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PubMed2002

Age differences in lineup identification accuracy: people are better with their own age.

Previous research has reported that young adults are better at eyewitness face recognition than are older adults. However, these studies have used young adults as culprits and fillers. We explore how the relative ages of the witness and the culprit influence eyewitness accuracy in 2 experiments. In the first experiment, young (18-25 years old) and older (35-55 years old) adults each saw 4 crime videos. In 2 the culprit was a young adult and in 2 the culprit was an older adult. Participants were more accurate at identifying the culprit when viewing culprit present lineups comprising people of their own age: an "own age bias" analogous to the own race bias. In the 2nd experiment, using a similar procedure, young (18-33 years old) and older (40-55 years old) adults viewed both culprit present and culprit absent lineups. The results of the first experiment were replicated for the culprit present lineups. However, no own age bias was found for the culprit absent lineups. Implications for police procedures dealing with cross-generation identifications are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Adult attachment and preparing to provide care for older relatives.

A normative developmental task of middle-aged adults is to consider older family members' care needs. Preparing for future caregiving responsibilities may be an important way to prevent excessive stress responses when the caregiver role is taken on. The present study investigates the extent to which attachment style and dimensions of attachment insecurity predict whether middle-generation adults prepare for possible future caregiving responsibilities, feel prepared for these responsibilities and are satisfied with their preparation activities. Middle-generation parents of undergraduate students (N = 141) were sent questionnaires assessing adult attachment style, attachment insecurity, preparation for future care activities, feelings of preparedness, and satisfaction with preparation. Results suggest that secure attachment style and lower attachment insecurity had limited associations with preparation activities, whereas the associations with feelings of preparedness were more robust. Moreover, attachment variables predict feelings of preparedness even after controlling for the influence of actual preparation behaviors. Separate analyses for individuals already providing care vs. those not yet providing care suggest that secure attachment may be more important in predicting preparation activities for individuals not yet providing care.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Maternal variables related to sexually abused children's functioning.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore how mothers' developmental history and current functioning affects their sexually abused children's functioning and recovery. METHOD: A sample of 67 African-American mothers and their sexually abused children participated in this study. Interviews and a range of adult and child measures were administered in order to assess maternal developmental history and current functioning, and child functioning. RESULTS: Mothers' past experiences as children were associated with their children's behavior and general functioning following the sexual abuse. Mothers who experienced more discontinuity of childhood care, who were sexually abused as children, and/or had more problems in their family of origin had children who showed poorer functioning and more behavioral symptomatology. In addition, mothers who currently were experiencing more trauma symptomatology, reported substance abuse, and/or were less able to provide support to their children, had children with more behavior problems and poorer functioning. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this study point to the impact of mothers' developmental history and current functioning upon the symptomatology of their sexually abused children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Nursing values and a changing nurse workforce: values, age, and job stages.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the extent values are associated with age group and job stage; job satisfaction, productivity, and organizational commitment; as well as education, generation, ethnicity, gender, and role. BACKGROUND: Values direct the priorities we live by and are related to employee loyalty and commitment. Lack of congruency between a nurse's personal values and those of the organization decrease satisfaction and effectiveness and may lead to burnout and turnover. Little research has been done on whether values differ by age, generations, or job stages. METHODS: Nurses in all roles (N = 412) in three hospitals in Los Angeles County were randomly surveyed, using valid and reliable instruments to measure the variables of interest. RESULTS: Nurses in the top third for job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and productivity showed higher scores for many values including their associates, creativity, esthetics, and management, while those in the bottom third scored higher in economic returns only. Nurses in different generations differed little; younger generations placed higher values on economic returns and variety. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION: Management strategies to meet nurses' values and increase their satisfaction and retention are presented.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Whose education counts? The added impact of adult-child education on physical functioning of older taiwanese.

OBJECTIVES: Research has implicated education as an important predictor of physical functioning in old age. Older adults in Taiwan tend to experience tight familial integration and high rates of adult-child coresidency-much more so than is typical in Western cultures-which might imply additional influences stemming from the education of children. This could arise in a number of ways; for instance, through the sharing of health-related information between child and parent, the quality of caregiving efforts, monetary assistance for medical and other services, or other psychosocial avenues. Despite this probable association, such hypotheses have rarely been tested. In this study, a nationally representative survey of older Taiwanese was used to examine these concurrent effects. METHODS: Outcome variables include the existence of any functional limitations (dichotomously measured) and the severity of functional disorders (ordinally measured). Dichotomous and ordinal logistic models were used. RESULTS: Results suggest that, after adjusting for age, sex, and other factors, both child and respondent education associate with the existence of limitations, but the child's education is more important than the parent's when predicting severity of limitations. DISCUSSION: This implies that models ignoring social network characteristics in determining health outcomes of older adults may be misspecified, at least in some non-Western societies, and calls for further testing in other societies as well.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Decline in material family support for older people in urban Ghana, Africa: understanding processes and causes of change.

