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PubMed1978

Methodology for studying discrimination based on sexual orientation and social sex-role stereotypes.

This article presents the methodology used in collecting data for the study of the relationship of sexual orientation and social sex-role to the protection of civil liberties. The methodology is designed to determine how departures in sexual orientation and social sex-role are the basis for the abridgment of civil liberties. Departure in sexual orientation is defined as physical sexual activity involving individuals of the same sex. Departure in social sex-role stereotypes is defined as departing from or conforming to the feminine stereotype for men, the feminine stereotype for women, the masculine sterotype for men, and the masculine stereotype for women.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The relationship of departures in social sex-role to the abridgment of civil liberties.

This article examines the relationship of departures from the feminine stereotype for women and the masculine stereotype for men to the abridgment of civil liberties. The methodology is described for determining conformity to and departures from social sex-role stereotypes. Results show that: (a) there was more conformity than departure from social sex-role stereotypes; (b) there were proportionately more violations of the right of equality for those who departed; (c) sexual orientation was more often known for those who departed; (d) biological sex was not related to the violations of particular civil liberties for those who departed; and (e) for modes of conflict resolution, there was proportionately more use of avoidance by those who departed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Homosexual identity formation: a theoretical model.

A six-stage model of homosexual identity formation is outlined within the framework of interpersonal congruency theory. Stages are differentiated on the basis of the person's perceptions of his/her own behavior and the actions that arise as a consequence of this perception. The person is seen to have an active role in the acquisition of a homosexual identity. Alternative paths of development are proposed within each stage. The notion that people can accept homosexuality as a positively valued status is assumed. Several factors believed to be influential in determining whether a person takes one line of development or another are discussed. The model is intended to be applied to both female and male homosexuals.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Stage discrepancy in male couples.

Any characteristic in the developmental stages of relationships has the potential for being at the core of a stage discrepancy problem. A few of the more frequently seen stage discrepancies are (a) reappearance of the individual in Stage Three in conflict with the merging of Stage One, (b) reappearance of the individual in Stage Three threatening the dependability of the partner in Stage Four, and (c) the high limerence of Stage One in sharp contrast with the loss of limerence in Stage Two. As a side issue, and as has been stated elsewhere, one of the most common causes for terminating male relationships toward the end of the first year is the loss of limerence. Examples of characteristics in conflict are as numerous as the characteristics in male couples. In some instances, characteristics of later stages appear earlier as symptoms of insecurity, dependency, or difficulty in managing the aging process. Stage discrepancies often appear as behavioral manifestations, or as symptoms of the difficulties that the couple or individual is having in resolving the stage discrepancy problem. However, the conflicts are often presented to the psychotherapy as problems of: (a) developing or maintaining intimacy; (b) power, competition, or control issues; (c) jealousy; or (d) differences in dealing with expressions of anger or tenderness. Utilizing the framework of stages of relationships and the possibility of discrepancy in the developmental characteristics can give the psychotherapist added understanding of the presenting complaints of male couples, which in turn can lead to a better assessment of the couples' difficulties and the development of new strategies of treatment intervention.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Dependency issues in lesbian relationships.

The focus of this paper is dependent relationship patterns or co-dependency in lesbian relationships. Co-dependent relationship patterns are identified, in general, as well as in lesbian relationships. Treatment strategies found to be successful in overcoming these co-dependent issues are illustrated with case studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Alcoholism and non-acceptance of gay self: the critical link.

As part of a larger research project designed to generate grounded theory on the nature of gay sobriety, this study was designed to explore the etiology of alcoholism among gay American men and how etiology is related to gay bars or non-acceptance of gay self or both. In-depth interviews were conducted in Seattle, Iowa City, Chicago, and Oklahoma City with 20 gay recovering alcoholic men, each of whom had at least one year of sobriety. It was found that: (a) Gay bars were totally unrelated to the etiology in any of the informants, yet most thought that this gay bar ethnotheory could explain why there was a high incidence of alcoholism in the gay community; (b) none of the men saw being gay as a positive thing before sobriety, yet many didn't realize their non-acceptance until after sobriety was chosen; (c) accepting being gay as a positive aspect of self occurred only after sobriety was chosen and lived; and (d) not accepting being gay as a positive thing may therefore explain the etiology and thus the high incidence of alcoholism among gay American men.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Coming out to mom and dad: a study of gay males and their relationships with their parents.

This study explores the relationship between gay men coming out to parents and specific perceived parental variables in an attempt to discriminate between parents who are more or less accepting. In addition, other factors such as how the disclosure occurs and reasons for coming out were investigated. Results indicate that most parents initially react negatively to the disclosure, but become more accepting over time. Parental values and characteristics associated with homophobia were found to be good predictors of the change in parent-son relationship following disclosure. However, the predictions were often in unexpected directions. The majority of respondents reported having a more positive relationship with their mothers than with their fathers, both before and after coming out.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Male prostitution and homosexual identity.

