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PubMed1993

Longitudinal Study of Immigrants to Australia Project.

The authors report on the Prototype Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia (PLSIA), which was begun in 1991. "Topics covered...include demographic and geographic characteristics, plus employment, education and housing, both in Australia and prior to migration. Other sections cover immigrants' experiences of government programs and services, health, welfare, income and internal migration. A special feature is the attention given to immigrants' expectations of life in Australia."

Australia↗
PubMed1995

Ageing in the United States at the end of the century.

"The belief that America is a ¿young' nation is widely held by many individuals in the United States. Historically, individualism, self-reliance, and an orientation towards youth have been cherished values reflecting...our national heritage and tradition dating from the 18th through the mid-20th century. However, America is no longer a ¿young' nation. Rather, we are an ¿aging' population, as we show in our analysis of demographic transitions reviewed in this paper. The phenomenon of ¿cultural (or structural) lag' is discussed in two different contexts: first--the context of the aging family; and second--the context of ethnic/racial minority groups. Finally, some of the relevant public policy responses to aging are described. We look at government programs in four major categories, namely, (1) income; (2) health care; (3) social services; and (4) housing."

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2003

Chipping away at the old block.

With growing concern that women are still failing to progress in scientific careers, many countries are trying to address the problem. The British government has just received a hard-hitting report with recommendations for swift action to tackle the problems. Nigel Williams reports.

Employment↗
PubMed2004

Engaging food service workers in behavioral-change partnerships.

When food inspectors pay educational visits to food service establishments, the goal is prevention. For that reason, such visits form a valuable component in local-government programs to improve food safety. The efficacy of educational programs can be measurably improved by the application of behavioral-change theory. The study reported here was conducted with the cooperation of Key Arena Sportservice, a large sports arena in downtown Seattle, Washington. The facility serves 1.2 million customers per year through 40 individual food service operations staffed by approximately 250 workers. Analysis of facility inspection reports for the period 1998 through 2001 identified three key types of violation. Problematic food preparation processes were analyzed and modified through the application of behavioral-change theory. Food safety inspection reports were used to detect and evaluate changes in behavior. Results from the study appear to support the authors' hypothesis, which was that sustainable improvements in food safety, as measured by food service inspection scores, can be achieved through the systematic application of behavioral-change theory in active partnership with industry.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2004

A shortage of health information management professionals: how would we know?

The introduction of computers, the expansion of health insurance coverage through employers and government programs, and the increased use of personal health information have created a demand for a new breed of qualified medical record and health information personnel. The health information management workforce, which is entrusted with accurately coding, maintaining, storing, managing, analyzing, and disseminating all personal health information created from health care encounters, is reportedly in short supply. Given the complexity in defining and enumerating the profession, it is challenging to determine if such a shortage exists. There is a lack of uniformity across scope of practice, job titles, educational paths, and credentials. We report selected findings from a study of the health information management profession in North Carolina illustrating the methodologic problems encountered when measuring the supply and demand of this workforce. A case is made that greater standardization across these multiple facets of the profession would be beneficial to the workforce, and we offer recommendations on how this could be accomplished.

Certification↗
PubMed2005

Race, culture, and trust: why should I take a shot if I'm not sick?

This three-part panel discussion provides information on: 1) the role religious leaders can take in influencing health care, health access, and compliance; 2) barriers to equal health care and major gaps in immunizations among Hispanics; and 3) population management strategies for public health officials and private practice physicians. Citing barriers such as mistrust of government programs, socioeconomic conditions, lack of access to preventive healthcare services, cultural attitudes, and lack of education about immunizations, the speakers also offered solutions to overcome resistance to immunization. Panel members supported these strategies and provided techniques to implement the strategy: engaging faith-based organizations, improving patient-provider communication; and creating public health initiatives to be culturally competent.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

The white world of nursing homes: the myriad barriers to access facing today's elderly minorities.

In this note, Ms. Aeschleman explores the cultural, social, and economic barriers faced by elderly minorities in need of nursing home care. Ms. Aeschleman argues that minority elders face greater economic barriers to nursing home access than Whites because of factors such as lower average incomes and a lack of access to and assistance with government programs. Culturally, Ms. Aeschleman argues that minorities face barriers to nursing home care because of language differences, the location of nursing homes within communities, traditions, and both overt and indirect acts of discrimination from nursing home staff, administrators, and White clients. Following a discussion of these barriers, Ms. Aeschleman suggests options to give elderly minorities equal access to nursing homes through federal and state incentives, as well as community-based activism and awareness campaigns.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Financial resources for conducting athletic training programs in the collegiate and high school settings.

