SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Dogs”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources

PubMed2003

A dog's got personality: a cross-species comparative approach to personality judgments in dogs and humans.

This research offers a blueprint for how a cross-species comparative approach can be realized empirically. In a single design, parallel procedures and instruments were used in 2 species, dogs (Canis familiaris) and humans (Homo sapiens), to test whether personality differences exist and can be judged in dogs as accurately as in humans. Personality judgments of humans and dogs were compared on 3 accuracy criteria: internal consistency, consensus, and correspondence. Results showed that, on all 3 criteria, judgments of dogs were as accurate as judgments of humans. These findings are consistent with the evolutionary continuity hypothesis and suggest an important conclusion not widely considered by either personality or animal researchers: Personality differences do exist and can be measured in animals other than humans.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Chromosome assignment of six dog genes by FISH, and correlation with dog-human Zoo-FISH data.

Cross-species chromosome painting analyses have recently demonstrated the presence of regions of conserved synteny between the human and domestic dog genomes, aiding the search for candidate genes for inherited traits. Concerted efforts to subchromosomally assign substantial numbers of dog gene sequences are now needed in order to refine these comparative data, both in terms of marker density and resolution. We have developed novel PCR markers representing three dog genes (ALB, FOS, HNRPA2B1) for which no sequence or mapping data were previously available, to our knowledge. These, in addition to three gene markers previously described (ALDOA, RPE65, VCAM1), were used to isolate and chromosomally assign corresponding large insert genomic clones by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Chromosome assignments for these six dog genes are discussed in terms of those of the human orthologues, and correlated with existing comparative mapping information, identifying one apparent exception to existing Zoo-FISH data, and aiding refinement of the boundaries of conserved chromosome segments in both genomes.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Experimental microsurgery of salivary ducts in dogs.

The results achieved by experimental microsurgical suturing of salivary ducts in dogs are presented. Nine partial lesions and one complete transection of the ducts were made on parotid and submandibular ducts. Four to seven interrupted microsutures were used for each lesion. The operations were successful in seven out of 10 cases, as observed by sialography. Histologically, granulation tissue compressing the ducts was observed after suturing the lesions. Four venous graft transplantations were performed and none were successful. After venous graft transplantation, the transplant was not apparent histologically, raising doubt as to the potential success of this technique. The use of stenting is discussed based on a summary of the published literature. Those reports indicate that long-term stenting can benefit the outcome of salivary duct repair. The use of dogs as a model for experimental salivary duct operations has been shown to be valuable in assessing various surgical techniques. Copyright 2001 European Association for Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1984

Further studies on the red cell glycolipids of various breeds of dogs. A possible assumption about the origin of Japanese dogs.

Genetic polymorphism was observed in the sialic acid species constituting the terminal sugar residues of hematosides from dog erythrocytes. One was N-acetylneuraminic acid and the other phenotype was N-glycolylneuraminic acid, regulated by an autosomal dominant allele (Yasue, S., Handa, S., Miyagawa, S., Inoue, J., Hasegawa, A., & Yamakawa, T. (1978) J. Biochem. 83, 1101-1107). In this study we analyzed blood samples from 1,591 dogs of 36 breeds and demonstrated that the expression of N-glycolylneuraminic acid was limited to several breeds of oriental dogs in spite of its dominant nature. Moreover, the incidence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid was higher in native breeds of northern China, Korea and the southern part of Japan than in other oriental breeds. On the other hand, the Hokkaido-dog is unique in not expressing N-glycolylneuraminic acid. These results suggest that the native breeds in the southern part of Japan came from northern China via the Korean peninsula in contrast with indigenous breeds of the northern part of Japan.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

A model for acute, chronic, and delayed graded compression of the dog cauda equina. Presentation of the gross, microscopic, and vascular anatomy of the dog cauda equina and accuracy in pressure transmission of the compression model.

