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PubMed1986

Influence of sucrose polyester on plasma lipoproteins, and cholesterol metabolism in obese patients with and without diabetes mellitus.

Sucrose polyester (SPE) is a nonabsorbable substitute for fat. This study examined its effects in 10 obese patients, 6 with diabetes mellitus. Three diabetics had hypertriglyceridemia. Most patients were studied in three periods: weight maintenance, caloric restriction + SPE, and caloric restriction without SPE. Nondiabetics generally tolerated SPE better than diabetics. In nondiabetic patients caloric restriction + SPE produced a decrease in total cholesterol and in LDL-cholesterol of 20% and 26%, respectively. In normotriglyceridemic diabetic patients caloric restriction + SPE had an effect on plasma lipoproteins similar to that of nondiabetics. In diabetics with hypertriglyceridemia caloric restriction (with or without SPE) caused a marked reduction in plasma triglycerides. In all patients caloric restriction reduced cholesterol balance and presumably cholesterol synthesis. The feeding of SPE caused increased outputs of fecal neutral steroids suggestive of decreased absorption of cholesterol; SPE also frequently caused a mild increase in fecal acidic steroids (bile acids).

Aged↗

PubMed1998

The nondigestible fat sucrose polyester does not stimulate gallbladder emptying in humans.

BACKGROUND: We determined the effect of oral ingestion of sucrose polyester, which was approved as a fat replacer in the United States, on gallbladder motility and on the release of cholecystokinin, the hormone that mediates gallbladder emptying. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to measure effects of sucrose polyester on gallbladder emptying and cholecystokinin release. DESIGN: Eight healthy volunteers (3 men and 5 women) drank 60 mL sucrose polyester, digestible fat, or saline solution in a balanced crossover design on 3 separate days. RESULTS: Mean (+/-SEM) gallbladder emptying, when integrated over time, was low in response to both sucrose polyester (-150 +/- 214 mL x 120 min) and saline solution (-89 +/- 123 mL x 120 min). In contrast, there was marked emptying in response to digestible fat (1069 +/- 253 mL x 120 min). Sucrose polyester did not affect plasma cholecystokinin concentrations (-9.3 +/- 15.0 pmol x 120 min/L), whereas digestible fat resulted in a significant increase (89.5 +/- 44.8 pmol x 120 min/L, P = 0.014) compared with saline solution (-3.0 +/- 13.8 pmol x 120 min/L). CONCLUSIONS: Ingestion of sucrose polyester, in contrast with digestible fat, did not stimulate gallbladder emptying or release of cholecystokinin.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking with 9-y gain in waist circumference among 16 587 US men.

BACKGROUND: Although it is known that abdominal obesity increases the risk of chronic diseases, prospective data examining the relation between lifestyle factors and the accumulation of abdominal adipose tissue are sparse. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine the associations of changes in diet, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking with 9-y waist gain among US men. DESIGN: A prospective cohort comprised 16 587 US men aged 40-75 y at baseline in 1986. Data on lifestyle factors were provided periodically with the use of self-reported questionnaires, and participants measured and reported their waist circumference in 1987 and 1996. RESULTS: In multivariate analyses, a 2% increment in energy intake from trans fats that were isocalorically substituted for either polyunsaturated fats or carbohydrates was significantly associated with a 0.77-cm waist gain over 9 y (P < 0.001 for each comparison). An increase of 12 g total fiber/d was associated with a 0.63-cm decrease in waist circumference (P < 0.001), whereas smoking cessation and a 20-h/wk increase in television watching were associated with a 1.98-cm and 0.59-cm waist gain, respectively (P < 0.001). Increases of 25 metabolic equivalent tasks (METs) * h/wk in vigorous physical activity and of >/= 0.5 h/wk in weight training were associated with 0.38-cm and 0.91-cm decreases in waist circumference, respectively (P < 0.001 for each comparison). These associations remained significant after further adjustment for concurrent change in body mass index. Changes in total fat and alcohol consumption and in walking volume were not significantly related to waist gain. CONCLUSIONS: Waist gain may be modulated by changes in trans fat and fiber consumption, smoking cessation, and physical activity.

