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PubMedDate not supplied

Factors influencing language development in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: To examine factors influencing preterm infant language development. DESIGN: Longitudinal. SETTING: Infants were seen for developmental follow-up at 7, 13, and 26 months corrected age in the school of nursing. PARTICIPANTS: The sample consisted of 43 mothers and their preterm infants who were below 2,000 g and 36 weeks gestation at birth. More than 88% of the sample were from lower social classes. Seventy-three percent of the sample was African American and 27% was White. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Developmental outcome was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, and language was assessed using the Reynell Developmental Language Scales. RESULTS: By 26 months corrected age, infant development was within the normal range. Expressive and receptive language was delayed an average of 3 to 5 months. Factors influencing language included length of hospital stay, birth weight, Apgar scores, infant irritability and state regulation at hospital discharge, and maternal sensitivity. CONCLUSION: Language development is delayed in preterm infants. Maternal sensitivity is positively associated with enhanced infant language. Nurses need to utilize opportunities to enhance sensitive mothering to optimize infant outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Iron deficiency anemia in infants. Preliminary development results at five years].

INTRODUCTION: Research, mostly conducted in developing countries, have suggested short and long term developmental delay in children who had iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) in their early life. This study aims to evaluate the development of 5-years old children who were diagnosed IDA at 9 months of age. METHODS: 27 children with IDA diagnosed at 9 months of age and 28 non-anemic controls were followed-up until they were 5 years old. At 9 months of age and at 5 years of age, blood samples were collected for blood count, iron, transferrin and ferritin. Children with hemoglobin < 110 g/l and ferritin < 12 ng/ml were diagnosed with IDA and received iron treatment for IDA correction. C Reactive Protein and antibody to hepatitis A virus were also studied at 5 years of age. At this age, children's motor and cognitive development were accessed using Griffith's test. RESULTS: At 9 months of age, IDA children had [mean (SD)] 102.5 g/ l (5.9) g/l of hemoglobin and 5.6 ng/l (3.1) ng/ml of ferritin. At 5 years of age all children were healthy and without anemia. One child had positive antibody to hepatitis A virus. The results of Griffith's test at five years--anemic/non-anemic at 9 months of age. The mean (sd)-p: general coefficient--100.8 (6.6)/99.5 (7.1)-0.48; locomotor 110.2 (6.9)/109.3 (6.5)-0.62; personal-social--99.1 (11.4)/95.7(11.6)-0.28; hearing-speech--93.8 (9.1)/95.3 (13.7)-0.64; hand-eye--98.2 (13.2)/99.1 (14.3)-0.79; performance--97.5 (17.6)/96.9 (13.6)-0.88; practical reasoning--89.8 (9.1)/86.3(7.1)-0.21. CONCLUSIONS: As only one child had positive antibody to hepatitis A virus, the study population may be considered as belonging to a developed region. These results suggest that, at least in developed regions, infants who receive an early treatment for their mild IDA may not be affected in global development at the age of five.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed1998

Plasma 3-nitrotyrosine is elevated in premature infants who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

OBJECTIVE: Premature infants are susceptible to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease of infancy that appears to be caused in part by oxidative stress from hyperoxia. To investigate the possible role of nitric oxide-derived oxidants such as peroxynitrite in the etiology of BPD, we measured levels of plasma 3-nitrotyrosine, which is produced by the reaction of peroxynitrite with proteins. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten premature infants who developed BPD, defined as requiring supplemental oxygen beyond 36 weeks' postmenstrual age, were identified retrospectively from a group of subjects enrolled in a clinical trial of antenatal therapy. Serial plasma samples had been collected on these infants during the first month of life as part of the trial. Sixteen comparison premature infants were identified from the same population: 5 had no lung disease, 6 had respiratory distress syndrome that resolved, and 5 had residual lung disease at 28 days of life that resolved by 36 weeks' postmenstrual age. Plasma 3-nitrotyrosine levels were measured using a solid phase immunoradiochemical method. RESULTS: All 3-nitrotyrosine values in infants without BPD were <0.25 ng/mg protein, and levels did not change with postnatal age. Plasma 3-nitrotyrosine concentrations were significantly higher in infants with BPD, increasing approximately fourfold during the first month of life. For the 20 infants who had blood samples available at 28 days of life, plasma 3-nitrotyrosine levels correlated with the fraction of inspired oxygen that the infant was receiving (r = 0.7). CONCLUSION: Plasma 3-nitrotyrosine content is increased during the first month of life in infants who develop BPD. This suggests that peroxynitrite-mediated oxidant stress may contribute to the development of this disease in premature infants and that 3-nitrotyrosine may be useful as an early plasma indicator of infants at risk for developing BPD.

