Teaching the four C's of first aid.
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A survey of 500 members of the public was carried out in which they were asked how they would deal with a nose bleed. Only 50 out of 443 responses were judged as being correct, confirming a clinical impression, long held by those dealing with epistaxis, that there is a high level of ignorance as to the correct first aid treatment. The survey also suggested that the lack of knowledge was not confined to the general public but evident in those trained in healthcare.
The amount of injected snake venom, the seriousness of the poisoning, the local and general clinical manifestations are influenced by several causes, which are analysed here. The most recent discoveries suggest the tight binding the bitten limb, extending the bandages as high as possible and applying a splint to the limb, in the first aid. The main steps of treatment, the laboratory tests, which may help the physician to follow the course of the poisoning, are then reported.
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While there is much talk of holistic care in psychiatric care settings, emphasis on physical care is rare. Emergency aspects of care are always considered but their effectiveness is never certain until tested by real situations. With this in mind, and with some recent experiences to provide a focus, St Andrew's Hospital, Northampton, a national charity providing mental health services, implemented a review of life-support and first-aid provision. With financial and skills investment, the new systems and their associated maintenance and training are now in place.
On 7 December 1988, a severe earthquake hit in Armenia, a former republic of the Soviet Union (USSR); on 11 September 2001, a manmade attack of similar impact hit New York City. These events share similar implications for the role of the uninjured survivor. With basic training, the uninjured survivors could save lives without tools or resuscitation equipment. This article makes the case for teaching life-supporting first aid to the public in the hope that one day, should another such incident occur, they would be able to preserve injured victims until formal rescue occurs.
Twenty-eight mass burn disasters in Bulgaria with 381 injuries in the last 27 years (1968-1994) were reviewed. Mass burn disasters were classified as follows: industrial accidents, 23, with 273 injured and 103 dead; traffic accidents, 2, with 97 injured and 30 dead; domestic accidents, 2, with 11 injured and 6 dead. Organization of first aid at the disaster site and in the regional hospitals is described, as well as the time of transport of the patients to major hospitals near the site of the accident. As a priority, the injured were transported early to the biggest center for burns and plastic surgery in the capital.
Muscle injuries are, with 6 to 14%, the most common but neglected and under-estimated sport injuries. Certain muscle groups are predisposed to injury depending on the type of sport. There are many hypothesis as to the cause of muscular injury. The prognosis and the length of treatment are greatly influenced by the quality of the first aid administered at the accident site. Simple measures such as compression, elevation, ice and rest can easily be carried out at this site. The further rehabilitation includes bandages and accompanying measures, such as physical therapy and medication. An early functional and conservative therapy is the treatment of choice. The classification of the extent of injury should be carried out by an experienced sportmedic with regard to a differential diagnosis. Sonography and MRI can supply additional information when it is not clear as to the extent of injury. Resulting from an exact as possible classification can the further treatment and planning of the progress of the rehabilitation be established. The necessary length of the pause from sport and of the rehabilitation depend on the seriousness of the injury.