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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Cognitive, behavioral, and physiological reactivity to chronic itching: analogies to chronic pain.

It is well-known that cognitive, behavioral, and physiological reactivity to pain, such as catastrophizing, avoidance of activity, and increased physiological responses, can unfavorably affect long-term outcomes in patients with chronic pain. In line with similarities between the psychophysiology of pain and itching, corresponding mechanisms may be relevant for the maintenance of chronic itching. The goal of this study was to examine the role of self-reported cognitive, behavioral, and physiological reactivity factors on itching-related outcomes in 235 patients with chronic skin diseases suffering from chronic itching. Sequential regression analyses indicate that all 3 reactivity systems predicted itching-related outcomes. Specifically, more catastrophizing, higher levels of avoidance of activity, and heightened self-reported physiological reactivity predicted more itching, more scratching, and a reduced disease-related quality of life. The results suggest that a psychological model as described for chronic pain is a useful starting point for study of the maintaining mechanisms of chronic itching.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1976

Unique contributions of churches and clergy to community mental health.

Good principles and practices of community mental health have been demonstrated by religious communities and leaders within these communities for many years. Using Caplan's model of primary-secondary-tertiary prevention, this paper articulates the unique and cooperative contributions of present-day religious institutions and personnel to the total community mental health endeavor. The validity of church's and clergy's involvement is supported by research data and is consistent with the social-psychological models of conceptualizing emotional problems. Consultation from mental health professionals can aid churches and clergy to actualize even more fully their contributions to community mental health.

Clergy↗
PubMed1994

Psychology and screening: narrowing the gap between efficacy and effectiveness.

The success of any health-related screening programme depends primarily upon behavioural factors, namely whether people attend, and for those who do attend, the cognitive, emotional and behavioural consequences of doing so. Some of the problems now evident in screening programmes, such as low attendance or high levels of anxiety following participation are due in part to an under-investigation of the psychological processes and outcomes critical to achieving the goals of screening programmes. These goals include high rates of informed participation and satisfactory psychological outcomes of such participation. The development of psychological models in this area may help in documenting the factors mediating and moderating responses to screening, and may suggest interventions likely to facilitate the achievement of the goals of a screening programme.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Variables that initiate and maintain an early-onset trajectory for juvenile offending.

A trajectory defined by three time-ordered events was offered as a useful adjunct to building a development theory about antisocial behaviors. A sequence was defined with significant linkages between antisocial childhood behavior and early arrest and between early arrest and chronic offending. The majority of chronic offenders traveled through all three events in the sequence. Each event in the sequence shared a common process of disrupted family process plus frequent family transitions and marked social disadvantage. The findings support the hypothesis that the process that leads to antisocial behaviors at grade four may also maintain the entire sequence. The level of disrupted process at initiation and a time-based measure of involvement with deviant peers predicted which individuals moved forward in the sequence and which did not. The findings are consistent with the idea that the majority of chronic offending juveniles follow a trajectory that can be explained by a single theory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Cognitive modeling with spreadsheets.

Spreadsheet implementations of two different types of cognitive models--a neural network model and a statistical model--are presented. The two examples illustrate how to employ the facilities of spreadsheets, the spreadsheet data structure, array functions, the built-in function library, and the integrated optimizer, for building cognitive models. The two presented models are new extensions of existing models. They are used for simulating data from experiments illustrating that the extended versions are able to explain experimental results that could not be simulated by the original models. The whole simulation study demonstrates that spreadsheets are a handy tool, especially for researchers without programming knowledge who want to build cognitive models and for instructors teaching cognitive modeling.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Assessing worry in older and younger adults: Psychometric properties of an abbreviated Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ-A).