The distribution of resources to athletic training programs varies greatly, depending on the size and scope of the athletic program. No research has been found that assesses the differences in dollars allocated within various athletic training settings or assesses whether the different program levels allocate similar proportions of their resources to like categories of expenditures. In this study, I assessed the financial resources available to athletic training programs at major football NCAA Division IA schools, small football NCAA Division IA schools, NCAA Division IAA schools, NCAA Division II schools, NCAA Division III schools, and high schools. All schools had men's and women's sports and football programs. Categories assessed included: size and scope of the athletic program, supplies and equipment, operating expenses, medical expenses, salaries and benefits, malpractice insurance, and use of competitive bids in purchasing. Data supported the conclusion of wide disparities within many categories and in total expenses. Large-scale football NCAA Division IA programs spent $925.86 per athlete, while NCAA Division III programs spent $181.22, and high school programs spent $95.62. However, athletic trainers at all levels are conducting athletic training programs governed by the same professional competencies and standards of care.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Military veterans and Social Security.

There are 9.4 million military veterans receiving Social Security benefits, which means that almost one out of every four adult Social Security beneficiaries has served in the United States military. In addition, veterans and their families make up almost 40 percent of the adult Social Security beneficiary population. Policymakers are particularly interested in military veterans and their families and have provided them with benefits through several government programs, including Social Security credits, home loan guarantees, and compensation and pension payments through the Department of Veterans Affairs. It is therefore important to understand the economic and demographic characteristics of this population. Information in this article is based on data from the March 2004 Current Population Survey, a large, nationally representative survey of U.S. households. Veterans are overwhelmingly male compared with all adult Social Security beneficiaries who are more evenly split between males and females. Military veterans receiving Social Security are more likely to be married and to have finished high school compared with all adult Social Security beneficiaries, and they are less likely to be poor or near poor than the overall beneficiary population. Fourteen percent of veterans receiving Social Security benefits have income below 150 percent of poverty, while 25 percent of all adult Social Security beneficiaries are below this level. The higher economic status among veterans is also reflected in the relatively high Social Security benefits they receive. The number of military veterans receiving Social Security benefits will remain high over the next few decades, while their make-up and characteristics will change. In particular, the number of Vietnam War veterans who receive Social Security will increase in the coming decades, while the number of veterans from World War II and the Korean War will decline.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Quality improvement, training and clinical governance: the role of the chief medical officer and his staff].

PURPOSE: To allow chief medical officers and their staff to contribute to implemented quality and clinical governance programs and consequently give a more precise identity, in terms of prestige and professional value, to a Structure that can contribute significantly to the development of a high quality hospital. METHODS: Terminology used was briefly described; tasks assigned to the chief medical officer and staff were then analysed and lastly, a hypothetical integrated training program was outlined for directors/managers. CONCLUSIONS: Quality and professional training represent important tools for human resources management policy. In this context, chief medical officers could contribute specific and significant technical expertise if the development and implementation of training wand quality improvement is given high priority in its own culture and is well integrated within the organization.

Chief Executive Officers, Hospital↗
PubMed1988

[Food guidelines and nutritional goals for aging].

As a contribution to the formulation of food guidelines and nutritional goals for Latin America, this article examines the singular situation of the elderly, defined as those persons over 60 years of age. The projected data for the year 2025, published by the Population Department of the United Nations, show that this age group represents an important sector--6.4% of the population in 1980--that is growing. Some countries, however, do have a rate that is comparable to the United States, 11.3%, such as Argentina, 12.7%, and Uruguay, 14.8%, which is similar to that of Europe. Along with other comparative demographic information, the analysis covers some of the biological, physiological, pathological, and psychosocial characteristics that become more common in senescence. To a certain extent, these characteristics bear a direct or indirect relationship with the energy, protein, and nutrient content of the diet. This becomes more evident upon examining the causes of mortality and morbidity in the elderly, whose diseases are quite often chronic and degenerative. Those with the highest incidence, such as the cardiovascular ones--including cerebrovascular accidents, atherosclerosis, and hypertension--diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, anemias from lack of iron and folates, and some forms of cancer, reveal the influence of certain nutrients in their pathogenesis. Very few studies have been done on the over-70 age group to determine their requirements for energy, proteins, and various nutrients that serve as the basis for appropriate food guidelines. Usually, estimates are extrapolated from data on the 40-and-over age group. Some maintain that the variations for the elderly are small, but since this group is growing and is far from homogeneous, such a hypothesis must be tested. Following a review of recent literature, the article proposes a set of Food Guidelines and Nutritional Goals for persons over 60 in Latin America. It also recommends to countries interested in formulating their own guidelines how to proceed for the short, medium, and long terms. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the elderly are the most neglected group with reference to government programs, and most forgotten by society. They depend to a great extent on the labor force of each country. They suffer most frequently from chronic diseases and have the most need for medical care, they use a broad range of drugs that may interfere with the absorption and utilization of nutrients, as well as foods when may impair the bioavailability of drugs. They show the highest mortality rates, and, in a high proportion, require a normal diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1988

The impact of the differences in the decline of dental school applicants in the United States and Canada.

