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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Digestion characteristics of beef steers fed silage and different levels of energy with or without protein supplementation.

Six large-framed crossbred steers averaging 262 kg were used in a 6 x 7 incomplete Latin square design to study the effect of feeding a source of readily available energy (molasses) in combination with highly degradable protein (canola meal) on ruminal characteristics, digestibility, and in situ disappearance of DM and N. The seven dietary treatments were offered for ad libitum consumption and consisted of 1) timothy silage alone or mixed (on a DM basis) with 2) 7.5% molasses, 3) 15% molasses, 4) 7.5% canola meal, 5) 5.5% canola meal and 7.5% molasses, 6) 3.6% canola meal and 15% molasses, or 7) 15% canola meal. The total N content of supplements containing 7.5% canola meal, 5.5% canola meal and 7.5% molasses, and 3.6% canola meal and 15% molasses was similar. Molasses supplementation decreased (P < .05) ruminal ammonia N concentration and digestibility of energy and fiber. Canola meal supplementation increased (P < .05) N and energy digestibility but decreased ADF digestibility compared with feeding unsupplemented timothy silage. Feeding 15% compared with 7.5% canola meal increased (P = .05) DM digestibility and tended (P = .07) to increase energy digestibility. Combining 7.5% molasses and 5.5% canola meal did not improve DM digestibility, but adding 15% molasses decreased (P < .05) energy and fiber digestibility of the diet, which may explain lower ADG obtained for beef steers fed such levels of molasses in other research.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effects of energy and protein supplementation of ammoniated tropical grass hay on the growth and carcass characteristics of cull cows.

Laboratory, digestion and growth studies were used to evaluate energy and protein supplements for ammoniated (4% of the forage DM) stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis) hay. Ammoniation increased (P less than .05) total N concentration (.7 to .9% vs 1.7 to 2.0%) and in vitro digestion of OM, NDF and ADF and reduced (P less than .05) NDF concentration of stargrass hay. Two digestion (3 x 3 Latin square, 250-kg steers) and two growth (400-kg Brahman crossbred cull cows, eight head per pasture, two pastures per treatment, November through February) trials evaluated citrus pulp or liquid cane molasses (Trial 1) and molasses or molasses plus cottonseed meal (Trial 2) supplementation of ammoniated hay. Supplementation with byproduct energy sources, citrus pulp or molasses (either alone or with cottonseed meal), improved (P less than .05) OM digestibility but reduced (P less than .05) NDF and ADF digestibilities. Apparent nutrient digestibilities were similar (P greater than .05) between diets supplemented with citrus pulp and molasses and between diets supplemented with molasses and molasses plus cottonseed meal. In Trial 1, ADG by cull cows was greater (P less than .05) for citrus pulp- (.71 kg) or molasses-(.68 kg) supplemented diets than for hay fed alone (.49 kg). In Trial ADG was greater (P less than .05) for cull cows fed ammoniated hay supplemented with molasses plus cottonseed meal (.85 kg) than for those supplemented with molasses only (.69 kg). Feeding cows over the winter increased their (P less than .05) carcass weight, marbling score, USDA quality grade and lipid percentage of the 9-10-11 rib section compared with cows slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Enhanced PCE dechlorination by biobarrier systems under different redox conditions.

