the study consisted of 4 groups: control group, diclofenac group, diclofenac with 10% low fat milk group and diclofenac with 5% colostrum group. The animals with milk or colostrum were fed with 10% low fat milk or 5% colostral solution for 5 days before the administration of diclofenac. Gut injuries were induced by administration of a single dose of diclofenac (100 mg/kg orally). Epithelial permeability values (24 hour urinary excretion of 51Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [51Cr-EDTA]), enteric aerobic bacterial counts, serum biochemical profiles and pathologic findings of distal ileum were measured. Diclofenac caused a marked increase in the intestinal permeability, enteric bacterial numbers and intestinal villous damage, and enteric protein and albumin loss. Combined administration of bovine colostrum reduced the increase in intestinal permeability, enteric bacterial overgrowth, protein losing enteropathy and mucosal villous damage of the small intestine induced by diclofenac. Bovine colostrum may have a beneficial effect in prevention of NSAID induced small intestinal injuries.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Stability and expression of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli adherence plasmid pMS49 in the presence of human colostrum.

Adhesion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) to HeLa cells is inhibited by human colostrum. In the present study we investigated the effect of colostrum on the stability of pMS49, an EPEC adherence plasmid coding for localized adhesion and ampicillin (Ap) resistance. The plasmid was highly stable after serial passage of bacterial cultures in Tryptic Soy Broth containing 67%, 50%, 10% (v/v) or no human colostrum. A few variants (0.4%) with a low adherence were observed regardless of the treatment given. Human colostrum did not enhance their emergence. No bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect of colostrum was observed under the experimental conditions used. A specific process regulating plasmid expression is supposed to occur in EPEC strains, giving rise to variants with a lower concentration of the outer-membrane adherence-related protein and consequently lower adherence ability. This process seems to also occur for Ap-resistance genes coded in the same plasmid.

Ampicillin Resistance↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Insulin and glucose concentration changes in newborn piglets after suckling the colostrum from insulin administered sows.

Immunoreactive insulin (IRI) concentration in sows colostrum has been previously proven to be much higher than that in blood. The experiment was carried out to show the influence of endogenous and added insulin in sows colostrum on insulinaemia and glycaemia of newborn piglets. In colostrum collected from 3 control and 5 experimental sows before loading, basal insulin concentration were 1.595 and 1.365 nM-1, respectively, and calculated for all 8 sows together were 1.451 nM-1 (SEM +/- 0.289). Basal plasma insulin concentrations calculated for 68 healthy piglets before sucking were little differentiated (mean 0.318 +/- 0.044 nM l-1), whereas glucose initial concentrations for those piglets (mean 3.581 +/- 0.275 nM l-1) were highly differentiated. Intramuscular loading of 5 experimental sows with insulin (80 I.U. per animal) caused an increase in the concentration of insulin in colostrum from 1.365 to 3.449 nM l-1 (0.01, P less than 0.02). The mean insulin level (0.313 +/- 0.04 nM l-1) in experimental piglets blood plasma (n = 42) increased significantly to 1.234 +/- 0.07 (P less than 0.001) after suckling by sows loaded with exogenous insulin. Glycaemic response of those two piglets litters was poor but showed a statistically significant increase (P less than 0.001). The glucose concentrations in blood plasma samples of the other three litters did not changes after sucking. The experiment excluded the hypothesis that high level of insulin in colostrum could be the cause of hypoglycaemia in healthy piglets after sucking.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

[Selected indicators of colostrum quality in cows over the period of a year].

Under the conditions of large-scale breeding, seasonal changes in the total protein of colostrum whey, gammaglobulins, vitamins A, E, C, and carotene in cow's colostrum from the first milking, were studied in the course of the first 12 months. As indicated by the results of an analysis of 302 colostrum samples, the concentrations of total protein in whey were significantly higher in winter (P less than 0.01) than in the summer season. On the other hand, vitamin C levels were higher in summer than in winter. A lower level of total protein of colostral serum than the required minimum of 120 g per litre was recorded in 64.4% of the cows. A highly positive correlation (r = +0.981) was demonstrated between the concentration of total protein and gammaglobulins in colostrum whey. This fact makes it possible to consider and use for diagnostic purposes the total protein of whey as a sufficiently exact parameter of colostrum quality without having to determine the gammaglobulin level. On the basis of these analyses it is possible to some extent not only to evaluate the health condition of high-pregnant cows and the quality of attendance, but also to prognosticate the health of their calves.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

[The usefulness of the refractometer in the assessment of colostrum and various factors affecting serum gamma globulin levels in newborn calves].

The effects of a number of factors on the concentration of gamma globulins in the serum of newborn calves were studied in 181 calves from six different dairy farms as was also the use of the refractometer test in controlling the ingestion of colostrum. The refractometer test was found to be reliable in controlling the concentration of gamma globulins in the serum of calves up to the sixth day of life. The factors 'time the first colostrum was ingested', 'amount of first colostrum ingested' and the 'concentration of gamma globulins in the colostrum' were found to account for 23.5 per cent of the variations in serum gamma globulin concentration; this became 42.4 per cent when the 'system of administration' and the 'farm-bound factors' were also taken into account. The first colostrum is best ingested when it is offered in a pail or bottle provided with a nipple. Calves of heifers were found to show a lower concentration of gamma globulins in the serum than did calves of older cows.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1986

Inhibition of lacteal leukocyte phagocytosis by colostrum, nonlactating secretion, and mastitic milk.

