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During the course of a stomatological screening 96% of all twelve-year old children in the district Greiz were examined with respect to the rate of dental caries and malocclusion and oral hygiene index. The results were compared with the targets of the WHO "Health for all by the year 2000".
The relationship between levels of secretory IgA and incidence of dental caries has been the object of controversial studies. Selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD) is the commonest primary immunodeficiency and may be found in apparently healthy individuals but is also associated with a variety of diseases. In the present study the authors evaluated the prevalence [correction of incidence] of caries by means of caries indexes in a group of children with severe and partial SIgAD and in a group of children age-matched healthy control. Evaluated caries indexes were significantly higher in children with severe SIgAD as compared to control groups.
This study was undertaken to determine the caries prevalence and restorative needs of United States Air Force (USAF) family members ages 3-15. Examinations were performed on 1802 USAF children at five bases. Indexes recorded were: Decayed, Missing, Filled Surfaces (DMFS) for permanent teeth; decayed, filled surfaces (dfs) for primary teeth; and a Dental Restorative Treatment Need Index. Results indicate an increase in the dfs and DMFS index with age, with more caries present in young children located overseas. No significant differences between children of officers and enlisted members were found. A higher dfs and DMFS index was found in other racial families as compared to blacks or whites. This study's overall population sample had a higher dfs index but lower DMFS index than the 1986-87 NIDR survey showed.
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45 subjects participated in a double-blind cross-over mouthwash study where a new tablet-form combination of chlorhexidine, fluoride and xylitol (XYLIHEX) was studied together with solutions of chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium fluoride (NaF). The preparation XYLIHEX was developed as a dental chemotherapeutic that could easily be added to the soldiers' kit to be used under circumstances where practising normal oral hygiene habits is restricted. For comparative purposes, XYLIHEX was prediluted in this study to make a solution. Before starting, professional prophylaxis was given to the subjects to bring their gingivitis index scores as close to 0 as possible. The subjects refrained from mechanical tooth cleaning for three 7-day test periods. Plaque wet weight and periodontal index scores were recorded before and after the test periods. The results showed that the preparations XYLIHEX and CHX did not statistically differ from each other in reducing plaque wet weight values and the recorded periodontal index scores. Both these preparations were statistically highly significantly more effective antiplaque agents than NaF, as expected.
Dental and oral examinations of 1360 patients with diabetes mellitus showed higher DMFT mean values with fewer carious teeth and more filled and extracted teeth than the controls. PI mean values were higher in diabetics than in the controls, the difference being statistically significant, and showed a positive correlation with age, but no correlation with the length of time since the disease was established. No correlation was found between the severity of gingivitis and changes in blood glucose levels. The sucrose-free diet of diabetics does not seem to reduce caries prevalence. The increased DMFT index is explained by the fact that, due to periodontitis, diabetics lose more teeth sooner than do healthy people.
The object of the present study was an attempt to relate fluoride concentration in enamel, caries experience, and the degree of fluorosis in a community residing in an area with a high level of fluoride. A significant difference was found between the male and female samples for the F and D parameters. A positive correlation was established for the male participants between DEGF and F, and a negative correlation between age and F. These correlations were not found for the female participants. Because of the low and narrow range of DMFT indexes, no correlation involving this parameter could be established.
The authors study dental decay in the first permanent molar among school children in Dimbokro (Côte d'Ivoire). The study, carried out on 1050 children aged between 7 to 16, revealed a low CAO index but a frequency index greater than 50%.
A total of 839 schoolchildren were investigated in different age groups. In compensated and subcompensated caries forms its intensity varied within the limits of 1.76 +/- 0.07 to 3.13 +/- 0.59 and 5.40 +/- 0.15 to 7.29 +/- 0.17, respectively. In decompensation these values were 10.23 +/- 0.34 to 12.28 +/- 0.42. The highest hygienic index (2.0 +/- 0.25) was found in schoolchildren with decompensated form of caries. Sub- and decompensated forms developed with concomitant gastrointestinal, endocrine disorders and CNS trauma.
