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PubMed1990

[Fluoride concentration and enamel solubility of deciduous and young permanent teeth after application of topical fluoride solutions].

The aim of this article was to compare, through the distillation method, the incorporated amount of fluoride and the reduction of solubility in the enamel of both deciduous and young permanent teeth, following topical application of a 2% neutral sodium fluoride solution, according to the Knutson's technique and a 1.23% of acidulated solution, according to the Wellock & Brudevold's technique. The greatest fluoride incorporation was observed in the deciduous teeth after the usage of the 2% neutral solution. The amount of calcium and phosphorus liberation by the acid solution was greatest in the control group, followed by the group of teeth treated in acidulated solution and, finally, by those treated in 2% sodium fluoride solution.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed1981

Four years of monthly professional toothcleaning and topical fluoride application in Brazilian schoolchildren. I. Effect on gingivitis.

The effect on gingivitis of monthly professional toothcleaning, without oral hygiene instruction, was evaluated in 103, 7- to 11-year-old Brazilian children. Plaque and gingivitis (PlI and GI) were recorded initially and after 1, 2, 3 and 4 years. The baseline examination showed a similar high level of plaque (PlI approximately 1.55) and low level of gingivitis (GI approximately 0.32) around permanent teeth of both test and control groups. The test children were given monthly professional toothcleaning followed by topical application of fluoride gel (APF), totaling 32 sessions. At all annual follow-up examinations, the mean PlI in the test group was significantly lower than in the control group. However, even in the test group, at least 80% of the tooth surfaces harbored plaque. In spite of this, no child in the test group showed overt gingivitis (mean individual GI greater than or equal to 1.0) and the distribution of "GI score = 2" was very low. In the control group the percentage of children with overt gingivitis increased from 3% at the baseline to 20% at the final examination and areas scoring GI = 2 doubled in number. It is suggested that for young children, monthly thorough removal of plaque is sufficient to prevent the development of gingivitis.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed1991

Comparative evaluation of the role of NaF, APF & Duraphat topical fluoride applications in the prevention of dental caries--a 2 1/2 years study.

The study was conducted on 1251 6-12-year-old children, to evaluate the effect of topical application of NaF, APF and Duraphat given at six monthly interval assessed after 2.1/2 years revealed the percentage caries reduction with sodium fluoride to be in the range of 20-24 percent on base line teeth and 30-33 percent on teeth erupted during study, showing more effect on newly erupted teeth. In APF group, the caries reduction was 32-37 percent, in the DMFT and DMFS-slightly more on teeth erupted during study than on baseline teeth. The dental caries reduction with Duraphat (NaF varnish) was in the range of 70-75 percent-slightly more on newly erupted teeth. Equally high degree of efficacy was also noted on occlusal surfaces. Duraphat showed the greatest public health potential.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed1991

A critique of topical fluoride methods (dentifrices, mouthrinses, operator-, and self-applied gels) in an era of decreased caries and increased fluorosis prevalence.

Within the last 20 years there has been a decrease in the caries prevalence of US schoolchildren, a change in the intraoral caries pattern, and a slowing of the progress of lesions. Simultaneously, the prevalence of enamel milder, cosmetically acceptable forms and is more noticeable in fluoride-deficient communities than those with optimal or above-optimal water fluoride concentrations. Circumstantial evidence indicates that a principal contributor to the caries decline is the extensive use of fluoride dentifrices. Conversely, although use of a fluoride dentifrice can add to the total daily amount of ingested fluoride in preschool children, there is little evidence to suggest that dentifrice ingestion is a principal factor causing the fluorosis increase. The value of fluoride methods may be assessed in relative or absolute terms. The relative, or percentage, caries reduction attributed to fluoride mouthrinses and gels appears to be a property intrinsic to the methods themselves and generally is little affected by the caries activity of the population being treated. Conversely, the absolute, or numerical, caries reduction is dependent upon the level of disease in the population. Thus, the reported caries decline reduces the number of surfaces prevented from developing caries, even though the percentage reduction remains substantially unchanged. Although inadvertent ingestion of fluoride can result from the use of mouthrinses and gels, there is little evidence to suggest that they have contributed to the fluorosis increase. When using topical methods, prudence should prevail to avoid ingestion of fluoride. Fluoride dentifrices should continue to be used routinely, and although lower potency dentifrices may be considered, the literature does not provide strong support for their need. Use of fluoride mouthrinses and gels for individual patients should be predicted upon their caries activity or risk. Use of these methods in public health programs is a matter of cost-effectiveness, which will be influenced by the caries prevalence of the target population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Dental preservation in patients irradiated for head and neck tumours: A 10-year experience with topical fluoride and a randomized trial between two fluoridation methods.

Since 1972, the dentures of 935 patients irradiated for head and neck carcinoma have been preserved after careful selection and according to well-defined criteria, using a prospective programme of daily applications of topical sodium fluoride gel. The results of 1-10 years follow-up are given. Four percent of the patients developed a diffuse dental decay and 1% a bone necrosis which can be related to the dental preservation. None of these complications occurred with careful patient selections nor when programme compliance was maintained. Post-irradiation dental extractions were performed in 29 cases with subsequent healing in all cases but one. The surgical technique of such extractions is described. In March 1980, a randomized protocol was activated to compare the use of the sodium fluoride gel to high content fluoride toothpaste (1350 ppm F-). Two hundred and twenty patients were entered. At 12-36 months follow-up, dental caries were observed in 3% of the patients receiving the fluoride gel as compared to 11% receiving the toothpaste (p = 0.1). However, none of the patients adhering to the programme instructions failed in either arm. Currently, it seems reasonable to state that preservation of teeth in irradiated patients should be the rule and not the exception, given good dental condition prior to treatment and patient cooperation. The 5 min daily application of fluoride gel is the most reliable method for prevention of post-irradiation dental caries. The twice daily use of high content fluoride toothpaste is a good alternative provided its limitations are well understood by the clinician and patient.

Administration, Topical↗