OBJECTIVES: Material family support for older people in Ghana, as in other African countries, has declined in recent decades, exposing increasing numbers especially of urban elderly to destitution and poverty. The nature and causes of this decline remain poorly understood, in particular the relative role of growing material constraints, as proposed by political economy perspectives, or weakening traditional values, as suggested by modernization perspectives. This article develops an interpretively grounded understanding of the processes underpinning the decline specifically in Accra, Ghana's capital. METHODS: A qualitative investigation of the perspectives of a three-generational respondent sample, spanning major income, ethnic, and gender groups, was conducted. RESULTS: The decline has been underpinned by two major shifts: (a) a declining resource capacity of the young to provide support and (b) a shift in the basis of filial support toward an increasing dependence on parents' past conduct and the principle of reciprocity. Normative expectations emphasizing self-reliance in old age are emerging as a result of the decline. DISCUSSION: The shifts have been caused by a complex interaction between growing resource constraints and changing values not captured by existing accounts. The dominant factor driving the change in support norms and patterns has been the change in families' material circumstances.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

The generation gap: differences between children and adults pertinent to economic evaluations of health interventions.

Differences between children and adults have both technical and ethical implications for the design, interpretation and employment of economic analyses of health-related programmes. Even though policy makers increasingly turn to economic analyses to inform decisions about resource allocation, pertinent child-adult differences have received fragmented discussion in leading methodological references. Key areas warranting attention include: the ways in which a child's distinctive biology modifies the cost and effectiveness of healthcare interventions; challenges in assessing utilities for infants and young children given their limited but developing cognitive capacity; how a child's age, dependency and disability affect the selection of the appropriate time horizon and scope of the analysis; whether a child's non-wage earning productivity should be incorporated into analyses, and if so, what metric to use; what principles of equity policy makers should employ in using economic evaluations to choose between child- and adult-focused interventions; and whether special protective measures should be introduced to secure the rights and interests of children who cannot advocate for themselves.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Generational, ethnic, and national differences in attitudes toward the rights of children in Israel and Palestine.

With the nearly universal ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, children's rights have become a cornerstone of discussions in relation to human rights and human services around the world. Although the concept of children's rights is now broadly established, the meaning of this concept and its significance for policies and programs are apt to vary across nations, cultures, religions, and age groups. With the close proximity of diverse national, ethnic, and religious groups and seemingly omnipresent political conflicts about the meaning of rights among them, the Middle East presents unusual opportunities to understand the effects of such variables on attitudes toward children's rights. Drawing from samples of Jews from Israel, Palestinian Muslims from Israel, and Palestinian Muslims from the Palestinian Authority, surveys were conducted of adolescents, young mothers (mothers of toddlers), middle-aged mothers (mothers of adolescents), and grandmothers. Attitudes toward children's rights were more strongly affected by the respondents' ethnicity and nationality than by their age.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Recruitment, retention, and management of generation X: a focus on nursing professionals.

Two-thirds of the nurse workforce are now over the age of 40, and between 40 percent and 60 percent of these nurses are expected to retire within the next 15 years. Enrollment in programs at all nursing education levels is declining. Generation Xers, those born between 1963 and 1977, comprise between 10 percent and 15 percent of the current nursing workforce. Although relatively new to the workforce, Generation Xers have their own ideas of what constitutes an acceptable workplace, and usually the terms of their employment are not negotiable. Further complexity arises from the fact that management of this workforce falls primarily on Baby Boomers--those born between 1943 and 1960. Because of the events that molded their collective characteristics, Baby Boomers entered the workforce driven and dedicated. This group equates work with self-worth, contribution, and personal fulfillment. Many selected their profession not based on economic prospects but with the desire to make the world a better place. In addition, their competitive nature drives them to aspire for higher monetary compensation and titles. The challenge for healthcare leadership is understanding and creating harmony between these two generations. This article presents a summary of recent literature and studies that explain the basic distinctions in cultural characteristics and work ethics between Generation Xers and Baby Boomers. The summary, I hope, provides a guideline for recruiting, retaining, and managing Generation X workers in the nursing field.

Communication↗

PubMed1997

Cross-cultural differences in adolescents' perceptions of their grandparents.