STUDY DESIGN: A new model for controlled, graded compression of the dog cauda equina was developed using the dog lumbar spine. The model was defined regarding macroscopic, microscopic, and vascular anatomy and regarding accuracy in pressure transmission. OBJECTIVES: The study was performed to develop a model for controlled, graded compression that would allow for acute, chronic, and delayed compression. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There has been an increasing interest for the reactions of the spinal nerve roots to mechanical deformation. The previously used models have had limitations regarding the duration and the onset of the compression and possibilities for a controlled variation of the compression pressure on chronically compressed nerve roots. METHODS: Macroscopic examination, light microscopy, and ink injection of the vasculature was used to assess the anatomic characteristics of the nerve tissue and the vasculature of the cauda equina in the dog lower lumbar spine. The relation between known pressures in the compression balloon used to compress the cauda equina and the pressure in the central thecal sac was assessed by measuring the pressure in an artificial thecal sac with a pressure transducer. RESULTS. The neural and vascular anatomy was found to have a close resemblance to the human cauda equina. The pressure in the thecal sac was within 5% of the pressure in the compression balloon at various pressures between 0-200 mm Hg. CONCLUSION: The presented model provides a good pressure transmission to the dog cauda equina, which has an anatomy that closely resembles the human cauda equina. The model may be well suited for physiologic studies of cauda equina compression. A double-balloon system may provide unique opportunities to induce chronic compression and delayed compression, i.e., additional compression after a certain time of chronic compression to resemble the changes in pressure that are characteristic for neurogenic claudication.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Humoral immune response in dogs with old dog encephalitis and chromic distemper meningo-encephalitis.

The humoral immune response in sera and cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) of dogs with various forms of canine distemper virus (CDV)-induced encephalitis was assessed by immunoprecipitation of radiolabelled nucleocapsid, phosphoprotein, membrane (M), haemagglutinin and fusion proteins. Sera from vaccinated dogs and hyperimmune sera contained antibodies to all the above antigens. In two cases of old dog encephalitis the sera and CSFs showed a restricted response to the M protein of CDV, whilst in three other cases of old dog encephalitis, two cases of chronic distemper (meningo-) encephalitis and experimentally induced encephalitis the humoral immune response appeared to be directed primarily to the nucleocapsid, phosphoprotein and the M protein but not the haemagglutinin or fusion proteins. Precipitation of the M protein by most of the sera was observed only when the antigen had been prepared by in vitro translation.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Which hydroxy? Evidence for species differences in the regioselectivity of glucuronidation in rat, dog, and human in vitro systems and dog in vivo.

The glucuronidation of (1S,2R,3R,5R)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[7-{[(1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl]amino}-5-(propylthio)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl]cyclopentane-1,2-diol (AZ11939714) was studied in UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA)-supplemented hepatic microsomes from rat, dog, and human liver. The major biliary metabolite of this compound after intraduodenal administration to a beagle dog was also studied. The techniques of HPLC, HPLC-MS and HPLC-NMR were used to characterize the glucuronides. An analysis of the proton NMR chemical shift differences between parent and metabolites was sufficient to deduce the sites of glucuronidation, although these were confirmed by 2D ROESY experiments. In dog microsomes, AZ11939714 was O-glucuronidated exclusively at the 1-position of the cyclopentanediol. This glucuronide was also the major metabolite in dog bile. In human microsomes, AZ11939714 was O-glucuronidated almost exclusively at the 3-hydroxymethyl position. Rat microsomes produced a mixture of glucuronides at the 2-position of the cyclopentanediol (major) and at the 3-hydroxymethyl position (minor). A clear qualitative species difference in the glucuronidation of AZ11939714 has been demonstrated in vitro. This may have implications for the choice of laboratory species to study the pharmacokinetics and safety of this compound.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Capnocytophaga canimorsus sp. nov. (formerly CDC group DF-2), a cause of septicemia following dog bite, and C. cynodegmi sp. nov., a cause of localized wound infection following dog bite.