The Fc receptors on leukocytes obtained from normal milk, colostrum, nonlactating gland secretion, and mastitic milk were detected by rosette formation, using sensitized erythrocytes. The percentage of leukocytes bearing Fc receptors from normal milk was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than that from other secretions. Fc receptors were found primarily on polymorphonuclear leukocytes from normal milk, mastitic milk, and colostrum. However, in nonlactating gland secretion obtained 6 weeks after milking was completed, Fc receptors were predominantly on macrophages. The low percentage of leukocytes bearing Fc receptors obtained from colostrum, nonlactating gland secretion obtained 7 days after milking was completed, and mastitic milk was associated with the presence of a blocking factor in these secretions, which specifically attached to Fc receptors. These secretions significantly (P less than 0.01) blocked the Fc receptors on leukocytes from normal milk and on other cells bearing FC receptors. The presence of Fc receptors on leukocytes obtained from normal milk was related to a high percentage of phagocytizing leukocytes through Fc receptors and a large number of phagocytized bacteria (phagocytic activities). In contrast, the low percentage of leukocytes bearing Fc receptors from colostrum, from nonlactating gland secretion (7 days after milking), and from mastitic milk was associated with depressed phagocytic activities. Preincubation of leukocytes from normal milk with whey from colostrum, nonlactating gland secretion (7 days after milking), and mastitic milk significantly (P less than 0.01) inhibited phagocytosis. This effect was associated with the blocking of Fc receptors by these secretions. Possible mechanisms for and implications of these findings are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

IgA specific helper factor (alpha HF) in human colostrum.

Induction of immunoglobulin secretion by human colostrum was investigated using human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and Epstein-Barr virus transformed human B lymphoblastoid cells. Stimulation of the cells with colostrum induced IgA plaque forming cells but neither IgG nor IgM plaque forming cells, indicating the occurrence of IgA specific helper factor (alpha HF) in human colostrum. alpha HF activity was eluted into fractions with an apparent molecular weight of about 80 kD by gel filtration, and with a PI range of 5.8 to 6.2 by chromatofocusing. IgA secreted by PBL stimulated with alpha HF had a similar molecular weight distribution to that of IgA in human colostrum. From these results a hypothesis is proposed; IgA-committed B cells in the mammary gland differentiate to plasma cells producing dimeric IgA after stimulation by alpha HF so that the dominant immunoglobulin in human colostrum is IgA.

Antibody-Producing Cells↗

PubMed1977

Resistance of neonatal calves given colostrum diet to oral challenge with a septicemia-producing Escherichia coli.

Twenty Holstein-Friesian male calves were obtained within 4 hours after bith (colostrum deprived) and allotted to 1 of 4 groups, each given a different feeding: colostrum, milk replacer, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and saline solution (0.85% NaCl). Each calf was fed 2 L of the respective diets every 12 hours. Rectal temperatures were recorded and blood samples were collected immediately before each feeding. At approximately 27 hours of age, all calves were inoculated orally with 1.5 X 10(10) viable organisms of a septicemia-producing Escherichia coli serotype O26: K60:NM. Within 8 hours, all calves had diarrhea. Coli-septicemia (E coli cultured from liver, spleen, and cardiac blood) was present in 1 of the 5 calves fed colostrum, in 5 or the 5 calves fed milk replacer, in 5 of the 5 calves fed PVP, and in 4 of the 5 calves fed saline solution. At necropsy of the calves (12 to 48 hours after oral inoculation), the same organism was isolated by cultural technique from small intestines of 19 of the 20 calves. Serum immunoglobulin G concentrations increased (P less than 0.01) in calves fed the colostrum diet in sharp contrast to the agammaglobulinemia occurring in calves fed the milk replacer, PVP, or saline solution. Results indicate that colostrum fed to the calf soon after birth provides protection from colisepticemia, but does not prevent the diarrhea of colibacillosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Specific protection by colostrum from cows vaccinated with the K 99 antigen in newborn calves experimentally infected with E. coli Ent+ K99+.

We have measured the protective effect of colostrum of vaccinated cows with the K99 antigen comparatively with the colostrum of non vaccinated cows, in calves receiving at birth 2 liters of colostrum and just after 5 times 10(10) to 1 times 10(11) E. coli Ent+, K99+. The K99 antigen was prepared from E coli B41 (0101:K99:H-) cultured in a fermentor. Cows were vaccinated subcutaneously with 100 mg or 300 mg (wet weight) in emulsion in Freund uncomplete adjuvant 45 and 15 days before parturition. Of 4 calves receiving a colostrum of non vaccinated cows 4 had a diarrhoea, 3 became dehydrated and 2 died. Of 6 calves receiving colostrum of vaccinated cows, 5 were healthy and the 6th calf had a mild diarrhoea for few hours and became again healthy. Control and protected calves excreted E. coli K99+, 24 HOURS AFTER INFECTION. The protection is probably due to K99 antibodies which inhibit adhesion of E. coli K99+ to the intestinal epithelium.

Animals↗