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PubMed2004

Goal and personality trait development in emerging adulthood.

The present research examined continuity and change in the importance of major life goals and the relation between change in goals and change in personality traits over the course of college (N = 298). Participants rated the importance of their life goals 6 times over a 4-year period and completed a measure of the Big Five personality traits at the beginning and end of college. Like personality traits, life goals demonstrated high levels of rank-order stability. Unlike personality traits assessed during the same period and in the same sample, the mean importance of most life goals decreased over time. Moreover, each goal domain was marked by significant individual differences in change, and these individual differences were related to changes in personality traits. These findings provide insights into the relatively unstudied question of how life goals change during emerging adulthood.

Achievement↗

PubMed2003

Memory performance and beliefs as a function of goal setting and aging.

This research examined the impact of goals on memory and memory beliefs. Older and younger adults completed memory beliefs questionnaires and list recall at baseline. After additional recall trials, the questionnaires were repeated. In Experiment 1, participants were assigned to low challenge or high challenge goals. In Experiment 2, moderate challenge goals were compared to control. In both studies, participants were given a specific goal based on their own performance and received positive feedback for memory gains. Both older and younger adults responded to the goals, showing improved performance across trials, with little change in the control condition. Memory beliefs changed in the moderate and low challenge goal conditions, showing more striking changes for the older groups. These results confirmed that self-regulatory processes related to goal setting can have considerable impact on memory across the adult life span.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Motivational changes in response to blocked goals and foreshortened time: testing alternatives to socioemotional selectivity theory.

Socioemotional selectivity theory contends that when people perceive time as limited, they prioritize emotionally meaningful goals. Although empirical support for the theory has been found in several studies, 2 alternative explanations for the pattern of findings remain: (a) emotional goals are pursued by default because nonemotional goals are blocked, and (b) emotional goals are pursued in search of emotional support rather than emotional meaning. This study tested these alternatives by examining social goals in response to blocked goals and foreshortened time. Findings reveal distinct motivational patterns, as reflected in social preferences and self-reported social goals, in response to the 2 types of constraints.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Goal attainment scaling: an effective outcome measure for rural and remote health services.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the utility of Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) as an effective, multidisciplinary measure of client outcomes for rural and remote health services. Goal Attainment Scaling was adopted by the Spinal Outreach Team (SPOT) as a client-focussed evaluation tool, as it is sensitive to the individual nature of clients' presenting issues and the multidisciplinary focus of the team. It enables individualised goals to be set on a five-point scale. Goal Attainment Scaling was introduced to the SPOT service after a pilot trial established guidelines for its effective implementation. An ongoing review process ensures that goal scaling remains realistic and relevant. Service outcomes can be effectively summarised using a frequency distribution of GAS scores. One of the important benefits of GAS is its facilitation of collaborative goal setting between clinician and client. Goal Attainment Scaling is recommended to rural and remote multidisciplinary health services because of its ability to summarise outcomes from heterogeneous service activities.

Goals↗

PubMed2001

Goal setting and reaction time performance in brain-damaged patients.

A goal-setting approach was used to examine the way in which 62 patients with closed head injuries or cerebral vascular accidents and 47 orthopedic control patients alter their performance on a four-choice reaction time (RT) task. Both patient groups were randomly assigned to two conditions: one in which a specific and high goal was assigned and one in which a "do your best" goal was given. Statistical analysis indicated that patients with a specific and high goal responded faster than patients with a "do your best" goal. No clinical or neuropsychological variables (e.g., attention, memory) had a moderating influence on the goal setting effect. These results demonstrate that goal setting as a motivational technique is a reliable and robust technique and can enhance performance (intensity of behavior) not only in healthy participants but also in brain-damaged patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Managing time: the effects of personal goal setting on resource allocation strategy and task performance.

One key to understanding motivated behavior is examining the behavior of individuals as they work on multiple tasks under a time constraint. This article is an exploration of the influence of self-set goals on subsequent resource allocation to different tasks. Participants were given a variety of tasks from which they were to choose how to allocate their time and effort. Results indicated that the use of self-set goals structured the work pattern, with less switching between tasks relative to the work pattern of a group of participants who did not set goals. In addition, those who set goals reported less task-related cognitive interference, indicating that they were not as distracted while they worked. Participants who did not set goals, however, performed at a higher level on some of the tasks. It is suggested that self-set goals may often be chosen at an easily attainable level, creating a structured and focused work environment but not necessarily eliciting the motivational properties typically associated with goal setting.

