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Results for “Mainstreaming”

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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources

PubMed1987

Selenium in mainstream and sidestream smoke of cigarettes containing fly ash-grown tobacco.

The quantities of selenium, tar and nicotine present in mainstream (MS) and sidestream (SS) smoke of machine-smoked cigarettes was studied. The cigarettes were prepared from tobacco purposely cultured on fly ash-amended soil so as to increase its selenium concentration. Selenium concentration was found to be the same in the gaseous phase of both MS and SS smoke, but its concentration was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in the particulate matter of the MS smoke. Tar was higher in MS smoke and nicotine in SS smoke. Factors affecting selenium concentrations in tobacco and its possible environmental significance are discussed.

Carbon↗

PubMed2001

Mainstream paediatric speech and language therapy service population: epidemiology.

The epidemiology of 1090 referrals to a mainstream paediatric speech and language therapy department over fifteen months is discussed, in relation to referral information and initial detailed assessment. Clients are classified by their main presenting difficulty and by their degree of severity. This information will inform clinicians of the nature of the caseload of a typical inner city service which will, in turn, aid service planning.

Age Distribution↗

PubMed2005

Mainstream cigarette smoke exposure attenuates airway immune inflammatory responses to surrogate and common environmental allergens in mice, despite evidence of increased systemic sensitization.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of mainstream cigarette smoke exposure (MTS) on allergic sensitization and the development of allergic inflammatory processes. Using two different experimental murine models of allergic airways inflammation, we present evidence that MTS increased cytokine production by splenocytes in response to OVA and ragweed challenge. Paradoxically, MTS exposure resulted in an overall attenuation of the immune inflammatory response, including a dramatic reduction in the number of eosinophils and activated (CD69+) and Th2-associated (T1ST2+) CD4 T lymphocytes in the lung. Although MTS did not impact circulating levels of OVA-specific IgE and IgG1, we observed a striking reduction in OVA-specific IgG2a production and significantly diminished airway hyperresponsiveness. MTS, therefore, plays a disparate role in the development of allergic responses, inducing a heightened state of allergen-specific sensitization, but dampening local immune inflammatory processes in the lung.

Allergens↗

PubMed2006

Integrating complementary therapies into mainstream cancer care: which way forward?

Although viewed with scepticism by the medical and scientific community, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is being used by about 50% of Australians. Integrative medicine is a holistic approach to cancer care, with some CAM of proven effectiveness being used as adjuvants to conventional medical treatments. However, there is little evidence of a systematic process of evaluation or dialogue between mainstream cancer medicine and CAM providers in Australia. Collaboration, guidance and support for relevant research in this area are needed. The key elements of a process of furthering integrative medicine include improving knowledge about CAM; addressing uncertainties about CAM efficacy and safety; improving communication about CAM between medical practitioners and patients, and between medical practitioners and CAM practitioners; introducing regulatory frameworks and credentialing of CAM practitioners; and addressing ethical issues.

Australia↗

PubMed1992

Curriculum at the Scholl College. Toward mainstream medical education.

The Dr. William M. Scholl College of Podiatric Medicine in Chicago recently affiliated with a teaching hospital, the Illinois Masonic Medical Center, and used this alliance as a catalyst to effect a change in the clinical curriculum. The affiliation set up a joint venture to operate two clinics, one on Scholl College's traditional campus and one at the teaching hospital. At the hospital site, Scholl College students rotate through clinical externships in areas such as internal medicine, emergency medicine, and podiatric elective; podiatric and general medical residents assist in the tutelage of the students. At the Scholl College campus, beginning clinical students learn basic skills in a teaching clinic, then refine and further their skills in a comprehensive clinic under the guidance of faculty members. The faculty and administration at Scholl College have embraced the concept of mainstream medical education, and are striving to prepare podiatric physicians to practice 21st century medicine.

Chicago↗

PubMed1990

Healing and hope. A multiservice healthcare provider gives elderly patients a chance to return to the mainstream.

Responding to a mission commitment to serve the elderly, Mercy Medical, Daphne, AL, has developed a multiservice rehabilitation program that includes inpatient and outpatient care, as well as residential and home health services. Mercy Medical staff assume that even elderly patients who have suffered a catastrophic injury or illness can return to mainstream life--if they can participate in an effective medical treatment program. The Mercy Medical philosophy is to encourage patients to take an active role in their treatment programs and to stress from the beginning that patients are expected to recover. The staff also encourages patients to take risks that might speed their recovery, and the staff itself is willing to experiment with more effective ways of increasing patients' functional ability. Like most rehabilitation programs, Mercy Medical uses an interdisciplinary approach, with a physician heading a staff team that includes nurses, social workers, pharmacists, and physical, occupational, and respiratory therapists.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Integrating the single homeless into mainstream general practice.