Abdomen↗

PubMed1998

Eating patterns and risk of colon cancer.

Colon cancer has been associated with several nutrients and foods. The authors used data from a population-based study conducted in Northern California, Utah, and Minnesota to examine associations between dietary eating patterns and risk of developing colon cancer. Through factor analysis, detailed dietary intake data obtained from 1,993 cases (diagnosed in 1991-1994) and 2,410 controls were grouped into factors that were evaluated for relations with lifestyle characteristics and colon cancer risk. Several dietary patterns emerged. The dietary patterns with the most variation were labeled "Western," "prudent," "high fat/sugar dairy," "substituters," and "drinkers." The "Western" dietary pattern was associated with a higher body mass index and a greater intake of total energy and dietary cholesterol. The "prudent" pattern was associated with higher levels of vigorous leisure time physical activity, smaller body size, and higher intakes of dietary fiber and folate. Persons who had high scores on the "drinker" pattern were also more likely to smoke cigarettes. The "Western" dietary pattern was associated with an increased risk of colon cancer in both men and women. The association was strongest among people diagnosed prior to age 67 years (for men, odds ratio (OR)=1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22-3.15; for women, OR=2.02, 95% CI 1.21-3.36) and among men with distal tumors (OR=2.25, 95% CI 1.47-3.46). The "prudent" diet was protective, with the strongest associations being observed among people diagnosed prior to age 67 years (men: OR=0.63, 95% CI 0.43-0.92; women: OR=0.58, 95% CI 0.38-0.87); associations with this dietary pattern were also strong among persons with proximal tumors (men: OR=0.55, 95% CI 0.38-0.80; women: OR=0.64, 95% CI 0.45-0.92). Although "substituters" (people who substituted low fat dairy products for high fat dairy products, margarine for butter, poultry for red meat, and whole grains for refined grains) were at reduced risk of colon cancer, the reduction in risk was not statistically significant. These data support the hypothesis that overall dietary intake pattern is associated with colon cancer, and that the dietary pattern associated with the greatest increase in risk is the one which typifies a Western-style diet.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Morphology and body composition predict ovipositional history of female smokybrown cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) in the laboratory.

We tested the hypothesis that presence and color of shed follicles in ovarioles of smokybrown cockroaches, Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville), were correlated with the number of oothecae deposited in the laboratory. There were no shed follicles in females not having oviposited, whereas all females that had deposited 1-4 oothecae had shed follicles or resorption bodies, and females that had deposited > or = 5 oothecae had only shed follicle cells in the base of ovarioles. Other important correlates of female age (days after adult eclosion) were abdominal fat-free, thoracic fat and fat-free masses, and leg fat mass. Oocyte length could be substituted for oocyte fat and fat-free mass because these variables were correlated with oocyte length. Crop mass and delay in dissection after oothecal deposition were not correlated to female age or number of oothecae. Mass of body fractions (fat and fat-free) increased as females deposited additional oothecae. A generalized linear model predicted that as thoracic fat mass increased the number of oocytes already deposited by a female increased. In addition, the model predicted that red follicles would be found in females having deposited 1-3 oothecae and yellow follicles were predicted to be found in females having deposited > 2 oothecae.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Estimated consumption and eating frequency of olestra from savory snacks using menu census data.