Female↗

PubMed1998

Achievement goals in sport: the development and validation of the Perception of Success Questionnaire.

Recent research into motivation and achievement behaviour in sport has focused on achievement goal theory. This theory states that two goal orientations manifest themselves in achievement contexts and impact on the motivation process. These two goals have been defined as 'task' and 'ego' goal orientations. This paper traces the development of the Perception of Success Questionnaire as a measure of achievement goals developed specifically for the sport context. The early development of the questionnaire is documented, in which the scale was shortened from the initial 29 to the current 12 question format. We demonstrate that task and ego goals are orthogonal, internal reliabilities for the orientations are high, with strong construct and concurrent validity. We conclude by reporting results from two recent confirmatory factor analyses that were conducted on the Children's and Adult versions of the questionnaire; these results show the Perception of Success Questionnaire to be a reliable and valid instrument to measure achievement goal orientations in sport.

Achievement↗

PubMed1998

Antecedents of pre-competition achievement goals in elite junior tennis players.

The aim of this study was to integrate both dispositional and situational factors to examine their interactive ability to predict pre-competitive goal states of task and ego involvement in a sample of National junior tennis players. The Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (Chi and Duda, 1995) and a set of single-item assessments of match goal orientation represented the dispositional measures in the study. These were administered at home, away from the tennis environment. The situational antecedents of pre-match task and ego involvement were assessed by an 11-item Match Context Questionnaire, which was administered to the players (n = 119) within 1 h of their singles match start time at the National Junior Championships. The Match Context Questionnaire also measured the personal task- and ego-involved goal states of the player with respect to the upcoming singles match (i.e. 'state' goals). Factor analysis of this questionnaire revealed three situational factors which cumulatively accounted for 64.7% of variance in the match context: social/personal perceptions of ability; perceived state goal preference of significant others; and match value. Moderated hierarchical regression analyses revealed significant main effects of the dispositional and situational factors on the different goal types. Specifically, perceptions of significant others, the achievement value of the match and perceptions of ability were the major predictors of task involvement. The pre-match intensity of ego involvement was predicted by ego orientation combining with perceptions of significant others and match value. These findings reinforce the need for researchers to consider the importance of both dispositional and situational variables when predicting goal involvement in competitive contexts.

Achievement↗

PubMed2004

A longitudinal perspective of the relationship between perceived motivational climate, goal orientations, and strategy use.

Achievement goal theory suggests that goal orientations and the perceived motivational climate may influence one another and other motivational variables over time. Therefore, the purpose of this study was threefold: (a) to examine the relationship between perceived motivational climate and goal orientations over time (b) to investigate how goal orientations may fluctuate when the climate was in opposition to the initial goal orientation, (c) to determine how the climate may impact practice strategies. A set of inventories was administered to 162 college students at preselected times throughout several 16-week physical activity classes. Changes occurred in students' goal orientations, particularly when the perceived motivational climate was in opposition to their goal orientation. Aspects of the task-involving climate positively predicted practice strategies.

Achievement↗

PubMed1999

Goal attainment scaling as a measure of clinically important change in nursing-home patients.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the feasibility, validity and responsiveness of an individualized measure--goal attainment scaling-in long-term care. DESIGN: Prospective descriptive study. SETTING: One academic and three community-based long-term care facilities. SUBJECTS: 53 nursing-home patients seen in consultation between July 1996 and June 1997. INTERVENTION: Specialized geriatric medicine consultation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Effect size and relative efficiency of the Barthel index, hierarchical assessment of balance and mobility, global deterioration scale, axis 8 (behaviour) of the brief cognitive rating scale, cumulative illness rating scale and the goal attainment scale. RESULTS: Mean goal attainment scale at follow-up was 46+/-7. The goal attainment scale was the most responsive measure, with an effect size of 1.29 and a relative efficiency of 53.7. The goal attainment scale did not correlate well with the other measures (-0.22 to 0.17). CONCLUSION: Goal attainment scaling is a feasible and responsive measure in long-term care. Although fewer problems in nursing-home patients than elderly inpatients are susceptible to intervention, clinically important goals can be achieved in this population.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2002

Use of a portable voice organizer to remember therapy goals in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: a within-subjects trial.