The industrial solvent tetrachloroethylene (PCE) is among the most ubiquitous chlorinated compounds found in groundwater contamination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the (1) feasibility of enhancing PCE biodegradation using cane molasses and sludge cakes as the primary substrates under methanogenic and iron reducing conditions, and (2) potential of installation a sludge cake/cane molasses biobarrier to clean up PCE-contaminated aquifers. The biodegradability of sludge cake (from secondary wastewater treatment system) and cane molasses was tested using bioavailability experiments. Results show that biodegradable materials were released from sludge cake/cane molasses and utilized by microbial consortia. Based on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) tests, approximately 28 and 248 mg of biodegradable COD can be released from 1g of sludge cake and 1g of cane molasses under anaerobic conditions, which have the potential to convert 70 and 620 mg of PCE to ethylene (ETH), respectively. Reductive dechlorination was evaluated using microcosms containing primary substrates (sludge cake/cane molasses) and inocula (aquifer sediments). Results indicate that sludge cake and cane molasses can serve as the diffusion sources of primary substrates, and enhance the reductive dechlorination of PCE under methanogenic processes. However, results from this study were not sufficient enough to show that reductive dechlorination of PCE would occur under iron-reducing conditions. This indicates that more studies need to be performed to further evaluate the role of iron reduction on the PCE dechlorination. Results reveal that it is feasible and applicable to install a sludge cake or cane molasses biobarrier to clean up PCE contaminated aquifers. From an engineering point of view, the sludge cake/cane molasses biobarrier has the potential to become an environmentally and economically acceptable technology for PCE bioremediation.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1997

Optimizing the utilization of animal fat and ruminal bypass proteins in the diets of lactating dairy cows.

Fifty cows were used to evaluate the lactational response to diets containing additional fat as tallow and increased amounts of RUP (bypass proteins) with or without molasses. Cows were blocked by parity and calving date and randomly assigned to one of five diets from wk 4 to 16 postpartum. Treatments were 1) control (soybean meal), 2) bypass proteins (blood meal, meat and bone meal, corn gluten meal, soybean meal), 3) molasses and bypass proteins, 4) fat and bypass proteins, and 5) molasses, fat, and bypass proteins. Cows were fed for ad libitum intake a total mixed diet that contained 25% corn silage, 25% alfalfa hay, and 50% concentrate mix (dry matter basis). Production of milk was higher for cows fed diets containing fat and bypass proteins; molasses and bypass proteins; and molasses, fat, and bypass proteins than for cows fed the diet with bypass proteins alone, but production was similar for cows fed the control diet and diets containing bypass proteins alone. Production of milk was similar for cows fed the diet with molasses and bypass proteins and for cows fed the diet with fat and bypass proteins. Milk protein percentages were higher for cows fed the diet with molasses and bypass proteins than for those fed the diet containing fat and bypass proteins. The dry matter intake, body weight gains, and body condition scores were unaffected by treatment. For all diets, Met, Lys, and Phe were the first three limiting essential amino acids for milk protein synthesis. Production was increased by including either fat or molasses with bypass protein, but there was no clear advantage of including both fat and molasses in the diet.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1998

Effects of oral dosing with calcium propionate on total calcium and glucose concentrations in the plasma of the cow.

This study aimed to determine the effect of oral drenching with molasses, calcium propionate and MgO on plasma glucose and calcium concentrations of dairy cows. Four trials were undertaken, each using three lactating and three non-lactating Jersey cows. In Trial 1, the effect of drenching with 200 ml molasses was measured. Trial 2 measured the effect of a single treatment with 349 g calcium propionate in 200 ml molasses. In Trial 3, the effect of 60 g MgO in molasses alone and in combination with calcium propionate was measured. Trial 4 tested the effect of repeating treatments with 349 g calcium propionate in 200 ml molasses 24 h apart. Dosing with 349 g calcium propionate in molasses increased plasma total calcium (Catot) concentration by 10% in lactating and non-lactating cows for periods less than 7 h, and this was not augmented by simultaneous administration of MgO or treatment 24 h earlier with 349 g calcium propionate in molasses. Treatment with 200 ml molasses alone resulted in increased plasma Catot of 7%. Plasma glucose concentrations were elevated by 11% for less than 3 h after treatment with calcium propionate. For the prevention of subclinical hypocalcaemia and ketosis in early lactation, drenching with calcium propionate solutions is unlikely to be of value due to the short duration of its effects, but the inclusion of calcium propionate in the postpartum ration deserves further investigation.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

Digestibility, nitrogen utilization, and voluntary intake of ensiled crab waste-wheat straw mixtures fed to sheep.