Potential chronic (14-d average) and acute (single-day) estimated daily intakes (EDI) were computed for olestra, a fat replacement intended for use in preparing savory snacks. The EDI were computed from eating occasions reported during a 14-d Menu Census survey among 4741 consumers; values were increased by 10% for conservatism. The eating occasions included all meals and in-between meal occasions eaten at home or away. Data from only those individuals who ate savory snacks at least once during the 14 d were used; this included 3820 individuals (81% of the sample) and represented a total of 16,067 eating days (24% frequency). The estimated mean chronic intake ranged from 1.8 to 4.7 g/d, depending on age and gender; at the 90th percentile, the range was 4.1-11.0 g/d. For all ages and both genders, the estimated mean intake was 3.1 g/d. Estimated acute intakes at the mean and 90th percentile ranged from 5.5 to 16.5 g/d and from 10.2 to 24.0 g/d, respectively, depending on age and gender. For all ages and both genders, the estimated mean intake was 10.2 g/d. The lack of parity in the chronic and acute intake estimates indicates that savory snacks are not eaten on a daily basis by the majority of snack eaters. The survey data were analyzed to understand the potential temporal eating patterns of olestra from savory snacks. When snacks were consumed, on average, 69% of the eating occasions were with main meals and 31% were between meals. Savory snacks did not contribute a major fraction of total food to the diet; only 7 and 18% of main meals contained a savory snack food at the 50th and 90th percentile, respectively. For the 50th-percentile consumer (all ages, both genders), savory snacks were eaten four times during the 14-d survey period, and the eating occasions occurred on 3 d. Comparable results for 90th-percentile consumers were 10 eating occasions and 8 eating days.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Physical or temporal separation of olestra and vitamins A, E and D intake decreases the effect of olestra on the status of the vitamins in the pig.

A study was conducted in the domestic pig to determine 1 ) whether feeding olestra mixed in the diet exaggerated olestra effects on fat-soluble vitamin status compared with the effects of feeding it in a typical snack food, and 2) whether separating olestra consumption temporally from vitamin consumption affected the influence of olestra on vitamin status. Groups of 10 pigs each, five castrated males and five females, were fed 2.2% (wt/wt) olestra for 4 wk in purified diet that provided 1 time the National Research Council's requirements for swine of all micronutrients. The olestra was either mixed in the purified diet or fed in potato chips. The potato chips were given to the pigs at all three feedings, at the noon feeding only, or between the noon and the evening feedings. A control group was fed the purified diet with no olestra. The effects of olestra on indices of vitamin A, D and E status were from 1.7 to 4.5 times greater when olestra was fed three times daily mixed in the diet than when it was fed three times daily in potato chips. Because the effect of olestra on the status of the fat-soluble vitamins was diminished substantially by feeding the olestra in potato chips, it was not possible to conclude definitively how the temporal separation of olestra and vitamin consumption affected the olestra effect on vitamin status.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2↗

PubMed1997

Olestra dose response on fat-soluble and water-soluble nutrients in the pig.

Groups of weanling pigs were fed a purified diet containing graded concentrations of olestra ranging from 1.1 to 7.7% (wt/wt) and the NRC's requirements for micronutrients for 12 wk. Each group consisted of 12 pigs, with the exception of the control group, which had 20, with equal numbers of females and castrated males. The purpose of the study was to determine the dose-response effects of olestra on fat-soluble vitamins and selected water-soluble micronutrients. At wk 0, 4, 8 and 12, hematology, clinical chemistry and blood concentrations of vitamins A, E, K and B12, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, folate, calcium, iron, zinc and adipose concentration of vitamin E were measured. Cumulative weight gain and feed efficiency were determined weekly. Prothrombin time was measured weekly for the control group and the groups fed 5.5 or 7.7% olestra, and monthly for other groups. Liver concentrations of vitamins A, E, and B12 and iron and bone concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, zinc and ash were measured for 12 pigs killed at wk 0 and for all animals at wk 12. By wk 12, the pigs were eating from 20 to 155 g/d of olestra. Olestra did not affect the pigs' growth or feed efficiency, indicating that the digestion and absorption of macronutrients were unaffected. Olestra reduced tissue concentrations of vitamin A, vitamin E and 25-hydroxyergocalciferol in a dose-responsive manner but did not affect prothrombin time. Olestra had no effect on the status of folate, vitamin B12, zinc or iron. Statistically reduced liver concentrations of vitamin B12 and iron in groups fed 5.5 or 7.7% olestra and a significant trend in bone ash content with olestra intake were possibly due to the poor vitamin A and/or vitamin E status of the pigs.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2↗

PubMed1997

Olestra's effect on the status of vitamins A, D and E in the pig can be offset by increasing dietary levels of these vitamins.

