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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Black/white comparisons of deaths preventable by medical intervention: United States and the District of Columbia 1980-1986.

Blacks in the US experience increased mortality (1113 versus 745 per 100,000 males; 631 versus 411 per 100,000 females) and decreased life expectancy (63.7 years versus 70.7 years for males; 72.3 years versus 78.1 years for females); compared to Whites. In an effort to determine if the excess mortality among Black Americans might be explained by differences in access or quality of health care services, we performed a race-specific analysis of conditions for which mortality is largely avoidable given timely and appropriate medical care. Using methodology proposed by Rutstein and Charlton, mortality due to 12 causes was evaluated including tuberculosis, cervical cancer, Hodgkin's disease, rheumatic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, acute respiratory disease, pneumonia and bronchitis, influenza, asthma, appendicitis, hernias and cholecystitis. In the US, during 1980 to 1986, an average of 17,366 deaths and 286,813 years of potential life (YPLL) before age 65 were lost each year due to all 12 sentinel causes combined. Of these causes, hypertensive heart disease, pneumonia and bronchitis, cervical cancer and asthma accounted for the greatest number of deaths. The mortality rate for all 12 causes combined among Blacks was 4.5 times that of Whites. The highest relative rates among Blacks compared to Whites were observed for tuberculosis, hypertensive heart disease and asthma. The overall mortality rate in the District of Columbia for the selected causes was 3.7 times the national rate. Compared to national rates, statistically significant elevated rates in the District were observed for tuberculosis, hypertensive heart disease and pneumonia and bronchitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Time trends in cause-specific mortality in Estonia from 1965 to 1989.

BACKGROUND: During the last 30 years, in most developed countries, life expectancy has increased considerably. In Estonia, over the past half century, health and social policy was dictated by the Soviet socioeconomic system. In order to evaluate the consequences to health and to evaluate trends in health, cause-specific mortality was studied in Estonia. METHODS: The study was based on national death records from 1965 to 1989. Mortality rates were computed for all causes of death combined and for 16 cause groups. Age-standardization (European population) was performed using 5-year age groups. RESULTS: From 1965-1969 to 1985-1989, the age-standardized mortality rate for all causes combined increased by 4.0% for males and decreased by 1.5% for females. The greatest increase was observed for ages 45-54 among males (26.3%) and for ages 55-64 among females (7.0%). Very high death rates from circulatory diseases and high mortality from injuries and poisoning are of specific concern, particularly for males. Mortality from circulatory diseases continues to rise for ages 45-74 among males and for ages 55-64 among females. Mortality rates for neoplasms and endocrine disorders are also increasing; however, the mortality rates from respiratory and infectious diseases have shown a substantial decrease. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic diseases, together with injuries and poisoning, remain a serious public health problem in Estonia. Preventive measures, including earlier detection of diseases as well as changes in social security and individual health behaviour are needed to improve the health of the population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Female age, the length of involuntary infertility prior to investigation and fertility outcome.

The objectives of this study were two-fold: firstly to determine whether female age exerts an influence on the fertility outcome of couples attending an infertility clinic, independent of demographic and clinical details; and secondly to examine the relationship between the length of involuntary infertility prior to investigation and the subsequent chance of conception. Seven-hundred-and-thirty-one subjects whose partner did not have azoospermia were recruited to the study. Female age ranged from 20 to 46 (mean = 31.1). The range of involuntary infertility prior to investigation was 12-216 (mean = 62) months. One-hundred-and-twenty-four women conceived. The following variables achieved the 5% level of significance when a stepwise analysis was performed on all cases; the concentration of spermatozoa exhibiting slow or sluggish linear or non-linear motility (chi 2(1) = 17.57, P less than 0.0001, RR = 1.67 per 50 x 10(6)), female age (chi 2(1) = 12.44, P = 0.0004, RR = 0.92 per annum), tubal status (chi 2(1) = 12.22, P = 0.0005, RR = 2.15), length of infertility before investigation (chi 2(1) = 11.22, P = 0.0008, RR = 0.87 per annum) and past paternity (chi 2(1) = 8.43, P = 0.0037, RR = 1.81). Female age was found to be positively correlated with the incidence and severity of ovulatory dysfunction, tubal occlusive disease, pelvic adhesions and endometriosis. Where the female partner was 'normal' on investigation, all conceptions were independent of treatment to either partner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1995

The changing face of community and institutional care for the elderly.

