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PubMed1997

Replication of Anticarsia gemmatalis nuclear polyhedrosis virus in four lepidopteran cell lines.

Anticarsia gemmatalis nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AgNPV; family Baculoviridae) is pathogenic for larvae of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner-an important pest of soybean. AgNPV is a viable alternative to chemical control of A. gemmatalis in Brazil, where its use as a pesticide has brought significant economic and environmental benefits. Although a significant amount of information is available on the ecological and biological control aspects of AgNPV, very little is known about the replication cycle and host specificity of this virus. We examined the susceptibility of four lepidopteran cell lines to AgNPV. Infections of the A. gemmatalis UFL-AG-286 cell line were highly productive. Ninety percent of infected cells had polyhedral inclusion bodies by 48 hr after infection, and the infectious virus titer was 10(8) IU/ml. Viral DNA replication was efficient, and the maximal rate of synthesis was between 6 and 12 hr after infection. Infections of the Spodoptera frugiperda IPLB-SF-21 cell line were productive but less efficient. Infections of Choristoneura fumiferana IPRI-CF-124T cells with this virus were poor, with only 5% of the cells forming polyhedra and an infectious virus titer of 10(6) IU/ml. The level of viral DNA replication was low, suggesting that this system was predominantly abortive. Infections of Bombyx mori BM-5 cell lines were abortive, and cells had apoptosis-like morphology. No polyhedra or increase in infectious levels were observed, and there was little or no replication of viral DNA. Our data suggest that restriction of AgNPV replication in abortive cell lines is due mainly to inability of viral DNA to replicate efficiently. The possible causes of low DNA replication are discussed. Our results suggest that the cell lines utilized in this study can provide an important model for studying mechanisms of AgNPV host specificity.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Chlamydia trachomatis during genital tract infection and in imminent abortion].

Chlamydia trachomatis (Ch.t.) is suspected to be a dominant factor in the etiology of genito-urinary tract infectious diseases. The aim of the authors work was the evaluation of the Ch. t. presence in the cervix of women with adnexitis or with the imminent abortion. 300 women were investigated for the Ch.t. detection. The smear taken from the cervical canal was evaluated with 3 methods: direct immunofluorescence assay. Chlamydiazine test and culture. Ch.t. infection was detected in 27% of examined patients. The positive results was observed the more frequently in the patients showing the clinical symptoms of infection (42%) and in the pregnant women with imminent abortion symptoms (26%). The obtained results seem to confirm the pathogenic role of Ch.t. in the genital tract infectious diseases. Authors are postulating them the necessity of the prophylactic Ch.t. detection in the pregnant women.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

ABH secretion and natural selection.

The secretor gene, which determines secretion of the ABH blood group antigens into saliva and other fluids, has widely varying frequencies in different healthy populations. Its frequency in patients suffering from certain diseases also differs from that in healthy persons. These observations suggest that frequencies of the gene are to some extent the results of natural selection. One means of selection is through haemolytic disease of the newborn. Women, mostly of group O, become immunized to the A or B antigen of a fetus, and this or subsequent fetuses are at risk from haemolytic disease of the newborn. Affected fetuses are preponderantly secretors; this is probably a genetic consequence of all or most immunizing fetuses being secretors. Selection against the secretor factor as well as against blood groups A and B is thus liable to occur. Similar processes of selection seem to operate through fetal loss by early abortion. It is suggested that counter-selection favouring secretors may result from certain epidemic infectious diseases.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pathogenetic characteristics of late spontaneous miscarriage in ascending infection of amnion: reaction of placenta].

Results of pathomorphological examination of placenta in 262 cases of late spontaneous miscarriages produced by ascending infection of fetal liquids with opportunistic microflora are presented. Sequential involvement in the exudative inflammatory process of the fetal membranes was observed (placenta and umbilical cord) depending on the term of pregnancy and duration of placenta contact with the infected fetal liquids. Exudative funiculitis was observed not infrequently this indicating direct involvement of the fetus in the intrauterine infectious process.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1994

Mechanisms of HIV/SIV mucosal transmission.