Groups of weanling pigs (5 castrated males, 5 females per group) were fed purified diets containing the NRC's requirements for nutrients and 0, 1.1, 4.4 or 7.7% olestra for 12 wk. Graded concentrations of vitamins A, D2 and E were added at each olestra concentration. The primary purpose of the study was to establish relationships between dietary concentration of olestra and the amounts of vitamins A, D2 and E needed to restore tissue concentrations of these vitamins to control concentrations. A secondary purpose was to confirm that olestra does not affect the status of vitamin K or water-soluble nutrients. Liver concentrations of vitamins A, E and B12, iron and zinc and bone concentrations of ash, zinc, calcium and phosphorus, were measured in a group of pigs killed at the start of the study and in all pigs killed at wk 12. Growth, feed efficiency, hematology, clinical chemistry, blood concentrations of retinol, alpha-tocopherol, 25-hydroxyergocalciferol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, folate, iron, total iron-binding capacity, zinc and calcium and adipose concentration of vitamin E were measured at 4-wk intervals. Prothrombin time was measured weekly for the control and 7.7% olestra groups, monthly for others. Relationships derived from measured tissue concentrations of vitamins A and E showed that constant amounts of the vitamins were required per unit mass of olestra in the diet to restore tissue concentrations to control values. Such a relationship could not be determined for vitamin D because exposure of the pigs to UV light resulted in an apparent interaction between vitamin D2 and vitamin D3. Olestra did not affect growth, digestible feed efficiency, vitamin K status or the status of the water-soluble micronutrients, in agreement with other studies in the pig.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Nutritional status of pigs fed olestra with and without increased dietary levels of vitamins A and E in long-term studies.

In a 26-wk study, five groups (n = 10) of domestic pigs were fed 0.25, 0.5, 1.1, 3.3 or 5.5% olestra; three groups were fed 0.25% with graded levels of vitamins A and E; and one group was fed 5.5% with added vitamins A and E and exposed to UV light. In a 39-wk study, two groups (n = 10) were fed 0.25% olestra with or without added vitamins A and E. In each study, a control group was fed basal diet with no olestra, and a group was killed at d 0 for base-line nutrient measurements. The diets provided the NRC's requirements of micronutrients for 5- to 10-kg pigs, with the following two exceptions: vitamin D was provided at twice the requirement in the 26-wk study and vitamin K was provided at 20% of the requirement in the 39-wk study. One purpose of the studies was to determine the amounts of vitamins A and E required to restore tissue concentrations of those vitamins to control concentrations. A second purpose was to determine the effects of olestra on the status of vitamins A, D, E, K and B12, and folate, iron, calcium and zinc when pigs eat olestra at intakes similar to estimated human intake for a period covering major growth and developmental phases, including sexual maturation. Olestra reduced tissue concentrations of vitamins A, D and E but did not affect prothrombin time or the status of the water-soluble nutrients. The amount of vitamin A required to restore liver concentration to control concentration was 93 microg retinyl palmitate/g olestra. Restoration levels for serum and liver concentrations of vitamin E were 2.2 and 2.1 mg d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/g olestra. Olestra did not affect growth or digestible feed efficiency in either study, indicating that the absorption and utilization of macronutrients were unaffected. There were no antemortem observations or changes in clinical chemistry or hematology that would indicate an adverse effect of olestra.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2↗

PubMed1997

Olestra dose response on fat-soluble and water-soluble nutrients in humans.

