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Results for “Desensitization, Psychologic”

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PubMed1989

A case of bulimia successfully treated by cue exposure.

In the present case-study, a 22-year-old female patient with a 7-year history of bulimia nervosa was treated by cue-exposure. During cue-exposure sessions the relationship between CS (stimuli associated with binge-eating behaviour) and UCS (the sensations related to the intake of binge food) was broken. As predicted, the patients' craving for food declined within as well as between cue exposure sessions and a radical decrease in the frequency of binge-eating persisted for at least nine months. Although during the therapy no explicit attention was paid to the patient's low mood and irrational self-talk, mood was improved and beliefs were less irrational after cue-exposure and at the follow-ups. The data suggest that cue exposure may be an effective part of the treatment of bulimia nervosa.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Emotional processing and fear measurement synchrony as indicators of treatment outcome in fear of flying.

Minimal-therapist-involvement stress inoculation training was used to treat flying phobics. Relative to no-treatment controls, treatment subjects reported more fear reduction, were more likely to participate in an exposure session, and flew more during a two-month follow-up period. Subjects who exhibited synchronous changes in heart rate and report of anxiety during exposure had greater fear reduction than subjects showing less synchrony. Subjects who voluntarily took plane flights in the two months following treatment showed greater indications of emotional processing during in vivo exposure. Relative to flight avoiders, fliers had higher mean heart rate in the plane, a greater reduction in heart rate from the beginning to the end of the flight, and greater reported fear reduction from pre- to post-flight.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The fear behind the fear: a case study of apparent simple injection phobia.

The interrelations of multiple phobias are illustrated in the case of a female student whose presenting complaint of injection phobia did not at first appear to be related to her other fears. The rapid amelioration of her presenting complaint (sustained at three-month and eight-month follow-up) followed the discovery of functional relationships between these fears. The implications of the case with respect to Lang's (Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders, 1985) work on the cognitive psychophysiology of emotion, and the investigations of McNeil and Berryman (Behavior Research Therapy 27, 233-236, 1989) and Rachman and Lopatka (Behavior Research Therapy 24, 653-660, 1986; Behavior Research Therapy 24, 661-664, 1986) are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A report on seventy-eight cases treated by eye movement desensitization.

This article reports the author's experience with 78 cases treated with eye movement desensitization. Mean improvement on 530 disturbing themes was 1.85 on a 0-3 point scale. Most diagnostic groups scored 2.0 or better. Treatment was most effective with past trauma and least with generalized negative themes and cravings, helping only a little in the worst areas. Suggestions are made for more rigorous studies.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1991

Treatment of paruresis with in vivo desensitization: a case report.

In vivo desensitization was employed with a patient exhibiting chronic paruresis. Measures of urination delay, and subjective units of distress were obtained at pre-training, during training, at a generalization trial, and at a follow-up assessment. Urine volume was also measured at pre- and post-training. There was shorter delay in urination, greater urine output, and less subjective anxiety following treatment. These effects were also demonstrated during a generalization post-test in which the patient was exposed to an unknown observer. A follow-up trial involving exposure to a second unknown observer indicated that treatment effects were maintained at 7.5 months following treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

An analysis of response prevention and flooding procedures in the treatment of adolescent obsessive compulsive disorder.

Flooding and response prevention have been widely used in the treatment of adult obsessive compulsive disorder but have been overlooked in favor of less restrictive procedures when treating children. The present case investigates the utility of these procedures in an adolescent with severe compulsive handwashing. Treatments were introduced hierarchically to minimize subject distress; graded exposure decreased the frequency of handwashing, but flooding was required to eliminate the compulsion. Guidelines for the ethical use of flooding and exposure therapies with children are offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Eye movement desensitization versus image confrontation: a single-session crossover study of 58 phobic subjects.

Eye movement desensitization (EMD) and a control procedure, image confrontation (IC) were compared in a group of 58 phobics, 31 of them arachnophobes. Subjects confronted disturbing images in a single-session crossover trial. Anxiety levels were recorded on the SUD Scale. Whenever practicable, SUDs to feared objects were also recorded. EMD and IC were equally effective in reducing anxiety levels. After 1 month, during which subjects were encouraged to use IC daily, improvement was maintained. Since exposure to the disturbing image is common to both methods it must be presumed to be the basis of change when EMD is used in cases of phobia.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Use of mobile phones in the behavioral treatment of driving phobias.