This paper describes the findings from a programme in central Nottingham, which aimed to provide non-institutionalised health services to single homeless people. The results show a high degree of acceptance of the programme by such people. It is argued that involvement in existing mainstream health services is particularly appropriate for the growing number of young people who are homeless, and for whom there is hope of rehabilitation within the community.

Demography↗

PubMed1999

Employer-provided vision benefits: have they gone mainstream?

As managed care inches closer to becoming the standard mechanism for delivering health benefits to American workers, we looked to see if the status of vision/eye health benefits have changed in the 1990s. Has vision care become a "mainstream" benefit?

Delivery of Health Care↗

PubMed1999

Mainstream or sidelined? The choice for dentistry.

The 1998 white paper 'The New NHS: Modern, Dependable' announced changes to the way in which healthcare will be commissioned in the future, stimulating debate on how dentistry fits in with these developments. In this paper the authors examine first the mechanism by which healthcare is commissioned under the existing arrangements and then look at how this might develop in the future. The authors conclude that oral health will continue to be a priority for the NHS and therefore dental care will continue to be included in the portfolio of commissioned healthcare. This will however necessitate a continued dialogue between commissioners and providers and the opportunity for dental services to stay within the mainstream of the NHS by working within the new system has to be seized by the profession.

Dental Care↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effectiveness of a new device to retain carcinogenic compounds of tar from mainstream cigarette smoke for the prevention of smoking-associated tumors.

PURPOSE: Effectiveness of a new device inserted within the common cellulose acetate cigarette filter (named hypobaric chamber tar-removing system, HCTRS) to remove tar and its carcinogenic compounds from mainstream cigarette smoke (MCS). METHODS: Eighty HCTRS prototypes were mounted inside the cellulose acetate filter of commercial-brand cigarettes (13 mg tar) and smoked by eighty smoker volunteers. Tar retained by HCTRS prototypes was determined by weighing them before and after smoking. Subsequently, an aliquot (3-5 mg) of the tar retained by twenty randomly chosen HCTRS prototypes was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). RESULTS: The mean value of tar retained was 12.80 mg/HCTRS prototype (S.D. = 5.31), thus showing that this simple device is capable of removing 98.5% of tar present in MCS. Minimal and maximal amounts of retained tar were 4.15 and 31.47 mg/HCTRS prototype, respectively. Moreover, these tar samples contained, although in differing amounts, each of the 16 priority pollutant PAH. A mean value of 259.42 ng/mg of tar (S.E.M. = 44.37) of the 16 main PAH was found in the tar of the 20 HCTRS prototypes examined. These data cogently demonstrate that the use of the HCTRS prototype can effectively eliminate about 100% of tar from MCS, thus reducing the inhalation of PAH (considered the most obvious carcinogenic tar components). CONCLUSIONS: The application of this device could be a suitable tool for effectively improving human health through the prevention of smoking-associated cancer.

Carcinogens↗

PubMed2002

[Determination of benzo[a]pyrene in mainstream smoke by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry].

A novel method is suggested for the determination of benzo[a]pyrene in mainstream smoke. Extraction of Cambridge pads was cleaned up with methanol/n-heptane extraction system and silica solid-phase extraction (SPE). The eluted solution containing benzo[a]pyrene was evaporated gently to complete dryness with N2 flow, then reconstituted in 200 microL ethyl acetate for determination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring (SIM). The proposed method had good results and precision for the separation of pyrene in complex matrices.

Benzo(a)pyrene↗

PubMed1992

Generations and paradigms: mainstreams in lesbian and gay studies.

The development of lesbian and gay studies is traced from the Stonewell period of the late sixties and early seventies to the present. The effort to establish lesbian and gay studies has brought together several generations of scholars who have produced a variety of conceptual worldviews. These generational mainstreams of thought in lesbian and gay studies include the search for authenticity (1969-1976), the social construction of identity (1976-present), essential identity (1975-present), difference and race (1979-present), and cultural studies (1985-present).

Education↗

PubMed2006

Bringing primary cells to mainstream drug development and drug testing.

Although cell-based screening is already an essential tool in drug discovery, the cell models currently available are fast becoming inadequate. The use of transformed cells as models in almost every step of the discovery pipeline needs to be substituted with more relevant, disease-oriented models, and the use of patient-derived primary cells should logically become the next best strategy. In the past the use of such cells has been restricted by their scarcity and difficulty in manipulation and general handling; however, recent advances in isolation and growth, as well as assay miniaturization, transfection efficiency and assay sensitivity, have enabled their use in the mainstream of drug discovery. This review explores some of these enabling technologies, as well as some of the most critical uses of primary cells that may dramatically alter the landscape of drug discovery and drug testing.