Ninety normal healthy adults were given 0, 8, 20 or 32 g/d olestra for 8 wk as part of a diet that provided 1 +/- 0.2 of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamins A, D, E and K, folate zinc, calcium and iron. In addition, a 20 microg/d supplement of vitamin D was supplied. The diet provided 15% of energy from protein, 35% from fat and 55% from carbohydrate. The purpose of the study was to determine the dose response of olestra on vitamins D, E and K, carotenoids, vitamin B12, folate and zinc. Circulating concentrations of retinol, carotenoids, tocopherols, 25-hydroxy- and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites, phylloquinone, des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin, prothrombin, folate and hematological parameters were measured biweekly, as were urine concentrations of zinc and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla). Clinical chemistry, urinalysis and vitamin B12 absorption were measured at wk 0 and 8. Olestra reduced serum concentrations of carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, 25-hydroxyergocalciferol and phylloquinone in a dose-responsive manner. Olestra did not affect Gla excretion, plasma des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin or prothrombin concentrations, prothrombin time, vitamin B12 absorption, overall vitamin D status or the status of folate or zinc. Laboratory evaluations showed no health-related effects of olestra. Subjects in all groups reported common gastrointestinal symptoms such as loose stools, fecal urgency and flatulence, which were transient and generally mild to moderate in severity. These symptoms did not affect protocol compliance or the ability to measure the potential for olestra to affect nutrient availability.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2↗

PubMed1997

Olestra's effect on vitamins D and E in humans can be offset by increasing dietary levels of these vitamins.

One hundred two normal healthy males and females were given 0, 8, 20 or 32 g/d olestra to which had been added graded amounts of vitamins A, D and E for 8 wk in a parallel, double-blind study. The primary purpose of the study was to determine the amounts of vitamins D and E needed to offset the effect of olestra on the availability of these vitamins. Serum concentrations of retinol, carotenoids, 25-hydroxyvitamin D metabolites, alpha-tocopherol, phylloquinone, lipids, ferritin and total iron, iron-binding capacity and hematology parameters, plasma concentrations of des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin and prothrombin, and urinary gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) excretion were measured biweekly. Clinical chemistry and urinalysis parameters, vitamin B12 absorption, and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration were measured at wk 0 and 8. Serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and 25-hydroxyergocalciferol were restored to control concentration by adding 2.1 mg d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and 0.06 microg ergocalciferol per gram of olestra, respectively, to the diet. Olestra reduced serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyergocalciferol, carotenoids and phylloquinone in a dose-responsive manner but did not affect Gla excretion, plasma des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin and prothrombin concentrations, overall vitamin D status, vitamin B12 absorption or iron status. Laboratory evaluations showed no olestra-related effects. Subjects in all groups reported mild to moderately severe transient gastrointestinal symptoms. These symptoms did not affect study compliance or the integrity of the data.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2↗

PubMed1997

Olestra ingestion and retinyl palmitate absorption in humans.

This study examined the effect of olestra, a zero-calorie fat replacement, on the absorption of retinyl palmitate in humans. After a 30-d adaptation period during which they consumed 10 g olestra/d in potato chips under free-living conditions, 68 healthy male subjects were housed in a metabolic ward and given a single dose of retinyl palmitate (0.33 RDA) containing a trace amount of 3H-retinyl palmitate with a breakfast that contained 0, 8, 20 or 32 g of olestra and about 38 g of triglyceride. Blood was collected at defined intervals for 48 h and plasma analyzed for 3H-retinyl esters by HPLC and liquid scintillation spectrometry. There was no significant effect on retinyl palmitate absorption as determined from the area under the plasma 3H-retinyl esters concentration-time curve. However, an area under the plasma concentration-time curve in the 32-g olestra group that was 81% (mean value) or 70% (median value) of the area under the curve for the placebo group suggested that olestra may have affected retinyl palmitate absorption. Inclusion or exclusion of 13 high responders did not change the results.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Olestra ingestion and dietary fat absorption in humans.