Among older adults, recent work indicated that Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) data fit poorly with previously established models, leading to use of model modification procedures to create an abbreviated worry questionnaire (PSWQ-A; Hopko, D. R., Stanley, M. A., Reas, D. L., Wetherell, J. L., Beck, J. G., Novy, D. M., et al. (2003). Assessing worry in older adults: Confirmatory factor analyses of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and psychometric properties of an abbreviated model. Psychological Assessment, 15, 173-183). Given limitations of this prior study that included the post hoc statistical development of the scale and undefined relevance toward assessing worry in younger cohorts, psychometric properties of the PSWQ-A were explored among independent samples of older (n = 115) and younger adults (n = 183). Exploratory factor analyses supported a unidimensional model (breadth and control of worry) that accounted for substantial variance in older (57%) and younger adult samples (70%) and was associated with high factor loadings (.66-.89). Internal consistency (alpha = .89-.94) and test-retest reliability (r = .87-.95) was strong in both samples. Moderate to strong convergent validity with measures of worry and anxiety was evident (r = .46-.83), as was support for the construct validity of the PSWQ-A via its relation to the PSWQ (r = .65-.83) and similar relations with other anxiety and worry measures. Although further study is required, the PSWQ-A may be a parsimonious method to assess worry in older and younger adults.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Psychological process from hospitalization to death among uninformed terminal liver cancer patients in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Although the attitude among doctors toward disclosing a cancer diagnosis is becoming more positive, informing patients of their disease has not yet become a common practice in Japan. We examined the psychological process, from hospitalization until death, among uninformed terminal cancer patients in Japan, and developed a psychological model. METHODS: Terminal cancer patients hospitalized during the recruiting period voluntarily participated in in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed by grounded theory. RESULTS: Of the 87 uninformed participants at the time of hospitalization, 67% (N = 59) died without being informed of their diagnosis. All were male, 51-66 years of age, and all experienced five psychological stages: anxiety and puzzlement, suspicion and denial, certainty, preparation, and acceptance. At the end of each stage, obvious and severe feelings were observed, which were called "gates." During the final acceptance stage, patients spent a peaceful time with family, even talking about their dreams with family members. CONCLUSION: Unlike in other studies, the uninformed patients in this study accepted death peacefully, with no exceptional cases. Despite several limitations, this study showed that almost 70% of the uninformed terminal cancer patients at hospitalization died without being informed, suggesting an urgent need for culturally specific and effective terminal care services for cancer patients in Japan.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Psychological-mindedness: a conceptual model.

Previous definitions of psychological-mindedness are reviewed and critiqued, and a new model presented. Though the construct has broad applications for psychotherapy issues, definitions appearing in the literature have lacked precision, inconsistently specifying the inclusion of and the interrelationships between the components of interest, ability, affect, and intellect. The simple yet comprehensive model presented here separates and defines the components and specifies their interrelationships. Accurate psychological-mindedness is defined as reflectivity about psychological processes, relationships, and meanings, and is displayed by an individual to the extent that he or she displays both interest in and ability for such reflectivity, and across both affective and intellectual dimensions. Ability is contributed to and limited by interest, and intellectual psychological-mindedness is contributed to and limited by affective psychological-mindedness. Implications for measurement and research are discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed1994

Speech enhancement based on physiological and psychoacoustical models of modulation perception and binaural interaction.

A novel approach for analyzing and filtering speech is described and evaluated which utilizes the "modulation spectrogram," i.e., the two-dimensional representation of modulation frequencies versus center frequency as a function of time. This approach is based on physiological findings of a tonotopical organization of modulation frequencies perpendicular to carrier frequencies as well as psychoacoustical findings of "modulation tuning curves." In addition, an interaction is assumed between the representation of modulation frequencies and the representation of auditory space as described by physiological and psychological models of binaural hearing. A noise-reduction algorithm based on this approach was implemented and tested which enhances or suppresses each combination of modulation frequency and center frequency according to its phase and intensity relation between the two input signals (i.e., both stereo channels of a dummy-head recording). When tested in several situations with interfering speakers and background noise both in anechoic and reverberant environment, the algorithm provided a small but a very robust increase in speech intelligibility which corresponds to approximately 2 dB in signal-to-noise ratio. Possible applications of this algorithm are noise reduction in adverse acoustical situations, digital hearing aids, processing schemes and preprocessing for speech recognition.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Sequence effects in the categorization of tones varying in frequency.

In contrast to exemplar and decision-bound categorization models, the memory and contrast models described here do not assume that long-term representations of stimulus magnitudes are available. Instead, stimuli are assumed to be categorized using only their differences from a few recent stimuli. To test this alternative, the authors examined sequential effects in a binary categorization of 10 tones varying in frequency. Stimuli up to 2 trials back in the sequence had a significant effect on the response to the current stimulus. The effects of previous stimuli interacted with one another. A memory and contrast model, according to which only ordinal information about the differences between the current stimulus and recent preceding stimuli is used, best accounted for these data.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Risk, protection, and vulnerability to adolescent drug use: latent-variable models of three age groups.