Young adults show increased progression of caries and shallow periodontal pockets. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the epidemiological situation in a survey sample of young adult population and to derive a conclusion about periodontic and endodontic treatment care. For this purpose a longitudinal study was conducted for two years on 200 patients which underwent special examination. The frequency distribution according to the employed index systems DMF/T, GPM/T and CPITN has been evaluated by means of a computer dental analysis programme. The results revealed improvement of oral health conditions after oral hygiene instruction and control. Guiding principles for prevention, diagnosis and therapy are decided by the distribution of GPM- and DMF teeth. The early detection and treatment of caries beside the early diagnosis of periodontitis are of great importance whereby first and second molars show the highest progression rate of caries and periodontitis.
Complaints of enamel defects in American Indian children residing on the St. Regis reservation in New York State prompted an epidemiological study. The results of that study, reported earlier (Rebich et al., 1983), indicated that over one-fifth of the American Indian children had discoloration of the dentition due to ingestion of tetracycline during the years of tooth formation. These data also provided an ideal opportunity to examine the link between tetracycline staining and caries which has been postulated by previous authors. American Indian children, ages 7-18, were found to have a higher caries experience than other children and a lower rate of dental service utilization, as evidenced by the filled component of the DMFS index (FS/DMFS). Within the American Indian population, however, no indication was found of any association between tetracycline staining and dental caries.
This study compares three measurements (Kappa, general agreement percentage, or GAP, and dice index) used to determine the reproducibility of caries diagnosis in epidemiological surveys under different clinical diagnostic thresholds. Eleven examiners with previous experience in epidemiological surveys were submitted to a theoretical and clinical calibration process. Data analysis used two caries detection thresholds: World Health Organization (WHO) and WHO with the inclusion of initial enamel lesions (WHO + IL). Twenty-three children 6-7 years of age were examined, with and without caries. Mean values for Kappa index, GAP, and Dice were considered high (> 0.90), except for the dice index for the WHO + IL threshold (0.69). Since Kappa is an adjusted agreement index, it can be considered the instrument of choice for calibration of examiners. However, when it is impossible to use, the GAP is recommended together with the dice index in order to orient and improve examiners when examining caries lesions.
OBJECTIVE: Interest in Candida dubliniensis has led to renewed clinical investigations regarding incidence, drug resistance, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of fungal infections in patients with HIV. C dubliniensis phenotypically resembles Candida albicans in many respects, yet it can be identified and differentiated as a unique Candida species by its phenotypic and genetic profiles. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the prevalence of C dubliniensis in clinical isolates and determine the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients harboring C dubliniensis. STUDY DESIGN: Over a 6-week period, 24 yeast-positive isolates from HIV-positive dental patients were screened for C dubliniensis through use of phenotypic criteria. HIV viral load, CD4 count, and complete oral health evaluations were performed on each patient at the same visit during which the oral fungal surveillance culture was taken. RESULTS: Six isolates from 24 HIV-seropositive and yeast-positive patients were shown to be consistent phenotypically and by electrophoretic karyotyping with the European reference strain of C dubliniensis. Dose-dependent susceptibility to fluconazole was shown in one of the C dubliniensis isolates. Five of the 6 patients demonstrated moderate to high viral loads. General oral health, as evidenced by the presence of advanced periodontal lesions and a high decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (>20), was poor in 3 of the 6 patients with C dubliniensis and 7 of the 18 patients with C albicans. A history of intravenous drug abuse was present in 50% of the C dubliniensis -positive patients, which is representative of the HIV-positive population at the hospital. CONCLUSIONS: In this small sample, C dubliniensis represented 25% of the yeast-positive cultures. The clinical significance of this interesting species in the United States may be related to high viral load, rapid AIDS progression, and/or concomitant oral disease, such as a high caries index or periodontal disease.