Crab waste and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw mixtures, ensiled with different additives, were evaluated in metabolism and palatability trials. Crab waste and straw were mixed in proportions of 1:1, wet basis, with 20% water and different additives, and ensiled in 210-L metal drums double-lined with polyethylene bags. Thirty crossbred wethers (40 kg initial BW) were fed a 1) basal diet consisting of 75% orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) hay and 25% concentrate, 2) ensiled crab waste-wheat straw, with 16% (vol/wt) added glacial acetic acid, 3) crab waste-wheat straw ensiled with 20% dry molasses, 4) crab waste-wheat straw ensiled with 20% dry molasses and a microbial inoculant, and 5) ensiled wheat straw supplemented with urea. Apparent digestibility of DM and CP was lower (P < .05) for acetic acid-treated silages than for silages containing molasses. Nitrogen retention was higher (P < .05) for molasses-inoculant-treated silage than for the molasses-treated silage (5.4 vs 3.9 g/d). Ruminal NH3 N and blood urea N were higher (P < .05) for lambs fed the molasses-treated silages than for those receiving the acetic acid-treated crab waste mixture. Among the wethers fed crab waste silages, intake was lower (P < .01) for wethers receiving the acetic acid-treated silage than for those fed the molasses-treated mixtures. Treatment of crab waste-straw mixtures with molasses produced a palatable silage that was efficiently utilized by wethers.

Acetates↗
PubMed1994

Growth and carcass characteristics of beef steers fed silage and different levels of energy with or without protein supplementation.

Fifty-six large-framed crossbred steers averaging 227 kg were used in an experiment including a growing period (24 wk) and a finishing period ending when the steers had approximately 4 to 10 mm of fat thickness (Canadian grade A1). Steers were individually fed and assigned to a completely randomized design with seven treatments for the growing period. From the end of the growing period until slaughter, all steers received the same basal diet. Half of the steers from each treatment used in the growing period received a supplement containing protein and the other half a supplement containing protein and fat. Treatments during the growing phase consisted of 1) timothy silage alone or mixed (on a DM basis) with 2) 7.5% molasses, 3) 15% molasses, 4) 7.5% canola meal, 5) 5.5% canola meal and 7.5% molasses, 6) 3.6% canola meal and 15% molasses, or 7) 15% canola meal. The total N intake from supplements 2, 5, or 6 was similar. Compared with silage fed alone, canola meal supplementation increased (P < .05) ADG, whereas molasses had no effect. Combining molasses and canola meal did not improve ADG compared with feeding only canola meal on an isonitrogenous basis. Canola meal supplementation compared with feeding only silage during the growing phase reduced (P < .05) days on feed, and molasses tended (P = .059) to reduce it. Carcass data were generally similar among treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Source and level of energy supplementation for yearling cattle fed ammoniated hay.

Brahman x British crossbred steers were used in growth and digestion trials to evaluate the response of source (corn, sugar cane molasses, or soybean hulls) and feeding rate (0, 1.4, or 2.8 kg DM per steer daily in the growth trials; 0, 15, or 30% of the ration DM in the digestion trial) of energy supplementation in cattle fed ammoniated (4% of forage DM) stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis) hay. Cattle on all treatments were fed 0.5 kg cottonseed meal daily. In the growth trials, steers grazed dormant bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) pasture. Increasing the levels of supplementation decreased hay intake but increased total dietary intake for all diets (P < 0.07). Daily gain and feed efficiency of steers were improved (P < 0.03) with supplementation. Steers supplemented with corn or soybean hulls at 2.8 kg DM/d had a higher ADG (0.92 kg) and gain/feed (0.103) than steers supplemented with molasses (0.78 kg, 0.08, respectively) at the same level. Seven crossbred steers (200 kg) were used in a five-period digestion trial to evaluate apparent OM, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose digestibility. Apparent OM digestibility of all diets increased linearly (P = 0.02) as the level of supplementation increased. Apparent NDF and ADF digestibility decreased (P < 0.03) as the level of supplementation with corn or molasses increased, whereas increasing the level of soybean hulls in the diet increased (P < 0.06) apparent NDF and ADF digestibility. Four ruminally fistulated crossbred steers (472 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 latin square design to investigate ruminal characteristics with energy supplementation at 30% of ration DM. Ruminal pH in steers supplemented with soybean hulls or corn declined after feeding. Ruminal pH decreased more rapidly with corn supplementation and remained below 6.2 for a longer period of time than with the other diets. Ruminal pH did not change within 24 h after feeding for steers fed the control or molasses diets. No change in total VFA concentration was observed in steers fed molasses or corn. Total ruminal VFA concentration in steers supplemented with soybean hulls increased initially after feeding and then declined within 24 h after feeding. Soybean hulls produced fewer negative associative effects than corn when fed with ammoniated stargrass hay at 2.8 kg DM/d. The reduced gain/feed of steers supplemented with molasses compared to soybean hulls or corn indicates that molasses was not utilized as efficiently as the other energy sources.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2004