The effect of olestra, a zero-calorie fat replacement, on the absorption of dietary fat was determined with a dual-isotope technique in 67 healthy male subjects. After a 30-d adaptation period in which they consumed potato chips which delivered either 10 g/d olestra or 10 g/d triglyceride under free-living conditions, the subjects were housed in a metabolic ward and given 0, 8, 20 or 32 g olestra in potato chips. The chips were eaten as part of a breakfast containing about 38 g of fat, about 0.16 mg of 14C-triolein, and a nonabsorbable marker, 51CrCl3. Feces were collected for 7 d, and aliquots of the two daily collections containing the highest levels of 51Cr were oxidized. The CO2 was collected, and 14C content was determined by liquid scintillation spectrometry. The fractional absorption of 14C-triolein was calculated from the average ratios of 14C/51Cr dosed and measured in the feces. Olestra had a slight but significant dose-response effect on triglyceride absorption: the highest olestra dose (32 g) reduced absorption by 1.2%. This effect is not nutritionally significant with respect to either availability of essential fatty acids or energy intake.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Evaluation of the potential for olestra to affect the availability of dietary phytochemicals.

It has been hypothesized that phytochemicals found in fruits and vegetables are responsible for the inverse association observed between diets high in fruits and vegetables and risk of certain chronic diseases and cancer. This paper assesses the potential for olestra to affect the absorption of dietary phytochemicals and estimates the effect of olestra on the availability of carotenoids when olestra-containing snacks and foods containing carotenoids are eaten in free-living diets. Experimental data compiled on the effects of olestra on the availability of 29 compounds, mainly nutrients and oral medications, showed that olestra affects the availability of only molecules having octanol-water partition coefficients greater than approximately 7.5. Partition coefficients compiled for 382 dietary phytochemicals showed that only two classes of phytochemicals, phytosterols and carotenoids, contain molecules with octanol-water partition coefficients in the range in which olestra could potentially affect bioavailability. The potential effect on the bioavailability of phytosterols would be <10% and would not be expected to be of concern inasmuch as the hypothesized benefit of consuming pharmacological amounts of phytosterols is to reduce cholesterol availability, a function also of olestra. A 5.9% reduction in the average effective beta-carotene intake was calculated for individuals eating olestra-containing snack foods in free-living diets. The calculation was made by assuming that carotenoid bioavailability would be reduced to the extent measured in human clinical studies each time olestra-containing snacks and carotenoid-containing foods are eaten together and that all snacks eaten are made with olestra. Among individuals with low carotenoid intakes (the lowest 10%) the calculated reduction was 6.0%; for heavy snack eaters (the top 10%) it was 9.5%. These effects on carotenoid bioavailability are similar to those that can occur with other dietary factors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

An indirect means of assessing potential nutritional effects of dietary olestra in healthy subgroups of the general population.

The potential for olestra to affect the absorption of dietary components was measured in 18- to 44-y-old humans and the weanling pig. Results from the studies were assessed to determine if they were relevant to subgroups of the population not included in the studies. Hypothetrically, two factors that might cause the study results not to be relevant to certain subgroups are dietary pattern and metabolic need. A dietary pattern resulting in olestra-to-nutrient intake ratios greater than those tested in the studies might produce effects greater than those measured. Metabolic needs (i.e., nutrient requirements) among subgroups greater than those of the study population might mean that any effects on nutrient absorption seen in the studies would be larger among subgroups. If olestra-to-nutrient ratios and nutrient requirements of a subgroup were less than those covered in the studies, then the effects of olestra on the nutritional status of the subgroup should be no different than the effects measured in the studies. Subgroups with high olestra-to-nutrient intake ratios were identified by calculating the ratios for those nutrients assessed in the studies [i.e., macronutrients, vitamins A (including beta-carotene), D, E and K, folate, vitamin B12, calcium, iron and zinc]. Subgroups with the greatest olestra-to-nutrient intake ratios for one or more nutrients included children, teenagers and young adults, women from low income families and vegetarians. Subgroups with the greatest metabolic need for one or more nutrients included children, teenagers, and pregnant and lactating women. The olestra-to-nutrient ratios and nutrient requirements of the subgroups having the greatest ratios and requirements were compared with those of the test population. The olestra-to-nutrient intake ratios fed in the studies were greater than those for any subgroup for all nutrients except calcium, which is not affected by olestra. Metabolic needs of the test population were greater than those of all population subgroups for all nutrients. The effects of olestra on nutritional status should not be different or greater than those measured in the controlled clinical tests for subgroups not directly tested.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Assessment of the nutritional effects of olestra, a nonabsorbed fat replacement: summary.

