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PubMed1996

Intravenous injection of Candida-derived mannan results in elevated tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in serum.

Intravenous injection of Candida albicans into mice produced elevated serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels. We hypothesized that immunostimulants released in vivo from C. albicans during fungal sepsis might contribute to the elevated levels of TNF-alpha in serum. We tested this hypothesis in mice with C. albicans mannan (CAM). Increased serum TNF-alpha levels were observed following intravenous and intraperitoneal injections of CAM. Injection of CAM into mice resulted in increased serum TNF-alpha concentrations that reached 1,200 pg/ml of blood, compared with 2,400 microg/ml of blood following injection of 10 microg of endotoxin. The response to CAM was concentration dependent, requiring a minimum dose of 20 microg of CAM per g of body weight. Sera from mice were tested 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after intravenous injections with CAM. TNF-alpha concentrations were minimal 30 and 120 min after intravenous injection and maximal 60 and 90 min after CAM injection. The relative distribution of CAM in vivo in decreasing order was determined to be as follows: blood > liver > lung > spleen, 90 min following injection of a single 5-mg dose of CAM. CAM was confirmed as the stimulating substance by utilizing anti-CAM antibodies in vivo to block the response. Rabbit anti-mannan antibodies administered by intraperitoneal injection 24 h before CAM injection significantly suppressed (P < 0.05) the accumulation of TNF-alpha in the sera. Dexamethasone administered to mice before intravenous injection of mannan significantly reduced (40 to 90% reduction; P < 0.05) the concentrations of TNF-alpha in the sera of treated mice. Thus, when in vivo CAM clearance mechanisms are exceeded, sufficient CAM may become available to stimulate TNF-alpha production, making CAM an important part of pathogenesis in Candida sepsis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Lentiviral vector retargeting to P-glycoprotein on metastatic melanoma through intravenous injection.

Targeted gene transduction to specific tissues and organs through intravenous injection would be the ultimate preferred method of gene delivery. Here, we report successful targeting in a living animal through intravenous injection of a lentiviral vector pseudotyped with a modified chimeric Sindbis virus envelope (termed m168). m168 pseudotypes have high titer and high targeting specificity and, unlike other retroviral pseudotypes, have low nonspecific infectivity in liver and spleen. A mouse cancer model of metastatic melanoma was used to test intravenous targeting with m168. Human P-glycoprotein was ectopically expressed on the surface of melanoma cells and targeted by the m168 pseudotyped lentiviral vector conjugated with antibody specific for P-glycoprotein. m168 pseudotypes successfully targeted metastatic melanoma cells growing in the lung after systemic administration by tail vein injection. Further development of this targeting technology should result in applications not only for cancers but also for genetic, infectious and immune diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Treatment of cystic ovarian disease in dairy cattle. Comparative observation of the effects of an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids and an intravenous injection of a combination of human chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone.

Of 67 cows with cystic ovarian disease (COD), 34 were injected intramuscularly with 20 mg of betamethasone of 10 mg of dexamethasone (CC) and 33 intravenously with a combination of 3,000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin and 125 mg of progesterone (HCG -P). Pregnancy rates and intervals between treatment and conception were 32.4% and 32.1 +/- 30.5 days, respectively, in the CC-treated cows and 30.3% and 51.6 +/- 29.5 days in the HCG -P-treated ones. Cows which had not responded to gonadotropin treatment showed a considerably higher pregnancy rate when treated with CC and a lower pregnancy rate when administered with HCG -P than those which had received no treatment before. There was a trend that the earlier a cow was treated, the more readily she recovered. CC injection gave a satisfactory result even when performed long after calving. The estrous behaviour seemed to be related with prognosis in cows with COD. In both CC-treated and HCG -P-treated cows, the pregnancy rate was the highest in cows showing anestrus and the lowest in those exhibiting irregular estrus.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Intraarticular diffusion of Gd-DOTA after intravenous injection in the knee: MR imaging evaluation.

Intraarticular concentration of gadolinium tetraazacyclododecanetetraacetic acid (DOTA) after intravenous injection and the diagnostic contribution of the subsequent arthrographic effect were assessed for meniscal lesions in the knee. Kinetics were studied in three healthy volunteers. Passage of contrast material into the synovial fluid of the joint was evaluated in 53 knees by measuring the signal intensity on T1-weighted images before, immediately after, and 1 hour after injection. Synovial fluid enhancement was 1.46-fold greater than the unenhanced value after 10 minutes, plateaued after 30 minutes, and was 1.95-fold greater after 1 hour. In articular fluid samples from four patients 1 hour after intravenous injection, the average intraarticular concentration was 141 mumol +/- 47 (1 standard deviation) at atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Knee mobilization improved the passage of contrast material into the synovial fluid by approximately 120% at 10 minutes and 25% at 1 hour. In eight of 39 tears, unenhanced standard sequences were equivocal. In seven of these uncertain cases, delayed contrast-enhanced images permitted adequate interpretation. Intraarticular concentration of Gd-DOTA produces a sufficient arthrographic effect for meniscus evaluation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Epileptogenic activity induced by intravenous injection of certain cephalosporins in rats.