Much research has focused on the relationships between risk factors and adolescent drug use (DU). Less is known regarding the role of protective factors and how they may inoculate youth from initiating or escalating their DU. Using latent-variable modeling and a risk factor method, we examined the cross-sectional role of risk and protective factors in predicting teenage DU for three age groups, separately by gender. Data are from a biannual statewide survey of California students. A Vulnerability latent construct was reflected in three unit-weighted indexes: risk for initiation to DU, risk for problem DU, and protection from DU. A Polydrug Use construct was reflected in eight measures of alcohol and drug use. Structural equation models revealed that for all age/gender groups, Vulnerability was strongly related to Polydrug Use as well as having specific effects on the DU measures. Effects between Vulnerability and DU were more numerous for seventh and eleventh grade than ninth grade students. Ninth grade females had the fewest effects overall. Number of specific effects between protection and DU remained stable with increasing age. Results underscore two important foci for prevention: 1) the importance of considering age-related developmental phenomena in the overall context of DU prevention; and 2) that programs continue to emphasize risk reduction, while simultaneously developing and reinforcing protective agents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Patient-therapist interaction in the behavioral treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia.

Although effective behavioral techniques have been developed, what aspects of the patient-therapist interaction affect treatment outcome remain largely unknown. This study hypothesized that the interaction between patient and therapist develops over several phases. Further, the association between behavior modes and treatment outcome was expected to alter as that interaction developed. Thirty patients diagnosed with panic disorder with agoraphobia were treated with a standardized behavioral treatment program of 12 sessions. The interpersonal verbal therapist and patient behavior modes were studied at Sessions 1, 3, and 10, using an observational instrument. It was found that behavior modes change over the course of treatment, in line with predictions derived from social-psychological models. The hypothesis that establishing a therapeutic relationship requires an empathic and nondirective stance by the therapist in Session 1 was partly confirmed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology - a critical review and introduction of a two component model.

Positive psychological or personal changes in the aftermath of trauma, defined as the result of the struggle with highly stressful events, have recently elicited heightened attention by trauma researchers. This article aims at summarizing the most important theoretical models and conceptualizations of posttraumatic growth (PTG) and addresses the issue of the adaptive significance of this phenomenon. It further renders a thorough empirical review of the relationship between PTG and psychological adjustment. European findings are specifically incorporated. As a conclusion, a two component cognitive model of PTG will be proposed that may explain the contradicting empirical findings in regard to the relationship between mental health and PTG. The Janus-Face model of PTG [Maercker, A. and Zoellner, T. (2004). The Janus face of self-perceived growth: Toward a two-component model of posttraumatic growth. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 41-48.] incorporates a constructive and an illusory aspect. On this basis, findings regarding relevant cognitive factors as predictors of PTG are summarized and evaluated. The article ends with a discussion of fruitful future research directions and how PTG can add a new perspective into trauma therapy.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Perspectives on racial phenotypicality bias.

This article reviews research examining racial phenotypicality bias--within-category stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination based on race-related phenotypic characteristics of the face. A literature review of research examining skin tone bias, drawing largely from work examining perceptions of Blacks in the United States, reveals that individuals with features typical of members of their racial category are perceived and treated more negatively by social perceivers. Furthermore, this treatment has broad implications for social status and health. Despite this evidence, the tendency to attend to and use within-race variation in phenotypic appearance has been overlooked in social psychological models of impression formation. However, several theoretical frameworks have recently been proposed to explain the role of phenotype-based expectancies in social representation and judgment. Drawing on the strengths of each perspective, a rudimentary model of racial phenotypicality bias is proposed. This analysis suggests that future examinations guided by the current framework (or similar others) can complement existing evidence toward a greater understanding of the role of phenotypic variation in social perception.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Testing a life-style risk model in an Afro-American population.

This article discusses the results of a research study investigating the possible relationship between life-style risk factors, e.g., weight, dietary patterns, stress, activity and smoking in the development of diseases. The author concludes that there is a need for individuals to improve weight, dietary patterns, reduce stress and increase recreational activity to reduce life-style risk.

Adult↗