The influence of treatment with dual purpose bacterial inoculants or soluble carbohydrates on the fermentation and aerobic stability of bermudagrass.

This study determined the effectiveness of an inoculant (BB), molasses, or a mixture of either BB and molasses (BBM) or BB and fibrolytic enzymes (BBE) for improving the fermentation and aerobic stability of bermudagrass. A 6-wk regrowth of Tifton 85 bermudagrass was conserved in quadruplicate mini silos alone or after treatment application. The inoculant contained a mixture of P. pentosaceus 12455, 1 x10(5) cfu/g of fresh forage, L. buchneri 40788, 4 x10(5) cfu/g of fresh forage, and beta-glucanase, alpha-amylase, and xylanase; BBE contained similar bacteria and enzymes as BB, but greater enzyme activities. Chemical composition was quantified after 2, 4, 7, 30, and 60 d of ensiling. Microbial composition and aerobic stability were measured after 60 d of ensiling, at which point the pH of additive-treated silages was consistently lower and DM recovery was higher than in untreated silages. The BB, BBM, and molasses-treated silages had less ammonia N than untreated silages, and BB, BBM, and BBE-treated silages had less residual water-soluble carbohydrates than untreated silages. All silages had high acetic acid (47.5 g/kg DM) and low lactic acid (1.7 g/kg DM) concentrations. However, untreated and BBE-treated silages had more butyric acid and ammonia N, suggesting that a clostridial fermentation had occurred. These butyric forages were more aerobically stable (27 d) but less desirable for feeding than those ensiled with BB or molasses, which were stable for 6.9 d. In conclusion, BB and molasses treatments improved the digestibility and fermentation of bermudagrass and produced higher quality silages that were stable for 6.9 d. Mixing BB with molasses or the inoculant tested was not more beneficial than BB or molasses alone.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of diets containing supplemental fat with different sources of carbohydrates for lactating dairy cows.

A study was conducted to evaluate the lactational response of high producing cows to diets supplemented with fat that contained additional ruminally degradable carbohydrate from a molasses plus fat product and dried whey. Forty Holstein cows were randomly assigned within lactation group to receive diets containing 2% tallow with or without molasses or dried whey wk 4 through 16 postpartum. Cows were fed 1) the control TMR of 25% corn silage, 25% alfalfa hay, and 50% concentrate mix, 2) the TMR containing fat, 3) the TMR containing molasses and fat, or 4) the TMR containing dried whey and fat. Production of milk and 3.5% FCM was increased by supplemental fat. Milk protein and fat percentages were not affected by supplemental fat with or without molasses or dried whey. The DMI and BW were similar for all diets. Production efficiency (3.5% FCM/DMI) was higher for cows fed supplemental fat diets, and cows fed tallow alone were more efficient than those fed tallow with molasses or dried whey. Tallow did not influence ruminal concentrations of various VFA. Molar percentage of butyrate was higher for cows fed the TMR containing molasses plus fat or dried whey plus fat than for cows fed the TMR containing fat. The TMR containing 2% tallow increased milk production, but no economic advantage was derived from inclusion of an additional ruminally fermentable carbohydrate as molasses or from dried whey with fat.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1978

Production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea.