Results of two case studies are presented to illustrate the use of mobile phones with in vivo exposure treatment of refractory driving phobias. Number of miles driven and subjective ratings of anxiety were recorded during a baseline phase and 8 weeks of treatment involving a total of 24 driving practices. One subject's use of a mobile phone increased the number of miles driven alone, but the second subject made little progress and regressed following removal of the phone. These two cases and our experience with other patients suggest that mobile phones can benefit many individuals whose therapeutic progress is impeded by a fear of driving alone, but that phones are counterproductive for certain patients. The potential benefits and disadvantages of using mobile phones are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Rapid treatment of blood and injection phobias with eye movement desensitization.

A 21-year-old woman with injection and blood phobias was treated successfully using eye movement desensitization. Treatment was conducted over four abbreviated sessions involving less than 1 hour of actual treatment time. Fear changes following treatment were monitored through self-report and physiological response, both within and between sessions, and in relation to the behaviors of seeking and receiving an injection (flu shot) and having blood drawn. Treatment effects were maintained at follow-ups of 1, 14, and 24 weeks.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Information processing and classical conditioning: implications for exposure therapy and the integration of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy.

This article reviews Wagner's standard operating procedures (SOP) model, an information processing model of conditioning, and some of its supporting evidence. The implications of this model for behavior therapy are explored. Applying the SOP model to the anxiety reduction technique of exposure, it is predicted that: (1) rehearsal and attention-focusing should facilitate whereas distraction should attenuate the long-term benefits of exposure; and (2) successful exposure therapy should be associated with a demonstrable allocation of cognitive processing resources and indications of enhanced elaborative processing of the feared stimuli. At a more general level, the SOP model may provide a bridge between traditional behavior therapy techniques and the principles that underly cognitive therapy. That is, the SOP model suggests that even those behavior therapy techniques which represent the most straightforward applications of conditioning procedures can be seen as being mediated by information processing mechanisms.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1993

Insight in behavior therapy.

Behavior therapists make frequent use of insight, but avoid the term because dynamic therapists have formulated it in terms of the unconscious. Insight does not necessarily imply belief in the existence of the "unconscious mind." Behavioral insight consists of making the client aware of the antecedents and consequences of target behavior. Case studies are presented in which behavioral insight was involved in therapeutic change. Implications of behavioral insight for behavior therapy are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Alcohol cue exposure directed at a goal of moderate drinking.

A novel form of moderation-oriented cue exposure treatment for alcohol dependence is illustrated in a single case study. Formal clinic-based cue exposure following a priming dose of the client's preferred beverage is succeeded by supervised and then unsupervised in vivo practice at resisting continued drinking in tempting situations. Improvements on a range of outcome measures seen up to 12-month follow-up were supported by the results of an analogue measure of desire to drink. The potential place of this form of treatment in the range of services offered to problem drinkers is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Effects of relaxation training on fear and arousal during in vivo exposure to a caged snake among DSM-III-R simple (snake) phobics.

Eight pairs of DSM-III-R snake phobic subjects (Ss) were exposed to a caged snake while seated in front of a package-conveyor apparatus during eight 4-minute trials. Heart rates and skin-conductance levels were recorded before and during each of the eight trials. Self-reports of fear were obtained after each trial. One S in each pair controlled the conveyor on alternating trials. One subject (S) in each pair had received a representative regimen of relaxation training beforehand. Heart-rate decreased more in Ss controlling the conveyor than in their yoked partners. Ss who had received relaxation training showed lower heart-rate change, lower skin-conductance change, and lower self-reports of fear after the exposure trials. Relaxed Ss also moved the snake closer to themselves than did unrelaxed subjects on some trials.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder in the elderly: a review and case example.

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent form of psychopathology in the elderly, yet limited evaluation of the disorder in this age group has occurred. We review the literature and describe a case of OCD effectively treated in an 80-year-old man. Case study reports suggest that elderly persons are responsive to selective serotonin uptake inhibitors, although medication selection and dosage may need to be adjusted as a result of the medical conditions sometimes present in the elderly. Elderly persons appear able to benefit from exposure and response prevention, although behavioral intervention has not been frequently used. We describe here the first case report where exposure and response prevention procedures were successfully used and this intervention was not confounded with psychopharmacologic treatment.

1-Naphthylamine↗
PubMed1994

Pain ameliorating effect of eye movement desensitization.

This study explores the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMD/R) in the management of acute pain induced by hand exposures to ice water. Thirty participants were randomly assigned to one of the following interventions: (a) eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, (b) eye movement desensitization with music (EMD/M), and (c) control. The EMD/R participants focused on negative experiences associated with exposure to ice water, generated positive self-talk, and diverted their attention away from pain by focusing on a rapidly moving light on a monitor. The EMD with music group received eye movement desensitization coupled with preferred music. Repeated measures univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. Results indicated that both procedures alleviated participants' pain to a similar degree and significantly more than the control, P < 0.05.

Adolescent↗