Partial results from a larger Finnish-Polish study on the relations between grandchildren, parents, and grandparents are presented here. The results are based on a content analysis of essays written by 731 Finnish and Polish adolescents between eleven and twenty-one. Older children used more abstract descriptions, girls mentioned more personality features and feelings than boys, and grandmothers, especially maternal grandmothers were described in the most positive terms. The central new finding was that there are highly significant cross-cultural differences in the descriptions of grandparents; the Poles describe them in more abstract terms even after controlling for age and gender. Polish adolescents make more mention of their feelings, their personality, and their skills as well as of emotional/intellectual input from them; they use more positive terms than do the Finns, but make less mention of activities and appearance. These differences between the two cultures are mediated by contact frequency, which through its working on the proximal level enables co-construction of the relationship and the transmission of interactional styles.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Role strain and ease in decision-making to withdraw or withhold life support for elderly relatives.

PURPOSE: To describe the concepts of role strain and role satisfaction (renamed ease in decision-making following analysis) experienced by family caregivers when making decisions to withdraw or withhold life support for elderly relatives in a variety of settings. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 family caregivers to obtain descriptions of their experiences when making decisions about life support for elderly relatives. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. FINDINGS: Role strain was complex, dynamic, and multidimensional, and it evolved over time before, during, and after decision-making about life support. Role satisfaction, the concept name used at the beginning of the study, did not match descriptions or the experience of family caregivers, and a revised name, ease in decision-making, was selected. CONCLUSIONS: The concepts of role strain and ease in decision-making have not previously been used in studies of decisions about life support. Both role strain and ease in decision-making augment the existing literature on role strain in family care by providing a more complete picture of caregivers' responses during their experience of making life-support decisions. Research focused on the measurement of strain and ease in decision-making is needed to understand their interrelationship as well as their association with such variables as caregiver grief and health.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Aging, emotion, and evolution: the bigger picture.

Ample empirical evidence shows that basic cognitive processes integral to learning and memory suffer with age. Explanations for age-related loss typically cite the absence of evolutionary selection pressures during the postreproductive years, which consequently failed to optimize functioning during old age. In this paper, we suggest that evolutionary pressures did operate at older ages and that an evolutionary account is entirely consistent with the pattern of findings currently available in the psychological literature on aging. Cognitive loss is limited primarily to new learning, yet integrated world knowledge increases with age. In addition, socioemotional regulation improves with age, which is associated with increased investment in emotionally meaningful others (most notably kin). In this chapter, we argue that this profile of late-life characteristics contributes to the reproductive success of kin. We consider how the uniquely human ability to monitor place in the life cycle and the consequent motivational shifts that occur when boundaries in time are perceived contribute to the adaptive value of long life. Finally, we suggest that joint consideration of evolutionary theory and life-span psychology can lead to fruitful advances in the understanding of human aging.

Affect↗

PubMed1999

Grandfathers' and grandmothers' satisfaction with the grandparenting role: seeking new answers to old questions.

A total of 146 Australian grandparents rated their level of satisfaction with grandparenthood as an overall experience and ranked the satisfaction they gained from this role relative to other significant roles in adult life including parenthood, marriage and career. In contrast to the results of a seminal study conducted in the United States three decades ago (Neugarten & Weinstein, 1964), only a small minority (8%) were more dissatisfied than satisfied with the grandparenting role. On the other hand, in line with Neugarten and Weinstein's results, but in contrast to the results of two intervening studies of North American grandparents (Thomas 1986, 1989), there were no significant differences between grandfathers' and grandmothers' levels of satisfaction with grandparenting. Frequent contact with grandchildren predicted high levels of satisfaction in grandparents of both genders, whereas there were no effects of the grandparent's own age or marital status, or of the grandchildren's gender, age or number. In addition to the two main gratifications of biological renewal and emotional fulfillment reported by Neugarten and Weinstein, these older Australians frequently reported the opportunities to observe their grandchildren's development and share in their activities as the best features of grandparenthood, while lack of frequent enough contact was the worst feature.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Chronicle of an incest foretold.

In this paper the author discusses the situation of children handed over to grandparents or to other relatives of the natural parents to be brought up. She notes that such children are faced with the riddle of their own filiation and postulates that this scenario often conceals an oedipal fantasy to the effect that the child concerned is the fruit of an incestuous relationship between a grandparent and the relevant parent. Following the example of Freud, the author adduces literary models for illustration. As with the Oedipus of Sophocles, the author shows how efforts to thwart the workings of fate actually bring about the consummation of the tragedy in the form of incest, which is favoured by the confused oedipal configuration in the families of handed-over children. The main argument is based on the characters and situations of two novels by Gabriel García Márquez, written at different times in his life. With reference to the psychoanalytic literature on artistic creativity, the author shows the importance of the mid-life crisis in determining how García Márquez came to terms with the fact of having himself been entrusted to grandparents as a child and how this situation is reflected in the works concerned.

Humans↗

PubMed1996

Health of grandmothers raising children of the crack cocaine epidemic.