OBJECTIVE: To test the efficacy of a portable voice organizer in helping people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) to recall therapy goals and plans discussed with their clinical case managers. DESIGN: Prospective within-subjects trial, in which individualized therapy goals were randomly assigned to intervention or no intervention. SETTING: Comprehensive postacute TBI rehabilitation program. PARTICIPANTS: Ten people with moderate to severe TBI enrolled from 3 months to 18 years after injury. OUTCOME MEASURE: Memory for therapy goals. Clinicians generated statements describing six current therapy goals, half of which were randomly assigned to be recorded on a voice organizer during the next case management session. Participants selected three times per day to listen to the recorded goals, prompted by an alarm. One-week recall was tested using both free- and cued-recall formats. RESULTS: Recorded goals were recalled better than unrecorded goals and appeared to be associated with better awareness or follow-through with therapy objectives. CONCLUSION: Portable electronic devices have the potential to assist with treatment areas beyond tasks involving prospective memory.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Definitions of health and health goals of participants in a community-based pulmonary rehabilitation program.

Improving health is the goal of community-based rehabilitation programs. However, different conceptions of health between health care providers and participants inhibits communication, leads each group toward different goals, and causes dissatisfaction among participants who feel their individual goals are not being met. This study compared definitions of health, and the health goals of participants in a nurse-managed community respiratory rehabilitation program with those of the program. The majority of 132 adults with chronic respiratory disease defined health in terms of absence of disease and its symptoms, or as the ability to function within the community. Their goals paralleled their definitions. Most participants hoped to decrease the symptoms of their disease or to improve their functional ability. Their goals were reflected in the program's goals; however, the definition of health held by the multidisciplinary team directing the program was broader than those expressed by most participants.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Achieving goals in geriatric assessment: role of caregiver agreement and adherence to recommendations.

OBJECTIVES: To determine predictors of recommendation adherence and goal attainment of family caregivers of patients at a geriatric assessment center. DESIGN: One-year prospective cohort study. SETTING: Outpatient geriatric assessment center in Connecticut. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred consecutive new patients and their family caregivers. MEASUREMENTS: : Family caregivers were interviewed after geriatric assessment to ascertain their treatment goals for the patient. Medical records were reviewed to identify treatment recommendations. Family caregivers were interviewed 1 year later to assess adherence to recommendations and attainment of goals. RESULTS: Follow-up interviews were completed with 176 (88%) family caregivers. Common recommendations pertained to physician referral (71%), medications (46%), counseling/education (31%), diagnostic tests (30%), residential planning (26%), healthcare planning (21%), and community services (21%). Goal attainment was reported in 44% to 67% of the patient cases, depending on goal category. Caregiver agreement with recommendations predicted adherence to recommendations (adjusted relative risk (ARR)=1.99, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.04-5.92) after adjusting for available clinical and demographic factors. In addition, adherence to recommendations predicted goal attainment in adjusted analyses (ARR=1.70, 95% CI=1.09-2.64). CONCLUSION: This study revealed a broad range of treatment recommendations in geriatric assessment and suggests that agreeing with recommendations can promote adherence and that adherence can promote goal attainment. Taken together, the results imply that articulating shared treatment recommendations may improve the quality of health care.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Analytical goals for haematology tests.

All analytical methods can be defined in terms of their practicability and reliability performance characteristics. Desirable standards of performance, or analytical goals, are required for these, particularly for imprecision and inaccuracy. Goals for imprecision have been set using a variety of methods including reference values, opinions of clinicians, views of individuals, and data on biological variation. The last approach is currently favoured; desirable imprecision is equal to or less than one-half of the biological within-subject variation. If this goal is met, total variability of test results is increased by less than about 10% due to analytical variability. Valid estimates of within-subject variability are available for the complete blood count. The goal for inaccuracy is that methods should have no bias so that results are comparable over time and geography; goals based on biological variation should be viewed and used, therefore, as goals for total error. In current practice, some of the goals cannot be met; they should be considered as targets worthy of achievement, not as inflexible criteria of acceptance or rejection of methods.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗

PubMed2002

Superior colliculus activity related to concurrent processing of saccade goals in a visual search task.

