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PubMed1982

Cardiovascular variability and introversion/extroversion, neuroticism and psychoticism.

Forty-eight subjects were measured during a 10 min rest period for pulse wave velocity (PWV) and heart rate (HR) level and variability, using a Cyborg BL 907 instrument. These subjects were also evaluated by means of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire for I-E, N, P and L. These data were factor analyzed. Five factors were identified which were accounted for 80.6% of the variance. These factors were: 'cardiovascular lability', 'heart rate time trends', 'cardiovascular balance', 'sex effects' and 'self reports'. The EPQ measurements separated from the physiological measurements in the factor analysis and none were found to be significantly loaded on any physiological variables. On the other hand, significant physiological correlations were found with N. This study adds a possible blood pressure and heart rate descripter to N.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1994

Interaction between extraversion and drug-induced conditions as indicated by the contingent negative variation.

The effects of chlordiazepoxide, caffeine and placebo on the contingent negative variation (CNV) in relation to extraversion were investigated in a double-blind study. Forty-four healthy naive volunteers, varying in extraversion scores, took part in the study. The baseline values of the O wave, E wave and average CNV amplitudes decreased significantly in successive experiments for individual subjects. Administration of the drugs caused a change in the amplitude of the O wave from baseline, whereas placebo effects were negligible. For chlordiazepoxide the change was positive at the lower end of the extraversion score and negative at the upper end, while for caffeine the opposite was found. For the individual drugs the correlations with the change in O wave and extraversion score were not significant (P < 0.20 in the case of both drugs). Analysis of the difference in the effect on O wave between the drug and the placebo yielded a significant negative correlation for chlordiazepoxide (P < 0.05) whereas the positive correlation for caffeine was not significant (P < 0.40). The individual differences between the effects of chlordiazepoxide and caffeine on O wave correlated significantly with the extraversion score (P < 0.02). This difference was positive at the lower end of the extraversion score and negative at the upper end. The same trend was found in the case of E wave and average amplitude but not significantly so. This finding supports the hypothesis that CNV is an indicator of the interaction between extraversion and condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effects of extraversion and neuroticism on experimental pain, clinical pain, and illness behavior.

The effects of 2 personality traits, extraversion and neuroticism, on experimental and clinical pain were characterized in a group of myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) patients. Extraverts did not differ from introverts in visual analogue scale (VAS) sensory or VAS affective ratings of graded 5-sec nociceptive temperature stimuli (43-51 degrees C) nor in VAS sensory-VAS affective relationships related to their clinical pain. However, high extravert patients scored lower on affective inhibition (Pilowsky Illness Behavior Questionnaire; IBQ) compared to low extravert patients. This result is consistent with previous suggestions that extraverts inhibit overt expressions of suffering less than do introverts. High neurotic patients did not differ from low neurotic patients in their VAS sensory ratings of either experimental or clinical pain. Their VAS affective ratings of both types of pain were marginally higher as compared to low neurotic patients. As hypothesized, high neurotic score patients gave higher VAS ratings of emotions related to suffering and scored higher on items related to affective disturbance on the IBQ as compared to low neurotic score patients. Overall, the results indicate that the personality traits of neither extraversion nor neuroticism affect sensory mechanisms of nociceptive processing but appear to exert their influence by means of cognitive processes related to the ways in which people constitute the meanings and implications of pain.

Behavior↗
PubMed1989

Personality and conditioning: a test of four models.

Four experiments were conducted to test hypotheses derived from 4 alternative models of individual differences in instrumental conditioning. A standard go--no-go discrimination learning task was used in each of the 4 experiments. The results indicate that individual differences in performance of this discrimination are more consistently and strongly associated with impulsivity and anxiety than with extraversion and neuroticism. In each of the experiments, high anxiety hindered the learning of a go--no-go discrimination more among high impulsive Ss than among low impulsive Ss, and in 2 of the experiments high anxiety actually facilitated learning among low impulsive Ss. These findings are incompatible with Eysenck's and Gray's hypotheses regarding extraversion but are not inconsistent with Newman's. Aspects of these results do support Spence's and Gray's models of anxiety and instrumental conditioning. However, both of these models were contradicted by other trends in the data. A modification of Gray's model of impulsivity and anxiety that emphasizes the role of expectancies was proposed to fit these data.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1991

Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states.

Gray's (1981) theory suggests that extraverts and neurotics are differentially sensitive to stimuli that generate positive and negative affect, respectively. From this theory it was hypothesized that efficacy of a standard positive-affect induction would be more strongly related to extraversion than to neuroticism scores, whereas efficacy of a standard negative-affect induction would be more strongly related to neuroticism scores. Positive and negative affect was manipulated in a controlled setting, and the effectiveness of the mood induction was assessed using standard mood adjective rating scales. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that neurotic Ss (compared with stable Ss) show heightened emotional reactivity to the negative-mood induction, whereas extraverts (compared with intraverts) show heightened emotional reactivity to the positive-mood induction. Results corroborate and extend previous findings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Self-stereotyping and social context: the effects of relative in-group size and in-group status.

In 2 laboratory experiments, the tendency to stereotype oneself in terms of one's group membership as a function of the social context was examined. Experiment 1 examined the effects of relative in-group size on self-stereotyping. The results confirmed the prediction that minority members are more likely than majority members to stereotype themselves. Experiment 2 examined the interactive impact of relative in-group size and in-group status. As predicted, a high (relative to a low) status of the in-group increased self-stereotyping primarily for minority members, but not for majority members. Moreover, analyses of the differences in perceived in-group and out-group homogeneity suggest that the in-group homogeneity effect should also be interpreted in terms of self-stereotyping processes. Finally, the interplay between cognitive and motivational determinants of self-stereotyping is discussed as well as a possible distinction between self-stereotyping effects on individual level versus group level self-representations.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Personality, time of day, and caffeine: some theoretical and conceptual problems in Revelle et al.

Revelle et al. have provided convincing evidence of interesting and replicable empirical relationships between the factors of time of day, caffeine administration, and impulsivity. Furthermore, their data suggest that differences between introverts and extraverts in time of day effects are due more to the impulsivity component of extraversion than to the sociability component. However, their preferred interpretation of the data in terms of a unidimensional arousal model is seriously deficient and should be replaced by a more complex conceptualization that emphasizes the existence of a number of qualitatively distinct activation states and that focuses on the effects of each of these activation states on the componential functions of information processing.

Arousal↗
PubMed1976

Effects of extroversion and neuroticism on learning and memory: a test of Eysenck's theory of individual differences in arousal.

Forty Ohio University female undergraduates were classified as stable extroverts, neurotic extroverts, stable introverts, and neurotic introverts, as measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Subjects were asked to learn four paired-associate lists-two forms of both simple and difficult lists. The dependent variables were errors in the learning of the lists to criterion and recall scores at short-term (15 second) and long-term (15 minute) recall intervals. The hypothesized interactions were not significant. Explanations for the negative findings involved the methodology and the questionable applicability of Eysenck's biologically based personality dimensions for defining individual differences in learning and recall.

Arousal↗
PubMed1977

Extraversion and risk preference in portfolio theory.

One hundred seventy-eight male and female undergraduates completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory and indicated their risk preference assessed under the assumptions of Coombs' portfolio theory. Extraverts preferred higher risk significantly more than did introverts, and also showed significantly greater risk preference change as expected value increased. It was suggested that a theoretically defensible selection of both personality variables and a risk assessment model may lead to greater personality-risk predictability.

Choice Behavior↗