The documentary film on transvestites, The Queen, has a scene where a young man tells a friend about a recent job interview (Litvinoff, 1968). His friend asks, "Did you tell them you were a homosexual?" The young man, who did not get the job, answers, "No, they told me." What this interaction reflected was not just the fact of the young man's homosexuality, but the social fact: What it means to be homosexual in his culture and society. In this paper, I discuss the conduct of prostitution as one enactment of those meanings: Prostitution, as a social fact in the life of adolescent gay males, is understood by them to be linked with their homosexual identity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Self-concepts of adolescent siblings of children with mental retardation.

Self-concepts of 70 adolescent siblings of children with profound levels of mental retardation were investigated. Their mean self-concept was compared with a matched group of 70 adolescent siblings of children without profound levels of retardation. Using the Tennessee Self-concept Scale, two variables (maternal self-concept and siblings' self-concept) were assessed for differences between siblings and mothers (the target group) of mentally retarded children and siblings and mothers (the comparison group) of children without mental retardation. No significant mean difference between the two groups suggests no special difficulties in psychosocial adjustment for siblings of the mentally retarded.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Alcohol and social power between man and woman: the function of sex-role competence.

An experiment was performed testing whether the power distribution among men and women when one of the two is moderately intoxicated is dependent on the traditional sex-role characteristics of the interaction task. Thirty man/woman dyads were randomly assigned to three different experimental groups. In all groups the men drank a moderate dose of alcohol and the women remained sober. The task was to make decisions on tasks either of a neutral kind or of a traditional male or female kind. Power was measured in terms of both decision outcomes and interaction process. Results indicated that outcome power was dependent on type of task, while process power increased for the intoxicated men irrespective of type of task. The results are discussed in terms of a compensation hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Self-destructive consequences of sex-role socialization.

Suicide proneness and self-destruction scales, together with measures of self-favorability and self-confidence, were administered to two samples (n = 106 and n = 213). The affective responses of the second sample (134 women and 79 men) were measured by asking respondents to circle adjectives classified for activity-passivity, positive-negativeness, and extroversion-introversion that expressed their feelings toward eight situations. Women scored lower than men on suicide proneness, higher on self-destruction, and lower on self-favorability and self-confidence. Women reacted more passively to the situations than men and more negatively to the public challenge situation. Women tend to extrovert (turn outward on others) their positive feelings in pleasant situations and to introvert (turn blame on themselves) their negative reactions to unpleasant situations. Men do the reverse. It is suggested that women are self-destructive in passive ways, reflecting their lack of self-favorability and confidence and manifested by failure to react to everyday situations in ego-building ways.

Attitude↗
PubMed1992

Psychic change and its clinical evaluation.

The author looks at the question of psychic change from the viewpoint of difficulties involved in this change, starting with a short historical overview. He discusses 'the difficult patient as a specialist in resisting change' and describes the clinical characteristics of such patients over and above their psychopathological diagnoses. Some specific clinical cases are described to clarify the theoretical ideas. The author then covers the nature of changes best studied within the field of transference and countertransference. Finally, he examines change as a process of change and suggests that qualitative differences exist between psychic functions relating to 'traumas' in narcissistic constraints. These differences are apparent in psychic content. The connexions between interpretation, insight, anxiety and change are described. The nature of the negative therapeutic reaction is discussed. The notion of an underlying deficiency in the development of genuine egoistic resources required to bring about psychic change is examined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Gender differences in the development of relationships during late adolescence.

Until recently, inadequate measures of affiliation need and relationship closeness hindered investigations into the social development of adolescents. For example, assumptions about gender differences (Douvan & Adelson, 1966; Gilligan, 1982) and age-related changes (Dunphy, 1972; Erikson, 1968; Newman & Newman, 1976) in affiliation need and relationship closeness have remained virtually untested. To better understand adolescent social behavior and test these assumptions, recently developed measures of affiliation need and interpersonal closeness were used to examine seventy-four 18- to 20-year-olds. In support of Erikson's theory, need for social comparison declined with age for both sexes. However, in support of Gilligan's theory, not only were females more attached to their partners, but these gender differences were most pronounced for the 18-year-olds. Finally, Dunphy's (1972) assumption that adolescents' need for stimulation peaks around age 18 or 19 and then declines, and Newman and Newman's (1976) position that need for emotional support declines in later adolescence, held true--but only for females.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Ego identity in mentally retarded adolescents.

Ego identity and the relations between ego identity and adjustment in mentally retarded adolescents were explored. Three groups were formed: 30 mildly retarded adolescents, 30 nonretarded adolescents matched for CA, and 30 nonretarded preadolescents matched for MA. Ego identity was individually assessed using a questionnaire, and social adjustment was assessed by teachers' ratings. The identity profile of the retarded adolescents differed from that of the nonretarded peers and from that of younger preadolescents. Results suggest that identity in retarded adolescents does not reflect a simple developmental lag, but rather a unique profile. Ego identity in the retarded adolescents was also related to their social adjustment and level of functioning, even after controlling for IQ.

Adaptation, Psychological↗