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia↗
PubMed1992

Cognitive and motor development in infants at risk for human immunodeficiency virus.

To evaluate the natural course of cognitive and motor development among infants infected with human immunodeficiency virus from birth, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered to 96 infants between 5.5 and 24 months of age. Infants were divided into three groups on the basis of subsequent assessment of human immunodeficiency virus serologic status: seronegative (N = 45), seropositive (N = 12), and seroreverter (N = 39). Groups did not differ in race, infant age at initial testing, maternal age, maternal education level, maternal history of intravenous drug abuse, or percentage of children in foster care placement. Significant group differences were found on the Mental Development Index and Psychomotor Development Index, with the seropositive infants scoring significantly lower than the seronegative or seroreverter infants.

Child Development↗
PubMed1976

Immunological development in infants of allergic parents.

Serum immunoglobulins were determined every 4 months from cord blood to age 2 years in ninety-two infants of allergic parents. By 7 months of age, the concentration of IgA was significantly greater in infants who developed atopic dermatitis than those who did not. The IgA was also significantly greater than in matched non-allergic controls. The difference continued to the end of the 2-year study. No significant difference was found in the three groups for levels of IgG and IgM. These findings differ from the results of a previous report and possible explanations are presented.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

[Prone position favors motor development of infants].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the motor development in infants sleeping in the supine position compared to infants sleeping in the prone position, and to compare the levels of motor development of infants playing only in the supine position and of infants playing in the prone position as well. DESIGN: Prospective blinded comparing study. SETTING: Department of Physical Therapy, Maasziekenhuis, Boxmeer, the Netherlands. METHODS: Various measuring instruments were used in the home environment to determine the levels of motor development at the age of 5 months of 21 healthy infants born at term selected from a group of 160 infants attending the infant welfare clinic. RESULTS: Infants sleeping in the prone position (n = 8) showed a higher motor development than infants sleeping in the supine position (n = 13). Infants playing in the prone and supine position (n = 5) had a higher motor development than infants who played exclusively in the supine position (n = 15). CONCLUSION: Sleeping and playing in the prone position was accompanied by a higher motor development in healthy mature-born infants at the age of 5 months.

Child Development↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of a fluoroquinolone on the growth and development of infants.

Growth and development were monitored for up to 42 months in nine neonates to whom ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, was given in the neonatal period at a dosage of 20 mg/kg/day. Ciprofloxacin was used only as a ¿life-saving' therapy in cases of sepsis produced by bacterial agents resistant to other antibiotics. Two other groups of nine neonates, matched by birth weight and gestational age, were studied as controls: one group with sepsis, which was effectively treated with cefotaxime and a group of healthy neonates. No statistically significant differences in growth and development between the groups were found during follow-up for 42 months. No osteoarticular problems or joint deformities were observed in the ciprofloxacin group. Ciprofloxacin appears to provide a therapeutic option as a ¿life-saving' therapy for newborns with sepsis produced by multiply resistant organisms.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of infants born to cocaine-abusing women: biologic/maternal influences.

This study investigated the influence of gestational age, birthweight, caregiving, and maternal personality characteristics on the development of 51 six-month-old infants born to and being reared by cocaine-abusing mothers. Two self-report measures were administered to the pregnant women at intake: the ASI (quantifying drug use) and the MCMI (describing DSM-III Axis II personality characteristics and Axis I clinical syndromes). Infants' biologic vulnerability was assessed by gestational age and birthweight. Caregiving was assessed 6 months later in the home, using the HOME Inventory and maternal caregiving behavior rating scales. Infant development was assessed in the laboratory at 6 months using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Higher Bayley scores were associated with heavier birthweight and increased maternal sensitivity. Furthermore, mothers of infants with shorter gestations were found to be more sensitive caregivers, whereas mothers who reported more histrionic-gregarious, narcissistic, borderline-cycloid, and/or paranoid personality characteristics during pregnancy were less sensitive caregivers. Surprisingly, mothers who reported more depressive symptoms during pregnancy provided more sensitive care.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cognitive and psychomotor development of infants with orofacial clefts.