The natural medium contained the following ingredients (g/l): glucose 8.0, or black strap molasses (treated with 0.2--0.3 g/l EDTA) 12.0, fodder yeast (50.0% total nitrogen) 2.0, or folder yeast (40.0% total nitrogen) 6.0, or yeast extract 8.0, or tryptone 8.0, and CaCO3 1.0. Treated black strap molasses with EDTA and fodder yeast proved to be effective in the fermentative production of gentamicins. The most suitable chelating agent was EDTA in the form of disodium for the treatment of Komombo molasses in a concentration of 0.2--0.3 g/l, while potassium ferrocyanide and methylene blue had depressing effects on the production of gentamicins. The most effective carbon source, present in Egyptian black strap molasses, was glucose. Addition of glucose to the medium was preferable at the beginning of the fermentation process. Trace elements present in molasses were very essential for the microbial growth and biosynthesis of gentamicins as proved when molasses ash was added to the natural medium. Organic nitrogen sources were more suitable than inorganic nitrogen sources for the production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea. The microorganism utilized the synthetic medium, but the antibiotic yields were less than those produced in the natural medium. The synthetic medium exhibited stimulatory effects of certain amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, and purine and pyrimidine bases on the fermentative production of gentamicins. Therefore, the ingredients increasing yields of gentamicins were mainly phenylalanine, iso-leucine, lysine, methionine, leucine, arginine, glycine, beta-alanine, cystine, tryptophan, malic acid, maleic acid, cobalamin, folic acid, riboflavin, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, biotin, nicotinamide, uracil, adenine, guanine, and adenosine. Trace elements (Co, Mo, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn) exhibited their important role on the biosynthesis and production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea.

Carbon↗
PubMed2004

Effect of supplementation of a basal diet of maize stover with Erythrina variegata, Gliricidia sepium or Leucaena leucocephala on feed intake and digestibility by goats.

Two 4 x 4 Latin square design experiments were carried out. In experiment 1, four mature Anglo-Nubian x Fiji local goats, pre-experimental body weight 25.0 +/- 0.6 kg, 22-24 months old, were used to study the effect of supplementation of a basal diet of maize stover with Erythrina variegata (EV), Gliricidia sepium (GS) and Leucaena leucocephala (LL) on dry matter intake (DMI) and nutrient digestibility. Maize stover treated with urea was used as a control diet. E. variegata was higher in crude protein content than LL or GS. The DMI of the urea treated stover diet was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of the diets of untreated stover supplemented with forage legumes. The DMI was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the GS diet than in the EV or LL diets. Significant (p < 0.05) differences existed between the urea-treated stover and the diets of stover supplemented with forage legumes in the digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), organic matter (OM) and energy. In experiment 2, four mature goats, pre-experimental body weight 27.0 +/- 0.3 kg, 24-28 months old, were used to measure their response when the urea-treated maize stover and the maize stover and forage legume diets were sprayed with molasses. The intake of the urea-treated stover diet sprayed with molasses was significantly lower (p < 0.05) that that of the maize stover/forage legume diets sprayed with molasses. The DMI of the diets improved with the addition of molasses. The DMI among the goats offered the maize stover/forage legume diets + molasses did not differ significantly. (p > 0.05). Statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences were obtained in this second study between the urea-treated stover and the stover supplemented with forage legumes in the digestibility of DM, CP, NDF, OM and energy. The stover supplemented with forage legumes had a higher (p < 0.05) nutrient digestibility. The present studies demonstrated that the use of forage legumes as protein supplements improved the feed quality of maize stover in the diets of mature goats. It is suggested that molasses should be sprayed on fresh leaves of Gliricicia sepium and other forage legumes that are initially rejected, in order to improve acceptance and DMI when fed to ruminant animals in confinement or in a cut-and-carry system of production.

Animal Feed↗