Epileptogenic activity induced by intravenous injection of certain cephalosporin derivatives was studied. Ceftezole provided the most potent epileptogenic activity among the drugs tested. Changes in seizure patterns on electroencephalogram (EEG) tracings and behavioral signs after administration of cefotiam and cefazolin were similar to those seen after ceftezole, though the intensity and duration were less than those of ceftezole. Cephacetrile and cephaloridine elicited the spiking activity in the frontal cortex and the other regions without apparent behavioral changes. Latamoxef and cefmenoxime displayed a weak epileptogenic activity at a dose of 1000 mg/kg. On the other hand, cephapirin, cefmetazole and cefoxitin did not evoke any changes in EEG nor in behavior. Penicillin G at a dose of 200 mg/kg affected spike or spike-and-wave complex in a few cases, but at a dose of 500 mg/kg the animals died of dyspnea almost immediately after injection without showing apparent epileptogenic signs. These results suggest that some of cephalosporins such as ceftezole, cefotiam, cephacetrile and cefazolin provide epileptogenic activity at higher doses.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[MRI of the knee. Value of delayed sequences after intravenous injection of gadolinium].

A prospective study of delayed sequences after intravenous injection of gadolinium for knee MRI shows the similar results as from the literature: enhancement of synovial fluid after 30 minutes. Sixteen patients were studied mainly with gradient echo. This phenomenon improves the visualisation of the intraarticular structures like meniscus, cruciate ligaments, or cartilage. This study leads to use this technique in case of difficulties like postoperative intraarticular lesions.

Cartilage, Articular↗
PubMed2003

Injury of superficial radial nerve on the wrist joint induced by intravenous injection.

Eleven cases of injury of the superficial radial nerve on the wrist joint, caused by intravenous injection of a needle. Paralysis occurred immediately after injection of a needle into the cephalic vein of the wrist joint, which was immediately recognized by the patients themselves. Six patients who had only sensory disturbance without causalgia were subjected to follow-up observation; 5 patients with causalgia were administered with steroid infiltration injection 3 to 5 times. Of the latter 5 patients, one patient underwent surgery because the steroid infiltration injection showed no effects. Four patients (36.4%) completely recovered within three months, while 7 patients (63.6%) continued to show nervous symptoms. We concluded that intravenous injection of a needle should be performed at the wrist joint only when it is inevitable.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Detection of myocardial perfusion in multiple echocardiographic windows with one intravenous injection of microbubbles using transient response second harmonic imaging.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to prove that transient response harmonic imaging could detect normal and abnormal myocardial perfusion in multiple echocardiographic windows with one intravenous injection of microbubbles in humans. BACKGROUND: Myocardial ultrasound contrast can be produced from intravenous perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin, and ultrasound can be significantly improved by briefly suspending the interval between frame rates. Whether this contrast can noninvasively quantify myocardial perfusion in humans is unknown. METHODS: In 28 patients, harmonic transient response imaging was used to image the heart in multiple different imaging planes after one intravenous injection of ultrasound contrast agent. Twenty-five of these 28 patients had a repeat injection during dipyridamole stress. In the primary view, the ultrasound transmission rate was one frame per cardiac cycle; in secondary and tertiary views, the transmission rate was once every multiple cardiac cycles. Regional myocardial contrast was visually assessed and quantified off-line. Quantitative rest thallium and dipyridamole stress sestamibi imaging was also performed. RESULTS: Perfusion abnormalities were evident in the secondary and tertiary views only with one frame every multiple cardiac cycles. Regional peak myocardial videointensity (PMVI) correlated closely with regional tracer uptake in individual patients both at rest (r = 0.84) and during stress (r = 0.88). A PMVI ratio (abnormal region divided by the region with highest nuclear uptake) < 0.6 in any view had a 92% sensitivity and a 84% specificity in identifying a regional nuclear perfusion abnormality. CONCLUSIONS: Transient response imaging produces myocardial contrast in multiple views with one intravenous injection of contrast agent and can accurately identify regional myocardial perfusion abnormalities.

Adult↗
PubMed1974

Distribution of pentazocine in blood and brain of the baboon following intravenous injection.