The Division of AIDS (DAIDS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), organized a Workshop on HIV/SIV Pathogenesis and Mucosal Transmission on March 14-17, 1994, attended by over 300 participants. The purpose of the workshop was to foster research in the areas of HIV pathogenesis, mucosal transmission, and host factors modulating HIV infection and disease. This article summarizes workshop presentations that focused on mechanisms of HIV or SIV mucosal transmission. The following are highlights from the workshop. The epidemiological data indicating a low probability of infection from a single sexual exposure are consistent with observations that infectious cell-free or cell-associated HIV could be isolated from only 10-57% of semen samples, and that high levels of SIV are required for infection by a mucosal route. Several lines of circumstantial evidence suggest that an important property of a transmitted HIV or SIV is the ability to infect macrophages. A potential mechanism for cell-associated mucosal transmission is provided by the observations that CD4-negative epithelial cells in culture are efficiently infected by direct contact with HIV-infected T cells, and that HIV-infected epithelial cells are observed in vivo. Cell-free HIV virions contain partial reverse transcripts of viral RNA into DNA, and conditions that promote DNA reverse transcripts, such as incubation in seminal fluid, increase viral infectivity. Finally, evidence is accumulating that transient or abortive infection with short-term recovery of infectious virus in blood can occur in the absence of seroconversion.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Vaccination against diseases associated with herpesvirus infections in animals: a review.

An account is presented of the development and use of herpesvirus vaccines in domestic animals, with particular reference to those viruses causing cytolytic rather than oncogenic infections. The chief infections covered are Aujeszky's disease (AD or pseudorabies), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and equine rhinopneumonitis (equine abortion; EHV-1). Others mentioned are feline viral rhinotracheitis and malignant catarrhal fever of cattle. Both live-modified and inactivated vaccines are widely used or under development for ADV, IBR and EHV-1. Live vaccines are generally regarded as successful in some circumstances but have major drawbacks, both in regard to safety or immunogenicity for the individual animal or to efforts to control and eliminate the viruses from whole populations. Difficulties remian in the preparation and use of inactivated vaccines, which still suffer from many of the epidemiological objections raised against modified live vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Indeterminate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 western blot may indicate an abortive infection in some low-risk blood donors.

BACKGROUND: The infectious status of persons with an indeterminate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Western blot must be established. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Evaluation of the CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets and the expression of HIV-1-integrated sequences by Southern blot and polymerase chain reaction were studied in a group of low-risk subjects with an indeterminate Western blot. RESULTS: From a total of 45,000 blood donors and 50 patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis who were tested during the period of 1985 through 1990, 50 sera (0.1%) had an indeterminate Western blot. A low CD4:CD8 ratio (0.7-1.2) was detected in 14 of 24 tested subjects, whereas the unfractionated and adherence-enriched cells of 7 (32%) and 5 (23%) of 22 patients, respectively, could be stained with a p24 monoclonal antibody. A transient positive culture was detected in 3 of 20 subjects, but these viral isolates could not be transmitted to CEM-A310 cells. Ultracentrifuged culture supernatants hybridized under high-stringency conditions with genomic gag-pol (4 cases), env (3 cases), and tat (1 case) cDNA fragments of the HXB2 HIV-1 clone. In one case, DNA obtained from adherent but not unfractionated mononuclear cells contained 3.3- and 3.9-kb env- and gag-pol-related HIV-1 sequences, respectively; these sequences were heavier than expected. Polymerase chain reaction analysis for gag and pol but not env sequences was positive in 1 and 2 of 7 cases, respectively. A female patient with a positive viral culture and who was positive for pol in polymerase chain reaction demonstrated a full seroconversion 19 months later. CONCLUSION: The results strongly suggest that, rarely, some low-risk subjects with indeterminate Western blot results might be infected with low-level replicative strains or HIV-related viruses; thus, an exhaustive immunologic and virologic workup is needed for the investigation of these subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Prevalence of cervical gonorrhoea in women with unwanted pregnancies.