Saccades are typically separated by inter-saccadic fixation intervals (ISFIs) of > or =125 ms. During this time, the saccadic system selects a goal and completes the preparatory processes required prior to executing the subsequent movement. However, in tasks in which competing stimuli are presented, two sequentially executed movements to different goals can be separated by much shorter ISFIs. This suggests that the saccadic system is capable of completing many of the preparatory requirements for a second saccade concurrently with the execution of an initial movement. We recorded single neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) during rapid saccade sequences made by rhesus monkeys performing a search task. We found that during the execution of an initial saccade, activity related to the goal of a quickly following second saccade can be simultaneously maintained in the SC motor map. This activity appears to signal the selection or increased salience of the second saccade goal even before the initial saccade has ended. For movements separated by normal ISFIs (> or =125 ms), we did not observe activity related to concurrent processing, presumably because for these longer ISFI responses, the goal of the second saccade is not selected until after the end of the first saccade. These results indicate that, at the time of an initial saccade, the SC does not necessarily act as a strict winner-take-all network. Rather it appears that the salience of a second visual goal can be simultaneously maintained in the SC. This provides evidence that selection or preparatory activity related to the goal of a second saccade can overlap temporally with activity related to an initial saccade and indicates that such concurrent processing is present even in a structure which is fairly close to the motor output.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Consumers' goals in psychiatric rehabilitation and their concordance with existing services.

The objective of this study was to describe the rehabilitation goals of 165 consumers with serious mental illness who were living in the community and to assess the level of concordance between the consumers' perceived importance of their goals and the services they received to help them meet those goals. A structured interview was used to facilitate the expression of rehabilitation goals by consumers in the psychiatric rehabilitation program of a hospital in Montreal, Canada. The most frequently mentioned rehabilitation goals pertained to improving consumers' financial situation, physical health, cognitive capacities, and symptoms. Among these goals, the level of concordance was highest for services addressing symptoms and lowest for religious or spiritual goals.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Goals of new long-stay patients in supported housing: a UK study.

AIM: This study assessed the goals 'new' long-stay clients aim to achieve by being in supported housing (SH), compared the goals stated by clients and staff, and tested whether subgroups of clients can be identified on the basis of their goals, quality of life and psychopathology. METHOD: Interviews were conducted with 41 clients and 39 staff of supported houses in London and Essex, UK. Descriptive, content and cluster analyses were used to analyse the results. RESULTS: Clients' most frequently reported goal was moving to independent housing, followed by staying healthy, and increasing living skills. A comparison of goals reported by clients and staff showed poor or no agreement between them. Cluster analyses identified two clusters of clients. Cluster A (n = 23) contained those with no stated goals (or with the aim of staying healthy), lower quality of life, and more psychopathology; cluster B (n = 18) included those with an aim to move to independent housing, better quality of life, and less psychopathology. CONCLUSION: In the UK, more staff training may be needed to identify and achieve the goals of the 'new' long-stay clients. For a subgroup of these clients, SH may still be a long-term care setting; while for another subgroup, new forms of rehabilitation in SH and better opportunities to leave SH may have to be developed. More conceptual and practical efforts are needed to manage the transformation of many settings from homes for life to transitional places where residents receive specific interventions.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1999

Goals of home care: therapeutic, compensatory, either, or both?

This article classifies home care goals into two broad categories: therapeutic goals, in which home care providers strive for measurable improvement on parameters of physical, psychological, or social functioning and compensatory (or empowering) goals, in which home care providers strive to provide services to compensate for functional impairment, thus enabling consumers to pursue their own goals. Therapeutic goals are loosely associated with "medical models" of care and compensatory goals with "social models." From a consumer perspective therapeutic and compensatory goals are important, and artificial distinctions between the two should be eliminated. However, this merger should be effected in such a way that therapeutic approaches can be incorporated into programs with relatively low unit costs.

Community Participation↗