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PubMed2003

Isolation of Japanese encephalitis and Getah viruses from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected near Camp Greaves, Gyonggi Province, Republic of Korea, 2000.

As part of an evaluation of the ecology of arthropod-borne diseases in the Republic of Korea (ROK), we examined 8,765 mosquitoes captured in Paju County, Gyonggi Province, ROK, for the presence of viruses. Mosquitoes were captured in propane lantern/human-baited Shannon traps, Mosquito Magnet traps, or American Biophysics Corporation (East Greenwich, RI) miniature light traps with or without supplemental octenol bait and/or dry ice. Mosquitoes were identified to species, placed in pools of up to 40 mosquitoes each, and tested on Vero cells for the presence of virus. A total of 15 virus isolations were made from 293 pools of mosquitoes. Viruses were identified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and sequencing and consisted of 14 isolations of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus and one isolation of Getah (GET) virus. All JE isolates were from Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, and the isolate of GET was from Aedes vexans (Meigen). The minimum field infection rate for JE in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was 3.3 per 1,000, whereas the GET virus infection rate for Ae. vexans was 0.2 per 1,000. Isolation of JE and GET indicated that both viruses were actively circulating in northern Gyonggi Province, ROK. The lack of human cases of JE among the Korean population probably is because of an effective government-mandated vaccination program. The reason for no cases among >10,000 United States military and others that reside or train nearby is unknown, but may be related to personnel protection measures (permethrin-impregnated uniforms and use of deet repellent), adult mosquito control, mosquito selection of nonhuman hosts (unpublished data), and the low symptomatic to asymptomatic ratio of disease in adults.

Aedes↗
PubMed2002

Introduction and establishment of tadpole shrimp Triops newberryi (Notostraca: Triopsidae) in a date garden for biological control of mosquitoes in the Coachella Valley, Southern California.

Tadpole shrimp (TPS), Triops newberryi (Packard), has been reported to have a potential as a biocontrol agent for larval mosquitoes breeding in intermittently flooded habitats. To develop and promote this predator for controlling mosquitoes, a date garden devoid of preexisting TPS populations was chosen in the Coachella Valley, southern California in 2000 to receive introductions of TPS eggs and mature TPS. Mosquito control by TPS was assessed in the plots one year after their introductions. In a selected block on this ranch, 2 rows were stocked with TPS eggs, where soil containing approximately 2,000 eggs was spread over the surface of dry ground in each row before flooding. Another 2 rows were used for mature TPS introduction, where about 400 mature TPS were released into standing water in each row 1 day after flooding. After a single egg or mature TPS introduction, active TPS in water and viable eggs in dry surface soil were noted in increasing numbers during the 3-4 subsequent irrigations. Disking before irrigation, which turned the eggs over and mixed them into the soil column, reduced TPS egg populations at the soil surface and subsequent active TPS populations in standing water after irrigation. After one or two irrigations, viable eggs and active shrimp were found in centers adjacent to the introduced plots in the stocked rows. Ample evidence is presented to show that TPS populations were established after a single introduction of eggs or mature TPS. TPS eggs and/or newly hatched TPS were also carried into the neighboring rows across the borders by the overflowing irrigation water, and TPS populations became established there too, as active TPS were noted after each irrigation in the adjacent unstocked rows. Considering the ease and economical storage, transportation and handling, dessication--resistant eggs have advantages over mature TPS for field introductions. Mosquito control by TPS was assessed in rows with and without TPS in July 2001, one year after TPS introductions. Production of Psorophora columbiae Dyar and Knab and TPS populations were determined 4-5 days after each of 2 irrigations, when there was no or little vegetation inside the rows. As compared with the row without TPS, the presence of relatively high numbers of TPS reduced Ps. columbiae by 73 to 99% as based on the average numbers of larvae, pupae and exuviae per dip in the rows with versus without TPS.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Multiple outbreaks of dengue serotype 2 in north Queensland, 2003/04.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the various investigations and responses to multiple outbreaks of dengue serotype 2 that occurred in north Queensland in 2003/04. METHODS: Details about each case were collated so as to target mosquito-control responses including control of mosquito breeding sites, interior spraying of selected premises, and a novel 'lure and kill' approach using lethal ovitraps. Phylogenetic analyses were undertaken to determine the genetic relatedness of viruses isolated during the outbreaks. RESULTS: Except for a two-month hiatus in mid-2003, the outbreaks continued for 16 months and included approximately 900 confirmed cases, with three severe cases and one death. The available evidence suggests that the mosquito-control measures were effective, but delays in recognising the outbreaks in Cairns and the Torres Strait coupled with intense mosquito breeding contributed to the extensive nature of the outbreaks. Phylogenetic analyses showed that there had been only two major outbreaks, one that spread from Cairns to Townsville, the other from the Torres Strait to Cairns; both were initiated by viraemic travellers from Papua New Guinea. CONCLUSIONS: Phylogenetic analyses were essential in understanding how the outbreaks were related to each other, and in demonstrating that dengue had not become endemic. Further innovative approaches to dengue surveillance and mosquito control in north Queensland are necessary. IMPLICATIONS: Dengue outbreaks have become more frequent and more severe in north Queensland in recent years, raising the possibility that dengue viruses could become endemic in the region leading to outbreaks of dengue haemorrhagic fever.