Cervical specimens were collected from 1688 women attending a gynaecological clinic for induced abortion between February and December 1978. Thirteen (0.77%) women had positive culture results for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Among those women who had a completed family or who came from outside Rotterdam or from outside the neighboring Rijnmond area, the isolation rate was very low. None of the women with positive culture results developed salpingitis after abortion; all of them had been treated prophylactically with tetracycline. No reasons appear to exist for considering women who seek abortions to be in a high-risk group for cervical gonorrhoea. Whether or not antibiotic prophylaxis should be given for the prevention of salpingitis following abortion requires further study of potentially pathogenic micro-organisms inhabiting the vagina and cervix for women applying for abortion.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1986

[Continuing eco-pathological survey: 4. Demonstration of pathologic associations in dairy cow stock: herd data].

Data concerning frequencies of 17 main diseases in 59 dairy farms from continual eco-pathological survey, are analyzed by classical regression test, principal components analysis and analysis of variance. Thirty-three statistical relations (positive simple correlations) are shown. Clinical mastitis and retained placenta are associated to nine diseases each, metritis, stillbirth and non-infectious foot disorders to six, dystocia and infectious foot disorders to four, pathology of calf and abortion to three, mammary edema and appetite disorders to two. Ovarian pathology, digestive disorders and teat lesions are "isolated", being associated to only one other disease. The pathological frequencies in dairy farms seem to change in the same way, indicating the existence of common risk factors, and leading to propose a global hygienic prevention. The pathological associations allow to definite some groups of dairy farms showing one or other dominant pathological complex. In the frame of our sample of dairy farms, two groups seem to be determined: one with calving disorders and calf pathology centred on retained placenta, the other with foot disorders, infectious and metabolic troubles, centred on mastitis, as dominant diseases.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1988

Reproductive difficulties in cattle with antibody titers to Haemophilus somnus.

A herd of Holstein cows was examined because of suspected embryonic death. Four cows had embryonic loss, and 2 cows had aborted. Paired serum samples were tested for antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and Haemophilus somnus. Of 16 cows, 8 had antibody titers to H somnus greater than 1:1,024, and 3 had greater than or equal to four-fold changes in antibody titers to H somnus. Haemophilus somnus infection was active in this herd and may have been responsible for the herd's reproductive problems.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1991

Virus-host studies in human seminal and mouse testicular cells.

Virological studies were performed for male infertility and repeated abortions. It was found that in about 40% of infertile males infectious adeno- or herpes simplex virus is present in the semen, while the same viruses are present in 60% of the cells in a latent form. In the aborted fetuses the same viruses could be observed as in the father's cells. Due to semen added to tissue cultures the latent presence also of other viruses could be supposed. The affinity of adeno- and herpes viruses to urogenital organs was confirmed by animal experiments, where a new method was applied for in vivo infection. The close correlation between viruses and urogenital cells was similarly confirmed by infecting in vitro human seminal and testicular cells with adeno- and herpes simplex viruses absorbed by the cells, entering them, moreover replicating in the form of their components. Based on the results, it was assumed that chronic local urogenital infections, due to various viruses, may play a role in male infertility and in a part of repeated abortions by damaging their cells. Applying a Zovirax therapy, the seminal cells were stopped to be viral carriers and normal function was restored.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1991

HIV in pregnant women and their offspring: evidence for late transmission.

To assess the role of maternal viraemia in vertical transmission of HIV and the extent to which viraemia occurs during the various stages of pregnancy, we have attempted to detect human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 44 pregnant HIV-1 infected women during 47 pregnancies (30 continued, 17 aborted) and in 30 children and 12 fetuses. Infectious HIV was detected at some time during pregnancy in 59% of women from plasma and in 83% from either peripheral blood mononuclear cells or plasma. HIV was not isolated from any of the newborn babies (0/27) at birth. The mothers had a significantly higher frequency of viraemia during pregnancy than their children had by 6 months of age (p = 0.002); by this time HIV was recovered from 5 (26%) of 19 infants. HIV was not detected by virus isolation, in-situ hybridisation, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 10 fetuses; the other 2 fetuses were positive either by in-situ hybridisation or by PCR but neither result could be confirmed in a second organ or by the other methods of detection. The findings show that there is no consistent spread of HIV across the placenta during maternal viraemia, and indicate that in most cases transmission occurs close to or at delivery.

Female↗