Adipocytes↗

PubMed1981

Correlates of class rank of high school handicapped students in mainstream vocational education programs.

This study examined the relationship between performance in a training program (class rank) and intelligence-skills (Purdue Pegboard, Weschler, a work-behavior rating scale) for a group of handicapped students "mainstreamed" into two regular vocational-technical high school programs IQ type of disability, work-personal behaviors ratings and prior academic achievement were found to be predictors of class rank.

Achievement↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Hospice: from grassroots to the mainstream.

Hospice care was created 20 years ago in the United States so terminally-ill patients would have an alternative to spending months in an institution or hospital before their death. When this grassroots movement began in West Virginia in 1980, most of the care was provided by volunteers. Today, with increased physician involvement, hospice has been accepted into mainstream medicine and now offers a comprehensive range of services for terminally ill patients and their families. Nationally, there are now over 2,000 hospice programs, and in West Virginia there are 23 hospices providing care in 48 counties. Ongoing physician involvement is essential to ensure that hospices provide a high quality of care and continue to operate effectively in West Virginia. This article is designed to increase understanding about hospice services, admission guidelines and the role of the attending physician in order to improve the understanding of what has become one of the best options for care for the terminally-ill patient.

Hospices↗

PubMed1993

Comparison of total DNA adduct levels induced in mouse tissues and human skin by mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke condensates.

Cigarette smoke condensates (CSCs) of both mainstream (MS) and sidestream (SS) smoke were used to treat mice topically in equivalent amounts. Human skin maintained in short-term culture was also treated with the condensates. DNA adducts, induced by the CSCs and detected by the nuclease P1 method of 32P-postlabelling, were quantified in a number of murine tissues and in the human skin DNA. In the five mouse tissues studied both MS-CSC and SS-CSC produced characteristic diagonal radioactive zones on TLC, indicative of the formation of multiple DNA adducts. In three tissues (skin, lung and kidney), SS-CSC induced greater total adduct levels than MS-CSC (statistically significant in skin and kidney, p < 0.05). However, greater adduct levels induced by MS-CSC were recorded for heart and bladder DNA (not statistically significant). Similar results to those found in mouse skin were obtained with human skin; SS-CSC induced a approximately 2-fold greater level of DNA adducts than MS-CSC (p < 0.05). Incubation of DNA directly with condensates in vitro demonstrated that DNA adducts could be formed without an exogenous metabolizing system. This direct interaction of condensates with DNA occurred at similar levels for both MS- and SS-CSC, although inclusion of an oxygen radical-generating system enhanced the SS-CSC binding to a greater extent than that of the MS-CSC.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Managing HIV. Part 1: Principles. 1.1 HIV medicine in the mainstream.

After more than a decade of special treatment, HIV medicine is ready to enter the mainstream of medical practice in developed countries. Access to a conveniently located, well informed, primary care doctor who works well with an appropriate specialist is the cornerstone of best medical care for chronic illness, including HIV disease. Managing HIV is part of the second phase of a national educational program aimed at equipping more doctors with the skills to care for people with HIV.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Mature mainstream TCR alpha beta+CD4+ thymocytes expressing L-selectin mediate "active tolerance" in the nonobese diabetic mouse.

Pathogenic autoreactive T lymphocytes are mediators of spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. This is demonstrated by their capacity to transfer diabetes into syngeneic immunoincompetent recipients. In addition, especially in prediabetic NOD mice, peripheral CD4+ T lymphocytes were identified that are highly effective, in conventional mixing cotransfer experiments, at preventing disease transfer. The present data demonstrate that mature heat-stable Ag-TCR alpha beta+CD8-thymocytes from prediabetic NOD mice also express this inhibitory capacity. Selection using an L-selectin (CD62L)-specific Ab showed that TCR alpha/beta+CD4+CD62L+ thymocytes, emerging from the mainstream differentiation pathway, concentrate this ability to regulate autoreactive effectors. Compared with mature TCR alpha beta+CD8- thymocytes, significantly lower numbers of TCR alpha beta+CD4+CD62L+ were sufficient to achieve an efficient inhibition of disease transfer into NOD-scid recipients. This protective ability was potentiated following in vitro culture in the presence of IL-7. In contrast, TCR alpha beta+CD62L- thymocytes, highly enriched in class I-restricted NK T cells, were unable to influence diabetes transfer. Identical results were obtained using thymocytes that have been cultured in vitro for 4 days in the presence of IL-7. These results support the active role in NOD mice of a thymus-derived CD4+ subset that controls peripheral pathogenic autoimmune effectors.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