OBJECTIVES: Approximately 3.2 million children live with their grandparents or other relatives-a 40% increase in 10 years. This article presents selected findings from an exploratory study of the experience of 71 African-American women raising their grandchildren because of the crack epidemic. METHODS: The study was designed to describe the caregivers' self-reported physical and emotional health status and health-care-related behaviors through a combination of qualitative and quantitative data collected during two in-home interviews. RESULTS: Most respondents rated their health as good or fair, with little change over the previous year, or since caregiving began. Employed women were more likely not only to rate their health as excellent or good, but also to report that their health had deteriorated over the previous year. Other subgroups showing evidence of deteriorating health were those caring for several grandchildren and great-grandmothers. Caregivers without a confidante reported a positive health change. Although 80% of the sample reported receiving regular health care, one third had not been to the doctor in 3 years. Half reported breaking a medical appointment in the last year, most often because of caregiving demands. CONCLUSIONS: These findings have relevance for physicians and other health-care providers because they suggest that many grandparent caregivers may be or soon become the "hidden patients" of the crack cocaine epidemic.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Postpartum practices of puerperal women and their influencing factors in three regions of Hubei, China.

BACKGROUND: 'Sitting month' is a Chinese tradition for women's postpartum custom. The present study aims to explore the postpartum dietary and health practices of puerperal women and identify their influential factors in three selected regions of Hubei, China. METHODS: A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted in the selected urban, suburban and rural areas in the province of Hubei from 1 March to 30 May 2003. A total of 2100 women who had given birth to full-term singleton infants in the past two years were selected as the participants. Data regarding postpartum practices and potentially related factors were collected through questionnaire by trained investigators. RESULTS: During the puerperium, 18% of the participants never ate vegetables, 78.8% never ate fruit and 75.7% never drank milk. Behaviour taboos such as no bathing, no hair washing or teeth brushing were still popular among the participants. About half of the women didn't get out of the bed two days after giving birth. The average time they stayed in bed during this period was 18.0 h. One third of them didn't have any outdoor activities in that time periods. The educational background of both women and their spouses, location of their residence, family income, postnatal visit, nutrition and health care educational courses were found to be the influencing factors of women's postpartum practices. CONCLUSION: Traditional postpartum dietary and health behaviours were still popular among women in Hubei. Identifying the factors associated with traditional postpartum practices is critical to develop better targeting health education programs. Updated Information regarding postpartum dietary and health practices should be disseminated to women.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Development of the Expectations of Filial Piety Scale--Spanish version.

AIMS: This paper reports the development of the Expectations of Filial Piety Scale for use with Hispanic/Latino parents regarding their expectations of care and support from their adult children. BACKGROUND: Filial piety, a term used to describe a set of family values in relation to parental care and respect, has strong cultural underpinnings. To date, there have been no measures of this construct for use with Hispanic/Latino populations. METHODS: A convenience sample of 318 Hispanic/Latino adults in North Carolina and Texas in the United States of America completed a brief biographical survey and field-tested a new Spanish version of the Expectations of Filial Piety Scale in 2003. RESULTS: Principal component factor analysis with orthogonal rotation (varimax method) was used to extract four factors, which accounted for 60% of the variance in scale scores. These factors were: I, respect for parents (23.6%); II, honouring parents (12.5%); III, supporting parents (11.9%); and IV, family unity (11.7%). Overall scale reliability was 0.82, with individual factor reliability coefficients ranging from 0.66 to 0.84. CONCLUSIONS: Increasingly, large numbers of Hispanic/Latino elders will look to their families for support as they reach advanced ages. Culturally relevant translations of family caregiving constructs, such as filial piety, will be essential nursing tools for clinical practice and in developing contemporary family caregiver research agendas.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Incidence of four-generation family lineages: is timing of fertility or mortality a better explanation?

OBJECTIVES: This article estimates the percentage of lineages that include four or more generations for a sample of the U.S. population and explores how social status and race are related to lineage depth. METHODS: We assembled data from Waves 1 and 2 of the National Survey of Families and Households in order to estimate the proportion of adults in four or more generations for the Wave 2 sample (1992-1994). When necessary, we used various decision rules to overcome an absence of information about specific generations. We examine relationships between lineage depth and sociodemographic variables by using logistic regressions. RESULTS: The data show that 32% of the respondents were in lineages comprising four or more generations. Blacks and individuals of lower social class were more likely to be in four-generation lineages, especially shorter-gapped lineages. Whites and individuals of higher social class were not more likely to be in longer-gapped, four-generation lineages. DISCUSSION: The majority of the adult population in the early 1990s was in three-generation lineages. The verdict is still out on whether population aging results in the wholesale verticalization of lineages. Social differentials in four-generation lineages in the early 1990s were mainly due to differences in the timing of fertility, rather than mortality.

Adult↗