Olestra is a zero-calorie fat replacement intended to replace 100% of the fat used in the preparation of savory snacks. Olestra can affect the absorption of other dietary components, especially highly lipophilic ones, when ingested at the same time. The potential effects of olestra on the absorption of essential fat-soluble and water-soluble dietary components have been investigated in pigs and in humans. In these studies, subjects were fed daily amounts of olestra up to 10 times the estimated mean intake from savory snacks and the olestra was eaten each day of the studies. In real life, snacks are eaten on average five times in a 14-d period. Olestra did not affect the availability of water-soluble micronutrients or the absorption and utilization of macronutrients. Olestra reduced the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K; however, the effects can be offset by adding specified amounts of the vitamins to olestra foods. Olestra also reduced the absorption of carotenoids; analysis of dietary patterns showed that in real life the reduction will likely be <10%. Any effect on vitamin A stores caused by a reduction in carotenoid uptake is offset by the addition of vitamin A to olestra foods. Because of the olestra-to-nutrient ratios fed and the nutritional requirements of the test subjects, the effects of olestra on nutritional status of subgroups of the population are unlikely to be different than those measured in the studies. An analysis of lipophilicity showed that olestra is unlikely to significantly affect the uptake of potentially beneficial phytochemicals from fruits and vegetables. Some people eating large amounts of olestra snacks may experience common GI symptoms such as stomach discomfort or changes in stool consistency, similar to symptoms accompanying other dietary changes. These symptoms present no health risks.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Demographic, dietary and lifestyle factors differentially explain variability in serum carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins: baseline results from the sentinel site of the Olestra Post-Marketing Surveillance Study.

Biochemical measures of nutrients or other dietary constituents can be an important component of nutritional assessment and monitoring. However, accurate interpretation of the nutrient concentration is dependent on knowledge of the determinants of the body pool measured. The purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of serum carotenoid and fat-soluble vitamin concentrations in a large, community-based sample (n = 1042). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine effects of demographic characteristics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, education), health-related behavior (exercise, sun exposure, smoking, alcohol consumption), and intake (diet, supplements) on serum retinol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, alpha-tocopherol, phylloquinone, and carotenoid concentrations. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, vitamin A intake, and alcohol consumption were found to be determinants of serum retinol concentration. Race/ethnicity, vitamin D intake, body mass index, smoking status, and sun exposure were determinants of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Determinants of serum alpha-tocopherol were age, sex, race/ethnicity, alpha-tocopherol intake, serum cholesterol, percentage of energy from fat (inversely related), supplement use, and body mass index. Age, sex, phylloquinone intake, serum triglycerides, and supplement use were determinants of serum phylloquinone concentration. Primary determinants of serum carotenoids were age, sex, race/ethnicity, carotenoid intake, serum cholesterol, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and smoking status. Overall, the demographic, dietary, and other lifestyle factors explained little of the variability in serum concentrations of retinol (R2 = 0.20), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (R2 = 0.24), and the carotenoids (R2 = 0.15-0.26); only modest amounts of the variability in serum phylloquinone concentration (R2 = 0.40); and more substantial amounts of the variability in serum alpha-tocopherol concentration (R2 = 0.62).

Adult↗