The number of individuals writing the Canadian Dental Association Dental Aptitude Test and the American Dental Association Dental Admissions Test for the first time is used as a measure of the number of new additions to the dental school applicant pool in each of the past 15 years. Dramatic changes have occurred during that period. Comparisons are made and similarities noted between the situations in the United States and Canada. A discussion of the probable causes of the differences highlights the changing government programs in the two countries, the perceptions of potential applicants, and the attitudes of members of the dental profession. Some suggestions for future action are proposed.

Canada↗
PubMed1977

Advances in the study of diffusion of innovation in health care organizations.

Federal government programs of the 1960s to rapidly diffuse technologies have been displaced on the '70s by efforts to constrain costly technological growth. As a guide to action, the understanding of reasons for adoption of innovation is essential; but the utility of available diffusion theory is limited by its focus on the speed of diffusion rather than any reasons for its adoption by organizations. In a practical sense, more is known about the administrator as decision maker than about those increasing situatiions in which physicians play a more central part. Until coherent, empirically grounded theories of organizational innovation are available, large-scale "tests" are premature and wasteful.

Creativity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Gerontologic and geriatric education in the USA].

Training in gerontology in American institutes of higher education is conceptualized and realized in response to present societal demands. Although plurality of approaches prevails, gerontology has become an institutionalized discipline which in its research, training and application is formally sponsored by the national government. Programs are offered in many colleges and universities and assessed in terms of scientific excellence, of efficiency in teaching knowledge from multiple disciplines, and in terms of practicality. But still, problems of poor research and "quasi-professional" teaching, as well as of insufficiently founded practical work concern gerontologists. In a time of expansion, "instant gerontologists" have become a threat to the field. A brief "instant gerontologists" have become a threat to the field. A brief overview on questions presently discussed among teachers in gerontology is given, and a model-institution for gerontological training is briefly described, the Andrus Gerontology Center at the University of Southern California.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Isolation and characterization of chondrocytes and non-chondrocytes from high-density chick limb bud cell cultures.

This communication describes a replating technique for the separation of the chondrogenic and non-chondrogenic cells from stage-24 chick limb bud mesenchymal cell cultures by means of sequential digestion with collagenase. Four sub-populations of cells were obtained: The first consisted solely of non-chondrocytes and the next three were progressively enriched in chondrocytes. In addition to morphological differences, the four cell populations differed from each other in their rates of incorporation of sulfate into macromolecular material which were roughly proportional to the percentage of chondrocytes. The chondrocytes and non-chondrocytes no longer exhibited a density dependence of phenotype. In addition, the normal multilayered nodular morphology associated with cartilage development was not observed. These isolated cells have been used as starting material for detailed biochemical studies. Together, these studies indicate that the expressional program governing biosynthetic changes in chondrocytes is not controlled by the extracellular matrix.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Preparation of the promotion of therapeutic studies as an open planning process].

During the preparation of the government program "Health Research and Development", which was started in 1978, an attempt was made to involve the scientific community directly in establishing priorities for research on rheumatic diseases. At a planning conference open to all interested research scientists the following questions were considered: 1. What are the methodological requirements for therapeutic trials? 2. What are the open questions in the field of clinical rheumatology and which of them should be given priority? 3. What are the conditions for running multicenter therapeutic trials successfully? This paper describes the methodology and the results of the analysis of research needs and priorities and discusses the special problems of clinical rheumatology research in the Federal Republic of Germany.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1981

An overview of hospital gynecologic practice.

Table 1 presents an overview of current gynecologic practice in hospitals as illustrated by three New England states. We believe the balance of diagnoses and operations displayed are reasonably typical of practice elsewhere in the United States. However, since operative rates are lower in New England than in other parts of the country, the proportions of women undergoing hysterectomy or a sterilization procedure will be somewhat higher elsewhere. The general issue of variation in rates of diagnoses and operations is presented; professional uncertainty is a fact which may account for the variation. Further controlled studies are urgently needed to decrease this element of uncertainty and to distinguish too much diagnosis and treatment from too little. Ultimately, nothing less will meet the standards of the best care for patients or satisfy health insurance or government programs that premiums or taxes are supporting an appropriate level of health care.

Female↗