CDC group DF-2 is the vernacular name given to a slow-growing gram-negative bacterium that causes septicemia and meningitis in humans. Infections frequently (one-third of cases) occur following dog bites or close contact with dogs or occasionally with cats. Splenectomy and alcoholism appear to be strong predisposing factors for DF-2 infection. In addition to 150 DF-2 strains received for identification, we received 9 DF-2-like strains; 6 were isolated from wound or eye infections, 3 of which were associated with dog bites and 1 of which was associated with a cat scratch, and 3 were isolated from dog mouths. The major characteristics of DF-2 include production of acid but no gas from lactose and maltose and usually D-glucose; positive reactions for oxidase, catalase, arginine dihydrolase, gliding motility, and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside; growth enhanced by serum and by incubation in a candle jar atmosphere; and negative reactions for sucrose, raffinose, inulin, melibiose, nitrate reduction, indole, and growth on MacConkey agar. DF-2-like strains had the same characteristics, except that acid was formed from sucrose, raffinose, inulin, and melibiose. By the hydroxyapatite method, DNAs from 12 DF-2 strains were 88% related in 60 degrees C reactions and 84% related in 75 degrees C reactions. Related sequences contained 0.5 to 1.5% unpaired bases (divergence). Three DF-2-like strains were 73 to 80% related at 60 degrees C (with 2.0 to 2.5% divergence) and 68 to 75% related at 75 degrees C. The relatedness of DF-2 and DF-2-like strains was 19 to 31% at 60 degrees Celsius and 13 to 19% at 75 degrees Celsius. The relatedness of DF-2 and DF-2-like strains to Capnocytophaga species was 4 to 7%. The DNA relatedness date indicate that eh DF-2 and the DF-2-like strains are separate, previously undescribed species. Both groups are phenotypically and genetically distinct from Capnocytophaga species, although they do share several characteristics with Capnocytophaga species, including cellular morphology, gliding motility, cellular fatty acid composition, enhancement of growth in a candle jar atmosphere, and G+C content. The new species differ from Capnocytophaga species by their positive oxidase and catalase reactions. We chose to avoid creating a new genus and proposed the names Capnocytophaga canimorsus sp. nov. for group DF-2 and C. cynodegmi sp. nov. for the DF-2-like strains.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Demonstration of free radical generation in the "stunned" myocardium in the conscious dog and identification of major differences between conscious and open-chest dogs.

Conscious dogs undergoing a 15-min coronary occlusion were given alpha-phenyl N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) and the local coronary venous plasma was analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. A prolonged myocardial release of PBN radical adducts was observed, which exhibited a burst in the initial minutes of reflow (peaking at 3 min) and then abated but continued for 1-3 h after reperfusion. Computer simulation revealed the presence of at least two PBN adducts (aN = 15.2 G and a beta H = 6.0 G; aN = 14.6 G and a beta H = 3.0 G), both consistent with the trapping of secondary carbon-centered radicals. No appreciable PBN adduct production was observed when collateral flow exceeded 30-40% of nonischemic flow, indicating that a flow reduction of at least 60% is necessary to trigger free radical reactions. There was a direct relationship between the magnitude of PBN adduct production and the severity of contractile dysfunction (r = 0.77), suggesting that the radicals generated upon reperfusion play a causal role in the subsequent stunning. The total release of PBN adducts after 3 h of reperfusion following a 15-min coronary occlusion was found to be approximately five times greater in open-chest compared with conscious dogs; at the same time, the recovery of wall thickening was markedly less in open-chest dogs. This study represents the first application of spin trapping to a conscious animal model of myocardial ischemia. The results demonstrate (a) that free radicals are generated in the stunned myocardium in the absence of the artificial or abnormal conditions associated with previously used models (isolated hearts, open-chest preparations), and (b) that both the severity of postischemic dysfunction and the magnitude of the attendant free radical production are greatly exaggerated in the open-chest dog, implying that previous conclusions derived from this model may not be applicable to conscious animals or to humans. This investigation also provides a method to measure free radicals in awake animals.

Anesthesia, General↗

PubMed1981

Cardiovascular effects of imipramine in intact dogs and isolated dog atria.

The effects of imipramine were investigated on the blood pressure and heart rate in the intact dog and on the atrial rate and contractile force in the isolated atrial muscle perfused with arterial blood of the donor dog. A continuous infusion of small doses of imipramine (30 micrograms/Kg/min, i.v., 30 min) produced an increase in the blood pressure and heart rate of the donor dog and the positive chronotropic and inotropic effects of isolated atria. These responses were blocked by treatment with propranolol. When a large dose of imipramine (1 mg/Kg/min, i.v., 15 min) was administered to the donor dog, the blood pressure fell and the heart rate initially increased and then decreased (i.e., 15 min later it decreased approximately 20% under the control level), and in isolated atria and the developed tension initially increased and 15 min later decreased but the atrial rate maintained over the control level. Examined doses of imipramine caused a potentiation of norepinephrine-induced action, and a large dose of imipramine significantly diminished norepinephrine-induced reflex bradycardia and/or frequently inverted to tachycardia. Moreover acetylcholine-induced reflex tachycardia was suppressed by imipramine treatment. From these results, it is concluded that imipramine may cause a hypotension mainly due to peripheral vasodilation, and may induce a suppression of baroceptive reflex mechanism.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed2003

Determination of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in healthy beagle dogs of various ages and pregnant beagle dogs.

Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in healthy beagle dogs of various ages and in pregnant beagles were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum CRP concentrations were 1.5-16.0 microg/ml (mean 7.9 +/- 3.4 microg/ml) in male, and 1.8-18.9 microg/ml (mean 8.3 +/- 4.0 microg/ml) in female dogs. No significant sex-related differences were observed in the values. Further, there were no significant age-related differences either. Serum CRP concentrations increased during pregnancy. The concentration of serum CRP in pregnant dogs peaked at 70.2-90.4 microg/ml (mean 77.5 +/- 7.1 microg/ml) 30 or 45 days after ovulation, demonstrating two characteristic features of CRP concentration change in pregnant dogs.

Aging↗

PubMed1985

[Long-term toxicological studies with mizoribine (Bredinin) in beagle dogs (the first report). Blood chemistries, pharmacokinetics of mizoribine and fertility studies of the male dogs].

For long-term toxicological studies, mizoribine at the dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight was administered orally to two male and two female Beagle dogs for 36 consecutive months, once a day, 6 days a week, with a day-off on the 7th of each week. As a control group, 2 male and 2 female dogs were kept under the same conditions as the treated group. The above experiment resulted in no abnormal general symptoms being found in either group. In addition, body weight gain instead of weight loss was observed in both groups. Moreover, hematological and biological parameters were in the normal range, and no statistical difference was obtained between the two groups. An additional 10 mg/kg of mizoribine was administered once to both groups at the months of 6, 12, 18, 24, or 36 after the onset of this toxicological study so as to determine the pharmacokinetic behavior of serum mizoribine. This resulted in no significant difference being observed between the two groups. Therefore, it can be inferred that accumulation of mizoribine is not induced by its long-term repeated administration. In fertility study, the analysis of the sperm and the mating ability of a male dog with an appropriate healthy female dog revealed that mizoribine at this dose did not provoke any abnormalities in male gonadal functions.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Stable mixed hematopoietic chimerism in dog leukocyte antigen-identical littermate dogs given lymph node irradiation before and pharmacologic immunosuppression after marrow transplantation.

Stable mixed donor/host hematopoietic chimerism can be accomplished in dog leukocyte antigen (DLA)-identical littermate dogs given sublethal (200 cGy) total-body irradiation (TBI) before and immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and cyclosporine (CSP) after transplant (Blood 89:3048, 1997). Studies were based on the hypothesis that drugs that prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after transplant also suppress host-versus-graft (HVG) reactions and thereby enhance engraftment. Here, we asked whether pretransplant TBI provided marrow space for the graft to home or caused host immunosuppression. To address the questions, recipients were given pretransplant irradiation to cervical, thoracic, and abdominal lymph nodes (except pelvis), DLA-identical littermate marrow grafts, and MMF/CSP posttransplant. Six dogs that received 450 cGy irradiation showed initial engraftment. Two rejected their grafts after 8 and 18 weeks, 1 died with GVHD and engraftment, and 3 are alive as mixed chimeras after 57 to 97 weeks. Four dogs given 200 cGy irradiation also showed initial engraftment, but rejected their grafts after 10 to 18 weeks. Mixed chimerism was present in nonirradiated marrow and lymph node spaces and involved granulocytes, T cells, and monocytes. While other explanations are possible, results seem consistent with the hypothesis that pretransplant radiation provides host immunosuppression, and grafts can create their own marrow space. These data set the stage for the development of novel transplant regimens that substitute immunosuppressive for cytotoxic agents.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Propofol hydroxylation by dog liver microsomes: assay development and dog breed differences.

Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that clearance of propofol, an anesthetic agent, is slower in greyhounds compared with other dog breeds. Biotransformation of propofol to 2,6-diisopropyl-1,4-quinol (4-hydroxypropofol) by cytochrome P-450 in the liver is proposed as a critical initial step in the elimination of this drug in dogs. Breed differences in the activity of this enzyme could therefore explain pharmacokinetic differences. An in vitro propofol hydroxylase assay was developed and then used to compare enzyme activities in liver microsomes from male greyhound, beagle, and mixed-breed dogs (five each). HPLC of incubate identified only one NADPH-dependent metabolite, which had a chromatographic retention time and UV absorbance, fluorescence, and mass spectra that were identical with authentic 4-hydroxypropofol standard. HPLC with fluorescence detection provided a highly sensitive quantitation method for 4-hydroxypropofol with a quantitation limit of 8 ng/ml using optimized excitation/emission wavelengths (288 nm/330 nm, respectively). Estimates of apparent K(m) and V(max) for propofol hydroxylation by microsomes from a male beagle dog were 7.3 microM and 3.8 nmol/mg/min, respectively. At a substrate concentration of 20 microM, propofol hydroxylase activity was significantly lower (p =.032) in greyhound microsomes (1.7 +/- 0.4 nmol/mg/min) compared with beagle microsomes (5.1 +/- 1.3 nmol/mg/min) but was not statistically different (p =.42) compared with mixed-breed microsomes (3.1 +/- 1.2 nmol/mg/min). These results indicate that there are breed differences in propofol hydroxylase activity and that deficient hydroxylation of propofol by one or more hepatic cytochrome P-450 isoforms may contribute to slow pharmacokinetic clearance of propofol by greyhounds.

Anesthetics, Intravenous↗

PubMed1975

Problem behavior in dogs. Understanding the shy dog.

The term "shy dog" should be qualified by examination of the dog's actual behavior and those things that stimulate the shyness. Dogs that display submissive behavior may suffer from a punishment syndrome created by overly harsh treatment. Others may suffer from kennelosis or other improper socialization during early critical periods. In all cases the dog's level of confidence must be increased vis a vis people. Rehabilitation requires avoidance of physical manipulation, gradual socialization, and demonstrative teaching for command responses.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Dog serum albumin as an allergen. IgE, IgG and lymphocyte responses in dog dander-sensitive asthmatic children.

To study the allergenicity of dog serum albumin (DSA) in dog-sensitive subjects, we investigated 203 asthmatic children by means of the skin prick test (SPT), the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and the in vitro lymphocyte stimulation test. Significant SPT reactions to DSA were observed in only 9 out of 80 subjects with a significantly positive SPT reaction to dog dander and hair (DDH). Analogously, positive DSA RAST results were observed only in a minority of the cases with a positive DDH RAST. Significant SPT reactions to DSA were not observed in subjects with a negative clinical history of dog allergy, or in subjects with a negative reaction to DDH in the SPT or in the provocation test. DSA induced remarkable lymphocyte stimulation in only 1 subject, who also had a significant SPT reaction to DSA. DSA-specific serum IgG antibody titers measured by ELISA were not found to correlate with DSA SPT or DSA RAST.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

The anticoagulant effects of the hookworm, ancylostoma ceylanicum: observations on human and dog blood in vitro and infected dogs in vivo.

Extracts of adult Ancylostoma ceylanicum prolonged the prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time with kaolin ( PPTK ) of both human and dog plasmas in vitro. Excretory/secretory (E/S) products of these worms had similar effects while larval extract prolonged the PTTK only. Thus, the anticoagulant activities of this parasite are dependent upon the stage of the worm's life cycle. Collagen- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation were inhibited by adult and larval extracts. When the peripheral blood and bleeding times of dogs with varying worm burdens were examined, the only abnormality was shortening of the PTTK in the most heavily infected animals. Homogenates of dog small bowel subjacent to adult hookworms prolonged the PT of dog plasma and electron microscopical examination of this tissue revealed aggregation of platelets in blood venules without fibrin deposition. Thus, this study provides evidence that the anticoagulant properties of hookworms may have biological significance in infected animals.

Ancylostoma↗

PubMed1980

Characterization of a new potent heparin. 1 communication: Determinations of anticoagulant activity of a high potency heparin preparation in vivo using dog as an experimental animal and in vitro using dog and human plasma.

The anticoagulant effect of a highly potent heparin preparation was compared with a commercially available heparin in vivo after i.v. application in beagle dogs. The anticoagulant activity was determined using thrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and whole blood clotting time 5, 10 and 30 min after application. The relative potency of the heparin preparation (Schering) was found to be 1.62 to 2.52 times higher than heparin used for comparison (150 USP units/mg). The anticoagulant properties of both preparations were also studied in vitro using heparin concentrations from 0.44 to 7.0 microgram/ml dog and human plasma. The relative potency in vitro experiments using dog or human plasma were 1.62 and 1.63, respectively, on the basis of activated partial thromboplastin time. It was further demonstrated that the anticoagulant effect as determined by activated partial thromboplastin time in vitro on human plasma was 2 to 2.4 times more pronounced in both heparin preparations when compared to the effect exerted on dog plasma.

Animals↗