1 In the baboon the blood levels of pentazocine between 1 and 60 min after intravenous injection of 0.5 mg/kg were measured by a gas chromatographic technique. From cerebral arteriovenous differences it was shown that the peak of the brain concentration occurred within 15 min and probably within 10 min of intravenous injection. At the time of peak concentration about 10% of the injected dose was in the brain, while the corresponding value at 60 min was 2%.2 The concentration of pentazocine in the brain was an order of magnitude greater than the concentration in cerebral venous blood both at 5 min and 60 min after injection. No major brain interregional differences were demonstrated. Cerebrospinal fluid from the cisterna magna did not yield values from which the cerebral concentration of pentazocine could be predicted.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The intravenous injection of illicit drugs and needle sharing: an historical perspective.

This study reviewed the literature on the history of needle sharing and intravenous drug abuse. Reports suggest that needle sharing was practiced by drug abusers as early as 1902 in China and 1914 in the United States. Intravenous drug abuse was first mentioned in the literature in 1925. However other references suggest that some opioid users were injecting intravenously prior to 1920. Outbreaks of malaria in Egypt, the United States, and China between 1929 and 1937 were attributed to needle sharing and intravenous injection of opioids. These reports suggest that both needle sharing and intravenous drug use were common by 1937. Factors such as medical use of intravenous injections, enactment and zealous enforcement of antinarcotic laws, and interactions among drug users in institutional settings such as regional hospitals and prisons may have contributed to the spread of both needle sharing and the intravenous technique among drug abusers.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1998

O/W lipid emulsions for parenteral drug delivery. III. Lipophilicity necessary for incorporation in oil particles even after intravenous injection.

The potential usefulness of oil-in-water (O/W) lipid emulsions as injectable drug delivery systems was examined. Plasma concentrations of oil particles after intravenous injection of a standard lipid emulsion composed of soybean oil and egg yolk phosphatides were monitored based on the plasma concentrations of phospholipids and triglycerides, and the light scattering intensity of the plasma. Their time profiles were similar to each other, and the oil particle size decreased time-dependently. Pretreatment with dextran sulfate, a known reticuloendothelial system (RES) suppressor, resulted in marked reduction of the plasma clearance of the oil particles and of the time-dependent alteration of oil particle size, suggesting that oil particles were trapped by RES. The lipophilicity of the drug needed for its incorporation in the oil particles even after intravenous injection was found to be clog P > 8, where clog P is the calculated logarithm of the partition coefficient between n-octanol and water. In the case of sudan II (clog P = 5.4), the release from the oil particles was very quick after intravenous injection, resulting in slight alteration in biodistribution when compared with its micellar solution. In contrast, menatetrenone (clog P = 9.5) was selectively delivered to the liver, lungs and spleen, being consistent with the oil particles taken up by RES.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1995

The fate of plasmid DNA after intravenous injection in mice: involvement of scavenger receptors in its hepatic uptake.

PURPOSE: We examined the stability and disposition characteristics of a naked plasmid DNA pCAT as a model gene after intravenous injection in mice to construct the strategy of in vivo gene delivery systems. METHODS: After the injection of pCAT to the mice, stability, tissue distribution, hepatic cellular localization, and effect of some polyanions on the hepatic uptake were studied. RESULTS: The in vitro study demonstrated that the pCAT was rapidly degraded in mouse whole blood with a half-life of approximately 10 min at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml. After intravenous injection, pCAT was degraded at a significantly faster rate than that observed in the whole blood, suggesting that pCAT in vivo was also degraded in other compartments. Following intravenous injection of [32P] pCAT, radioactivity was rapidly eliminated from the plasma due to extensive uptake by the liver. Hepatic accumulation occurred preferentially in the non-parenchymal cells. The hepatic uptake of radioactivity derived from [32P] pCAT was inhibited by preceding administration of polyanions such as polyinosinic acid, dextran sulfate, maleylated and succinylated bovine serum albumin but not by polycytidylic acid. These findings indicate that pCAT is taken up by the liver via scavenger receptors on the non-parenchymal cells. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that the apparent hepatic uptake clearance was fairly close to the liver plasma flow. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide useful information for the development of delivery systems for in vivo gene therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Relationship between oral food intake and nausea caused by intravenous injection of iodinated contrast material].

From December, 1990 to July, 1992 we investigated the relationship between the time after oral food intake and nausea and vomiting caused by the intravenous injection of iodinated contrast media in 2,414 patients who underwent contrast enhanced CT. The contrast media used were as follows: amidotrizoic acid (high-osmolality contrast medium, HOCM, iodine 292 mg/ml) in 1173 patients, iopamidol (low-osmolality contrast medium, LOCM, iodine 300m g/ml) in 641 patients, and iohexol (LOCM, iodine 300 mg/ml) in 600 patients. All the patients had an intravenous injection of 100ml in volume. The overall incidence of nausea and vomiting was 3.8% (96/2412 patients). The incidence was 6. 7% (79/1173 patients) in the HOCM group and 1.4% (17/1241 patients) in the LOCM group. The incidence of nausea and vomiting increased with the interval between the oral intake of food and the intravenous injection of contrast medium. It is concluded that fasting before contrast-enhanced CT enhances the adverse effect of nausea and vomiting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The fate of intravenously injected endotoxin in normal rats and in rats with liver failure.

