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PubMed1979

The serodiagnosis of human hydatid disease: 1. The routine use of latex-agglutination and complement-fixation in diagnosis.

The combined use of complement fixation (CF) and latex agglutination (LA) tests is reported on sera from 6328 patients with suspected hydatid disease; 191 were confirmed positive at operation ('known positives'). Results by LA are related to CF titres. Both tests were negative in 90% of specimens. Nine patients were subsequently found infected of whom 3 became positive in tests after operation. Of sera positive in both tests, 75% were from 'known positives'. The remainder were almost certainly from infected patients. Half the patients whose sera were LA positive/CF less than or equal to 1/4 were follow-up 'known positives' in whom CF titres had waned; 2 were early infections. Only 3% of the cases with an LA negative/CF titre of greater than or equal to 1/16 were 'known positives' and 6% where the CF titre was 1/8. The remaining CF results in the group were false positives and accounted for 1.2% of all sera tested. Findings show that a CF titre greater than or equal to 1/8 with positive LA indicates past or present infection; a negative CF test with positive LA usually indicates past infection; rarely, infection is present when a CF titre is greater than or equal to 1/8 and LA is negative. A rising CF titre and positive LA indicates current infection; reliable prognosis following treatment is given by CF.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of five commercial tests: complement fixation, microparticle agglutination, indirect immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and latex agglutination, in comparison to immunoblotting for Mycoplasma pneumoniae serology.

A panel of 68 serum specimens from 41 subjects exhibiting various immunological patterns to Mycoplasma pneumoniae as determined by detection of a 180 kDa protein in immunoblotting was used to compare five commercially available tests based on different methods: complement fixation test (CFT), microparticle agglutination (MAG), indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa), and latex agglutination (LA). The tests were performed according to the manufacturers' instructions. For the determination of immunity to M pneumoniae, the five tests were in good accordance with immunoblotting: sensitivity was 100% for all the five assays, specificity ranged from 95.6% (MAG) to 82.6% (Elisa) and overall agreement ranged from 98.2% (MAG) to 92.8% (Elisa). The comparisons of antibody rates obtained by the four quantitative tests (CFT, MAG, IFA, Elisa) showed correlation coefficients ranging from 0.87 (CFT-IFA) to 0.67 (CFT-Elisa). Six significant antibody rises demonstrated by immunoblotting patterns were detected by all the tests but Elisa in one case. As a whole, the commercial assays gave satisfactory results for routine determination of immune status to M pneumoniae: CFT was the cheapest test and MAG and LA were the easiest to perform.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1972

Pathogenesis and immunological aspects of experimental histoplasmosis in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

Studies were carried out to obtain basic information on the pathogenesis of experimental histoplasmosis in Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and to determine whether such infected primates can be used as a source of positive reference sera in serological tests for histoplasmosis. Ten monkeys were inoculated intraperitoneally with approximately 9.1 x 10(7) viable Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-form cells or cell aggregates. At periodical intervals, their sera were tested for antibodies to H. capsulatum by the complement fixation (CF), immunodiffusion, and latex agglutination tests. Selected monkeys were also sacrificed at periodical intervals for cultural and pathological evaluation of their tissues. Infection with H. capsulatum elicited high-antibody responses, and the fungus disseminated to many organs. Initially, the infected monkeys developed CF titers as high as 1:256 to both histoplasmin and H. capsulatum yeast cell antigens. Subsequent challenges boosted the CF antibody titers to levels as high as 1:1,024. All of the monkeys developed M precipitins, and some also produced H precipitins. Latex agglutination titers as high as 1:1,024 were also demonstrated. Our findings show that Cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected with H. capsulatum by the intraperitoneal route develop a mild form of histoplasmosis and that these animals can be used as a source of reference sera in serological tests for histoplasmosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The serodiagnosis of human hydatid disease: 2. Additional studies on selected sera using indirect haemagglutination (IHA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and defined antigen substrate spheres (DASS).

Sixty-one serum samples selected on the basis of reactivity in the complement fixation (CF) and latex agglutination (LA) test, were further examined for sensitivity and specificity by indirect haemagglutination (IHA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and defined antigen substrate spheres (DASS). Twenty sera from healthy Europeans and 48 samples from patients with either schistosomiasis or trichinosis were also tested. Comparable levels of sensitivity were found between the CF and LA positive sera and IHA, ELISA and DASS. Of the CF positive LA negative group of sera, many were positive by DASS but only a few reacted in IHA and ELISA. Some cross reactivity was also observed in the schistosomiasis sera tested by IHA and ELISA.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Elementary body agglutination for rapidly demonstrating chlamydial agglutinins in avian serum with emphasis on testing cockatiels.

The development and use of a stained chlamydial elementary body agglutination (EBA) antigen for detecting antibody activity in avian sera is described. Examples of serologic results on serum samples from various types of birds indicate the usefulness of EBA, latex agglutination (LA), and direct complement fixation (DCF) in diagnosing avian chlamydiosis. Results of tests on 10 cockatiels examined in clinics indicate that a combination of serology, culture, and/or antigen-detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay may be helpful when testing this type of bird. Agreement between EBA, LA, and DCF was 81.8% when testing 407 serum samples from cockatiels of unknown health status. The relationship between positive (> or = 10 titer) antibody activity and known health status of 77 cockatiels revealed that agreement between the two criteria was only 59.7%. Of 13 Chlamydia-inoculated cockatiels, seven birds seroconverted from negative to positive by EBA; five seroconverted by DCF. Only the five birds that seroconverted by both EBA and DCF were culture-positive for chlamydiae. None of 15 sham-inoculated control cockatiels developed detectable antibody activity, and none of 10 cultured were positive. In tests with column-separated IgM and IgG, EBA detected only IgM activity, LA detected IgM and IgG activity, and DCF detected only IgG activity.

Agglutination Tests↗