BACKGROUND: The NHS and Community Care Act 1990, implemented from 1 April 1993, was expected to alter profoundly the provision of domiciliary services to old people. This change needs to be compared with what would have happened if no action had taken place. We sought to identify trends in community and residential care before and after 1993 to facilitate this comparison. METHODS: Statistics were collated from diverse government publications and other authoritative sources. RESULTS: Between 1985 and 1993 there was a progressive contraction of public community and residential services, as well as hospital beds available to the elderly. The concomitant huge increase in places publicly funded in private old people's and nursing homes appears to have been little affected by the implementation of the NHS and Community Care Act. CONCLUSIONS: The NHS and Community Care Act has had little effect in curbing the institutionalization of old people, which has reached now the highest percentage this century at 7 per cent. A considerable expansion of community services would be required to return to the per capita provision of the early 1980s.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Pattern-induced multi-sequence alignment (PIMA) algorithm employing secondary structure-dependent gap penalties for use in comparative protein modelling.

A multiple sequence alignment algorithm is described that uses a dynamic programming-based pattern construction method to align a set of homologous sequences based on their common pattern of conserved sequence elements. This pattern-induced multi-sequence alignment (PIMA) algorithm can employ secondary-structure dependent gap penalties for use in comparative modelling of new sequences when the three-dimensional structure of one or more members of the same family is known. We show that the use of secondary structure information can significantly improve the accuracy of aligning structure boundaries in a set of homologous sequences even when the structure of only one member of the family is known.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2025

Cross-species phenotypic profiling uncovers functional determinants of bacterial cold shock adaptation.

Temperature shifts impose broad physiological stress, requiring precise and dynamic regulatory programs to restore cellular homeostasis. While the heat shock response is well characterized, the mechanisms underlying cold shock response (CSR) remain less understood. To identify genes critical for cold adaptation, we applied transposon sequencing (Tn-seq) to monitor mutant fitness across the full course of CSR and sustained low-temperature growth in two mesophilic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. In B. subtilis, phenotypic profiling revealed a temporally structured program: membrane fluidity and cell wall remodeling were most critical in the early stage of CSR, whereas post-transcriptional regulation became essential during late-stage recovery to reprogram gene expression and restore growth. Cross-species comparison uncovered both conserved and species-specific mechanisms, with RNA metabolism and ribosome/translation regulators playing broad roles. Specifically, we identified a conserved synergy between two ribosomal RNA methyltransferases, RsmA and RsmH, in promoting cold adaptation. In B. subtilis, mutants lacking these enzymes exhibited significant delay in translation recovery following cold-induced global inhibition. Together, these findings provide a comparative, systems-level view of bacterial cold adaptation and establish a framework for exploring stress responses in pathogens and extremophiles.

Cell envelope↗
PubMed1995

Fertility management in Taiwanese and African-American women.

This article describes the fertility management experiences of two groups of women that are of cultures close to but different from dominant, mainstream American culture. A discussion of fertility management necessarily must occur within the context of such issues as the values and norms regarding sexual behavior, choice of partners, and childbearing patterns, and the support and resources offered by the social environment.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1992

Adolescent pregnancy prevention strategies used by school nurses.

This survey identified a range of adolescent pregnancy prevention activities used by school nurses in selected Mid-Atlantic public schools. A purposive sample of 224 public school nurses completed the School Nurse Questionnaire adapted from an instrument used previously to survey school nurses. Based on a 54% response rate, a task analysis revealed that respondents performed only one pregnancy prevention activity frequently. A sub-sample of nurses, serving students in grades 6-12, used seven of 21 pregnancy prevention activities frequently. Though nurses did not actually perform the remaining activities, they felt prepared to do so. However, the structure of school nursing services often does not allow adequate time or opportunity to engage in adolescent pregnancy prevention activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Adolescent pregnancy options.

The range of pregnancy options available to adolescents each have significant ramifications for future educational and economic achievement. The changing societal context of adolescent pregnancy decision-making are described, and the characteristics of adolescents who choose to terminate their pregnancy, parent their child, or place for adoption are examined. The role of significant others in decision-making and the implications of mandatory parental involvement in pregnancy decision-making is discussed, as well as the roles of schools in promoting the well-being and potential of adolescents considering pregnancy decisions.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1989

Obsessive-compulsive disorder apparently related to abortion.

This case study presents a young woman who developed a severe obsessive-compulsive disorder after a routine medical procedure. It is suggested that this procedure brought back repressed guilt from three abortions and thus led to the onset of symptoms. The case is discussed in relationship to available research and theory.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1984

Predictors of repeat pregnancies among low-income adolescents.

The authors compared a group of 58 adolescent girls who had been pregnant once during a two-year period with an age-matched group of 58 girls who had become pregnant at least twice during the same period. They found that the girls' attitudes toward contraception did not predict contraceptive use. Regular use of contraception was associated with a positive relationship between the girls and their mothers and with the presence of the girls' fathers in the home. The authors suggest that parental support of contraception plays a more important role in preventing repeat pregnancies than does the adolescents' reported attitudes toward contraception.

Abortion, Therapeutic↗