OBJECTIVE: To compare at ages 3, 12, and 24 months the cognitive and psychomotor development of 29 infants with cleft lip and palate (CLP), 28 infants with cleft palate only (CPO), and a demographically matched comparison (COMP) group of 69 infants; to examine predictors of cognitive status at age 24 months in the cleft group. METHODS: Infants were administered the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID), mother-infant interactions were observed, and medical records were reviewed. RESULTS: CLP and CPO groups scored lower than the COMP group on the BSID, but did not differ from one another. Cleft group infants scored lower than COMP group infants on BSID items assessing nonverbal and expressive language skills. Quality of maternal interaction predicted the 2-year Mental Development Index (MDI) scores of infants with clefts. CONCLUSIONS: Infants with clefts show relative deficits in cognitive and psychomotor development. Cognitive deficits are apparent in nonverbal as well as verbal areas of performance.

Child Development↗
PubMed2005

Methodological challenges for understanding cognitive development in infants.

Studies of cognitive development in human infants have relied almost entirely on descriptive data at the behavioral level - the age at which a particular ability emerges. The underlying mechanisms of cognitive development remain largely unknown, despite attempts to correlate behavioral states with brain states. We argue that research on cognitive development must focus on theories of learning, and that these theories must reveal both the computational principles and the set of constraints that underlie developmental change. We discuss four specific issues in infant learning that gain renewed importance in light of this opinion.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Early development of infants with untreated metopic craniosynostosis.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this archival descriptive study was to examine the associations among craniosynostosis, perinatal risk factors or complications, and early cognitive development in infants diagnosed with craniosynostosis before they underwent surgery, to provide a greater empirical basis for surgical decision making and other early interventions. Specifically, it was hypothesized that there would be a greater number of infants with developmental delays than seen in the normative population. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that greater severity of synostosis would be correlated with lower cognitive and developmental scores. The secondary purpose of this study was to examine specific developmental domains such as language and motor skills in children with metopic craniosynostosis. METHODS: The research subjects for this retrospective cross-sectional study were a consecutive series of 22 infants diagnosed with metopic synostosis: 86 percent male, ages 3.6 to 25.3 months (mean +/- SD, 10.6 +/- 6.4 months). Mean gestational age was 38.8 (2.3) months, mean birth weight was 107.7 ounces, and 48.1 percent subsequently had craniovault reconstruction. Severity of craniosynostosis was assessed by a plastic surgeon (Buchman) and a neurosurgeon (Muraszko) and was confirmed radiographically by an independent rater (Angobaldo). Cognitive status was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition, at a mean age 11.6 (4.8) months. RESULTS: The mean Mental Development Index score for the sample was 96.0 (14.5), falling within the average range. Severity of synostosis was not significantly correlated with the overall Mental Development Index score. The mean language quotient for the sample was 77.3 (21.1). CONCLUSIONS: Despite suspicions that increased severity of deformity in infants with metopic craniosynostosis correlates with decreased cognitive and motor development, no such associations could be demonstrated. The results of this study did suggest, however, that children with isolated metopic craniosynostosis might show specific developmental delays in language acquisition. Finally, there were no significant correlations between cognitive development and prenatal risk factors.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1999

Sensorimotor and cognitive development of infants of mothers with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: The parenting environment provided by mothers with schizophrenia is likely to contribute to the cognitive impairment observed in their offspring. AIMS: To assess the relative contribution of maternal schizophrenia, obstetric factors and mothers' lifestyle to the cognitive development of infants in their first year. METHOD: The Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered to 19 infants of mothers with schizophrenia, 34 with non-psychotic depression in the mother, 29 with affective psychosis in the mother and 24 normal controls when the babies were two and seven months of age. RESULTS: At two months, infants of mothers with schizophrenia and of those with affective psychosis had lower mental development index (MDI) scores than controls. At seven months, infants of mothers with schizophrenia had lower MDI scores than all other groups. When infant birth weight and mothers' social class were taken into account there was no effect of maternal schizophrenia on infants' MDI scores. CONCLUSIONS: Infants of mothers with schizophrenia are likely to have impaired cognitive development. This may be due in part to environmental factors such as the mother's lifestyle.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Infant motor development and equipment use in the home.