The elimination of endotoxin from the blood was studied in rats with D-galactosamine-induced liver failure and in normal controls after intravenous injection of various doses of endotoxin. Endotoxin was found to localize in liver tissue by immunohistochemical staining with factor C, which is derived from amebocyte lysate of the horseshoe crab and which reacts specifically with endotoxin. Before injection, the blood endotoxin concentrations were normal both in control rats and in rats with liver failure. The blood concentrations of endotoxin were significantly higher after intravenous injection of endotoxin in the D-galactosamine-induced liver failure group (p < 0.05) and decreased much more slowly (p < 0.05). Endotoxin concentrations were also significantly higher after in vitro incubation with plasma from rats with liver failure (p < 0.05). After intravenous injection of endotoxin (1 mg/kg), endothelial and Kupffer cells in the liver sinusoids were positively stained for endotoxin in the control group, but not stained or faintly stained in the liver failure group. Endotoxemia in liver failure thus results from reduced inactivation of endotoxin in plasma and from impaired hepatic clearance.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Cerebrospinal fluid changes after intravenous injection of gadolinium chelate: assessment by FLAIR MR imaging.

Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence is currently used in clinical practice. Some reports emphasize the possibility that, in pathologic conditions, intravenous injection of gadolinium chelates may lead to an increased signal inside the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of CSF signal changes in pathologic conditions causing blood-brain barrier disruption or neovascularization when imaging is performed after intravenous injection of gadolinium. We obtained FLAIR sequences after gadolinium injection from 33 patients affected by different intracranial pathologies and 10 control subjects. Patients were affected by ischemic stroke in the subacute phase, from 2 to 7 days from onset of symptoms (12 patients), meningiomas (8 patients), high-grade gliomas (5 patients), previous surgical procedures for intra-axial neoplasms (5 patients), and multiple sclerosis with active plaques (3 patients). Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in patients and controls using a 1.5-T magnet, using T2- and T1-weighted FLAIR sequences. The FLAIR sequence was acquired before and 1-3 h after injection of a standard dose of gadolinium. In those patients affected by ischemic lesions, FLAIR sequences were repeated the next days and 3-4 days later. The CSF signal was visually evaluated by two readers and scored from 0 to 3 depending by the degree of enhancement. The location of CSF signal changes (close to the lesion, hemispheric, or diffuse) was also considered. The CSF signal was markedly increased after 3 h from intravenous injection of gadolinium in all the patients with stroke, in those with previous surgery, and in those with high-grade gliomas whose neoplasm's surface was in contact with the subarachnoid spaces (SAS) or ventricles; a strong enhancement was also evident inside the necrotic component of the tumor. The CSF changes were more evident close to the pathology and/or in the hemisphere involved by the pathology. Moderate CSF enhancement was observed in the SAS close to meningiomas. No signal changes were evident in all the others. In those patients with stroke imaged in the following days, CSF signal showed to be diffuse to both hemispheres the next day and returned to normal values within 2 days. In patients affected by pathologies with blood-brain barrier breakdown or neovascularization close the SAS or the ventricles, CSF changes, related to gadolinium leakage, are likely when FLAIR sequences are acquired 2-24 h after i.v. injection of the contrast. This pattern should be known in order to differentiate it from that of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Intravenous injection of acetaldehyde but not ethanol induces histamine-mediated bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs.

Recently ethanol-induced bronchoconstriction associated with elevated serum levels of acetaldehyde and histamine was reported in Japanese asthmatic patients, but there is no investigation of the airway response to intravenous injection of acetaldehyde. We therefore performed a study in guinea pigs to test the hypothesis that intravenous injection of acetaldehyde has bronchospastic action via histamine release. At first, we investigated the airway response to increasing doses (8.0, 26.4, and 80 mg/ml) of injected ethanol or acetaldehyde in guinea pigs. Secondarily, increasing doses of acetaldehyde were injected in guinea pigs pretreated with an intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg diphenhydramine or saline (control). Finally, injection of acetaldehyde was performed after intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mg/kg atropine sulfate or saline (control). Injected acetaldehyde caused bronchoconstriction in a dose-dependent manner, but ethanol did not. The bronchoconstriction induced by injected acetaldehyde was completely prevented by pretreatment with diphenhydramine. Atropine had no preventing effect against the acetaldehyde-induced bronchoconstriction. In conclusion, intravenous injection of acetaldehyde causes bronchoconstriction via histamine release in guinea pigs.

Acetaldehyde↗