One hundred and forty-seven dentate residents of a long-term care facility were examined to determine oral status and need for treatment. The assessment included dental caries (NIDR criteria), oral hygiene index-simplified, and missing teeth. Caries was further divided into "restorable" and "nonrestorable." Also, the primary cause for institutionalization was determined.
The aim of this 3-year field study was to assess the value of partial substitution of sucrose with peroral xylitol (14-20 g/day) as a caries-preventive measure (X group) in comparison with systemic administration of fluoride (F group) and restorative treatment procedures solely (C group). An F dentifrice was used unsupervised in the X and F groups, the former containing 10% xylitol. The C group used customary, predominantly F-free dentifrices distributed by the local health authorities. The final material consisted of 689 institutionalized children (6-11 years). Caries was scored yearly in duplicate by two continuously calibrated teams. At base line the X group had a significantly higher caries prevalence than the F and C groups. The 3-year DMFS increment was 4.2 in the X group, 6.5 in the F group, and 7.7 in the C group. The corresponding ratio (RS) between caries incidence and the tooth surface population at risk was RSx, 4.9; RSF, 6.6; and RSC, 8.6. It is concluded that dietary xylitol in solid sweets resulted in a lower increment of caries than obtained in the F and C groups (p less than 0.001, covariance analysis, with base-line prevalence, number of permanent teeth, and visible plaque index as covariants).
Dental and periodontal conditions of 80 handicapped adults were examined. The epidemiological survey was made by following the WHO suggestions and showed that there are patients in great need of primary and secondary prevention. The results of the research point out a DMFT of 18.78 and extractions were practically the only dental therapy received by these specific patients. Periodontal diseases were surveyed by the use of the CPITN index, and exhibited high values of dental calculus in younger. Furthermore, as the patients increased in age, periodontal pockets appeared and edentulous patients increased.
1. A systematic controlled nonextraction approach in the treatment of certain Class II malocclusions exhibiting arch-length deficiencies has been presented. 2. Clinical cases, diagnostic criteria for case selection, the biomechanics of this tandem force system, time sequence in tooth movement, and ways to avoid untoward sequelae have also been offered. 3. The major advantages in utilizing the basic extraoral appliance and auxiliary mechanisms are as follows: A. various groups of tooth movements are initiated in one or more areas of both dental arches simultaneously. B. Orthodontic pressures are within physiologic limits. C. A minimum number of bands is required. D. Positive control of anchorage is ensured. E. Class II mechanics is not necessary. 4. In each of the four cases presented, the anteroposterior and mediolateral changes that occurred resulted in an increase in the linear length and width of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches. A sufficient increase in the maxillary apical base was also noted and may prove to be a significant yardstick in measuring the stability index of each case. 5. Photographic and cephalometric evaluation revealed that the facial contour and the relative position of the mandibular incisors were not adversely affected.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between social, economic and behavioural risk factors and national prevalences of: oral cancer, dental caries (12-year-olds) and destructive periodontal disease (35-44-year-olds). DATA SOURCES: Sources for the social and economic parameters were the UN Development Program; the behavioural risk factors' source was the World Health Organization, the UN Food and Agricultural Organization and the World Atlas of History. Oral diseases data came from UICC Globocan and the World Health Organization databases. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted by hand from official publications. DATA SYNTHESIS: Data were synthesized and analyzed in sequence using SPSS, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS: There is a discernable association between the three oral diseases and the variables selected, which varies in strength, being strongest for chronic destructive periodontitis and weakest for oral cancer. Dental caries lies in between. The degree to which variables account for differences in the three oral diseases between the countries studied is striking, being insignificant for oral cancer incidence, modest for oral cancer mortality, stronger for dental caries and strongest for destructive periodontal disease. Removing variables with strong co-linearity with the Human Development Index has little effect on the regression coefficients.