Aedes↗
PubMed1997

Field evaluation of biodegradable controlled release formulation of fenthion against Mansonia mosquitos.

Controlled release monolithic formulation of fenthion, an organophosphorus mosquito larvicide, prepared by the physical entrapment of the active agent into biodegradable polymer matrices was evaluated against Mansonia mosquito larvae breeding in hydrophytes infested coconut husk retting ponds. Field evaluation was carried out at two application rates viz, 2.5 and 1.0 ppm. Absolute control of larval breeding was observed for 25 and 17 weeks and over 50% reduction in breeding density was observed for another 3 and 2 weeks for the respective application rates of 2.5 and 1.0 ppm. The bioassay carried out with the water samples collected from the ponds treated at 2.5 ppm against the fourth instar larvae of Mansonia annulifera showed larval mortality of more than 95% for 14 weeks and 80-95% from 15 to 25th week. The concentration of fenthion in the treated ponds was found to vary between 0.006 and 0.095 ppm during the evaluation period.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Microbial control of mosquitoes with special emphasis on bacterial control.

There are a number of microbial agents including fungus, protozoa, virus and bacteria which act as mosquitocidal agents. However, among these agents, Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis and B. sphaericus are the most potent mosquitocidal agents. Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis and B. sphaericus are gram-positive sporulating bacteria which produce protoxin crystals during sporulation and are highly toxic to susceptible mosquito larvae when they ingest them. These bacterial agents are environmentally safe due to their host specificity, require in very low dosage, easy to prepare commercially in large-scale and are less costly. Field trials with various formulations of B. sphaericus and B. thuringiensis var israelensis have demonstrated their safety and potential for controlling mosquitoes. Moreover, cloning and expression of the toxin genes of these organisms in other environment friendly bacteria have also made them important for further investigation. Recent advances with novel types of recombinant micro-organisms with new cloning strategies and cloning the toxin genes under strong promoter for over expression together with in vitro gene manipulation and site directed mutagenesis of the active sites for increased toxicity have the potential to provide more effective control of mosquitoes by exploiting these two bacteria. But the toxins of B. sphaericus and B. thuringiensis var israelensis in particular, do not persist long in nature and require frequent application which is a limiting factor for these organisms to be most successful and potent biolarvicide. Nevertheless, they are by far the best choice for controlling mosquitoes. In this review article different mosquitocidal agents with particular emphasis on B. thuringiensis var israelensis and B. sphaericus have been described.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Mosquito larval control practices: past and present.

Pestiferous mosquito problems and control solutions were reported as early as ancient Greek literature. In the 19th century, it was discovered that these same mosquitoes carried diseases (malaria, dengue) that had until then been attributed to "dirty" water and swamp gases. Until relatively recently, in both urban and rural areas in the United States, the lack of effective mosquito control often drove humans and animals indoors or into nearby rivers to escape the hordes of blood-sucking mosquitoes. Early mosquito control methods included source reduction, mosquito-eating fish, and chemicals. These methodologies continue today, in a much more sophisticated manner, but following the principles first laid down by early 20th century medical entomologists such as L. O. Howard. This article explores mosquito larval control practices from the 1900s to the present.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Laboratory evaluation of lambda-cyhalothrin a microencapsulated formulation on mosquito nets for control of vector mosquitos.

Two formulations of lambda-cyhalothrin (EC-Emulsion concentrate and MC-Microencapsulated) were impregnated into bednets made of polyethylene and polyester. The nets were treated at a dosage of 15 mg/m2. For bioassay of insecticidal efficacy, female Anopheles maculatus and Aedes aegypti were exposed to the nets for two minutes and mortality was scored 24 hours later. The nets were also tested after repeated washings with water and with soap and water. Microencapsulated (2.5CS) formulation was more effective than emulsion concentrate (2.5EC) formulation on both net materials--polyethylene and polyester. Repeated washing with water and soap reduces the efficacy of all bednet treatment combinations. Microencapsulated formulation on polyethylene gave best results; it could sustain up to five washes with water and two with soap and water.