Forty-three mother-infant dyads were recruited to determine the relationship between both total equipment use and the use of individual pieces of equipment and infant motor development. At 8 months of age, total and individual equipment use was determined by parental survey and infant motor development was assessed using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale. Statistically significant correlations were found for the relationships between total equipment use and infant motor development (r = -0.50, P = 0.001) and individual pieces of equipment [exersaucer (r = -0.58, P = 0.001), highchair (r = -0.32, P = 0.04), and infant seat (r = -0.32, P = 0.03)] and infant motor development. These findings suggest that infants who have high equipment use tend to score lower on infant motor development or that infants who have low equipment use tend to score higher on infant motor development. Limitations of this cross-sectional study make it difficult to determine causality between these constructs. If equipment use is found to be causally related to infant motor development and predictive of later motor development in a future prospective study, parental education emphasizing the moderate use of equipment within the home environment might be warranted.

Child Development↗
PubMed1986

Estrogen screening in evaluation of fetal outcome and infant's development.

In an unselected obstetric population of 869 women serial determinations of estriol in serum and urine were performed from the 28th week of pregnancy until delivery. Clinical management was based on ultrasound and nonstress/contraction stress tests only. Data on the development of the infants were available after 1 year in 759 cases (89%) and after 2 years in 661 cases (78%). Serum free estriol (E3) screening during weeks 28-34 of pregnancy revealed a significantly increased risk for reduced Apgar scores, growth retardation and postnatal complications in pregnancies with decreased levels (p less than 0.001). The development of the children was disturbed by a higher incidence of childhood diseases, retardation in speech and bowel and bladder control. The urinary estrogen determinations (UE) during this period of pregnancy showed only a vague connection with birth weight and Apgar scores (p less than 0.05) and no connection to the infant's development. Serial determinations of E3 after the 35th week of pregnancy increased the significance for all parameters tested. If the estrogen concentration was determined in the last 2 weeks before delivery, 50% of the SGA and 60% of the endangered cases could be diagnosed. After reduced E3 serial levels neurological sequelae, reduced body weight, retarded speech and late development of bowel and bladder control were significantly more frequent at age two than after normal E3 levels. The differences obtained by serial UE determinations were less evident. Considering cost-benefit-calculations, an E3 screening of every pregnant woman cannot recommended. In pregnancies at risk serial E3 determinations allow better prognostication of fetal well-being. In the case of reduced E3 values maximum post partum care should be made available for all newborns. Special support should be given to the early infant's development after reduced E3 values have been observed.

Apgar Score↗
PubMed2006

Maternal behavior and maternal stress are associated with infant behavioral development in macaques.

The simultaneous effects of naturally occurring individual differences in maternal care and maternal peripartum stress on infant development have been sparsely reported in nonhuman primates. In this work, we used a comparative approach to assess how changes in peripartum maternal excreted cortisol levels and the quality of mother-infant interactions correlate with infant behavioral development in group-living rhesus and Japanese macaques. We tested the hypothesis that peripartum maternal stress was associated with infant behavioral characteristics during development. Due to the difference in mothering style between the two species, we provided separated analyses for two groups. A sample of mother-infant pairs (Japanese macaques, N = 14; rhesus macaques, N = 10) was observed during the first 3 months of the infant's life. Follow-up observations (at 5, 7, and 9 months of age) were collected for the infants. Maternal cortisol levels were measured during the peripartum period. We found preliminary evidence that maternal peripartum stress and differences in key components of maternal behavior are associated with infant behavior throughout the developmental phase. We also provided a working hypothesis regarding maternal behavior and maternal stress as factors playing unique roles in different components of infant behavioral development.

Animals↗