Aedes↗
PubMed1992

Control of mosquito larvae in the port city of Assab by an indigenous larvivorous fish, Aphanius dispar.

A randomized controlled trial was carried out in Assab under the auspices of the National Organization for the Control of Malaria and other Vectorborne Diseases of Ethiopia to assess the effectiveness of an indigenous cyprinodontid fish, Aphanius dispar, in controlling mosquito larvae, including the local malaria vector, Anopheles culicifacies adanensis. Cisterns, wells and barrels were found to be important breeding sites for the malaria vector and for culicine mosquitoes. Fish were equally effective in controlling mosquito larvae in all the types of breeding site investigated. The overall proportion of sites with fish that harboured mosquito larvae was 1.6%, ranging from 1.5 to 1.7% according to type of site, as compared to 34% in sites left unstocked, ranging from 17.9 to 60.0%. Monthly restocking of fish where necessary was found to be sufficient to maintain an adequate level of control. Stocking of larvivorous fish in wells and household water storage containers was well-accepted by the participants, who were aware of the role of the fish in malaria prevention and found the fish useful in keeping their water free of other aquatic organisms. Based on the results of this study, larvivorous fish were introduced on an operational scale for the control of malaria transmission in Assab, with the voluntary participation of the population and the collaboration of the Municipality and health authorities of Assab.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Control of mosquitos in Martinique. A collective public health action and improvement of the quality of life].

Aedes aegypti control program in Martinique started en 1968. The Aedes aegypti major breeding sites are associated with flowers vases, drums, used tyres, artificial containers and watering places. However, Culex quinquefasciatus is the main nuisance mosquito in all the island. This species is unpleasant, especially in urban areas. Over 200 Culex quinquefasciatus bites per person per night have been observed in several localities of the island. Culex quinquefasciatus breeding sites are mostly associated with sewage treatment plants, septic tanks and stagnant drains. In order to reduce this nuisance and to improve the quality of life-the Conseil General initiated a large mosquito control program since 1991. This global mosquito control is based on: information and health education, environmental management (source reduction, drainage...), use of chemical insecticides.

Aedes↗
PubMed2004

[Environmental monitoring and control strategy of urban mosquito Culicidae (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in Wrocław].

Among dipterans of medical and veterinary importance, the mosquitoes (Culicidae) play the most important role both as vectors and nuisance insects. Mass occurrence of floodwater mosquito species in the flooded area in Wrocław district (Lower Silesia, Poland) in 1997 has enhanced the already existed problem of mosquito control. A successful model of control strategy for the city based on the currently recommended integrated methodologies with special emphasis on preventive treatment of aquatic larvae with microbial insecticides has been conducted. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis-based formulations replaced chemicals to control Culex pipiens and Culiseta annulata--two dominant species out of eight noticed during field study in Wrocław area in the years 1998-2000. Use of Bti larvicide or other biocontrol agent, conserving biodiversity, requires collecting entomological data, mapping and treating all breeding sources as well as the designing appropriate strategies every year.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

People's perceptions about malaria transmission and control using mosquito repellent plants in a locality in Zimbabwe.

OBJECTIVE: To assess peoples' perceptions and knowledge about malaria transmission and control with special reference to the use of plants as mosquito repellents. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. SETTING: Mandeya ward "A" (33 degrees E and 18 degrees 30' S), Honde Valley, Zimbabwe. SUBJECTS: 226 household heads present when interview was conducted. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mosquito control methods, spraying coverage, plants used to repel mosquitoes and reasons for using them. RESULTS: 215 (95.0%) of the respondents' homes had been sprayed and their understanding of malaria transmission was not related to compliance with the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP). Taking mosquito control measures was related to knowledge of malaria transmission, with 24 (75.0%) of those who did not know, taking no measures of their own. The use of plants was mentioned by 50 (23.5%) of the respondents and the reasons given were that they were cheap 43 (86.0%), effective five (10.0%) and locally available two (4.0%). The plant which was mentioned as being used by all age groups was L. javanica 25 (50.0%) and the other plants were used to a lesser extent. Forty six (92.0%) of the people said that they had used plants for mosquito control. The leafy part of the plant was used by 43 (86.0%) and a fresh preparation 43 (86.2%) gave better protection than a dry one. The plants were crushed and applied on the skin by eight people (14.6%), burnt by 36 people (72.8%) and used in their original form by six people (12.6%) and used once per by day 42 people (84.0%). CONCLUSIONS: One of the important points to emerge from this study is that, despite widespread knowledge about the morbidity of malaria, understanding about its prevention was generally low and this has negative implications on an integrated control programme.

Adolescent↗