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PubMedDate not supplied

Voice problems at work: A challenge for occupational safety and health arrangement.

In modern societies about one third of the labor force are working in professions in which voice is the primary tool. Voice problems are common in general, but they are even more common in professions in which there is heavy vocal loading, i.e. professions that do not only require prolonged voice use, but also involve extra loading factors such as background noise, long speaking distance, poor room acoustics, lack of adequate equipment like voice amplifiers etc. School and kindergarten teachers can be considered to represent professions with heavy vocal loading. The occupational safety and health arrangements of voice and speech professionals are poorly developed as compared to many other professions. However, the existing legislation could be used to support efforts to improve the working conditions of this large but heterogeneous group.

Humans↗

PubMed1992

Ten milestone issues in AOTA history.

This paper identifies 10 professional questions that the author has labeled milestone issues in the history of the American Occupational Therapy Association. Subjects encompassed by these issues are medical control, certified occupational therapy assistants, licensure, proficiency testing, entry-level degrees, treatment media, maintenance of competency, whether occupational therapists serve patients or clients, professional autonomy, and the status of occupational therapy as a profession. Although this paper is primarily a factual record of events and discussions referenced in official publications, the reader will recognize the insertion of author commentary and opinion in several of the issues discussed.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMed1993

Differences in values and goals of occupational therapy students.

This study compared professional values and goals of three levels of occupational therapy students: (a) seniors in baccalaureate programs (n = 337), (b) students in professional master's programs (n = 95), and (c) students in postprofessional master's programs (n = 62). Demographic characteristics including gender, age, and college background were also examined. Significant differences were identified between the baccalaureate group and the postprofessional master's group for three professional goals: (a) making a theoretical contribution to the profession, (b) performing research in the profession, and (c) educating occupational therapy students. Significant differences were also noted for four professional values. Intellectual stimulation was more often chosen by postprofessional master's students; exciting life and comfortable life were more often chosen by baccalaureate students, and helpfulness was more often chosen by the baccalaureate and postprofessional master's students. It was concluded that determining the professional values and goals of occupational therapy students may generate implications for career counseling, recruitment, increased work force, decreased attrition, and future curriculum planning.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed1991

How high do we jump? The effect of reimbursement on occupational therapy.

This paper explores the extent to which third-party reimbursement dictates occupational therapy practice. A literature review was used to examine the history and meaning of reimbursement in regard to occupational therapy. It was found that the profession has altered its definition, practice, management, ethics, and professional response as a result of changes in reimbursement. Reimbursement policies reflect societal influences and are shaping occupational therapy in several ways. Control has shifted to third-party payers, allowing them to define occupational therapy; use of the medical model is being rewarded by reimbursement; the language used to discuss the profession has changed to accommodate the insurance and other industries; and values that dominate society are being reinforced. Conflict between the values of society and the values of the occupational therapy profession is a source of struggle for many clinicians. If the causes of the reimbursement-imposed constraints on practice are understood, occupational therapists will be free to be proactive in issues of health care policy.

Cost Control↗

PubMed1996

Clinical audit, related cycles and types of health care quality: a preliminary model.

This paper is drawn from a study carried out in England, funded by the Department of Health. The aims of the study were to explore clinical audit in the four health professions of clinical psychology, occupational therapy, physiotherapy and speech and language therapy and to develop a model of clinical audit and guidelines for use by practitioners and managers. The focus in this paper is the model development. Included are examples of audits relevant to different types of health care quality that illustrate the process of clinical audit using the model. The modelling process involved interrogating the clinical audit cycle and related cycles against the data and identifying their inter-connecting links. The model was refined and reformulated to include guidelines for the professions on what is needed to make clinical audit work. The position of the professional service manager is crucial. A mandate that includes creating machinery at provider unit level, mobilizing the principal working groups and promoting internalization of audit by practitioners, is essential for audit to be effective.

England↗

PubMed2004

A disputed occupational boundary: operating theatre nurses and Operating Department Practitioners.

Traditionally, surgeons (and to a lesser extent anaesthetists) have been assisted primarily by nurses. This role has been threatened in recent years, in the UK NHS (and elsewhere), by a relatively new profession, that of the Operating Department Practitioner (ODP). The ODP profession is still in the process of establishing itself as a 'full' profession within UK health care. While occupational boundary disputes between professions are common in health care, it is unusual for them to become as overt as the dispute we will analyse in this paper. Drawing on fieldwork observations and interviews conducted in operating theatres, as well as documentary sources, we will show how this dispute arose, how it is manifested at both the micro and the macro level, and how both groups involved justify their positions, drawing on surprisingly similar rhetorical strategies. A further unusual feature of this dispute is the fact that, unlike many attempts by managers to substitute one type of labour for another, issues of cost are relatively unimportant, as both theatre nurses and ODPs earn similar salaries.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2001

Do occupational therapy and physiotherapy students care about research? A survey of perceptions and attitudes to research.

Do occupational therapy and physiotherapy students care about research? A survey of perceptions and attitudes to research. In this cross-sectional study, we have used a questionnaire to study perceptions and attitudes to research-related activities of Swedish occupational therapy and physiotherapy first (T1) and final term (T6) students. Two hundred and eleven students from programmes employing either problem-based learning (PBL) or traditional education methods participated. The results showed that students had a positive attitude towards research, particularly for the activity 'read research literature to update knowledge' and 'apply research findings to improve practice'. When T1 were compared with T6 students, the ability to perform research-related activities was rated significantly higher by T6 students regardless of educational methods. A comparison of PBL and the traditional educational method resulted in moderate but significant differences. The PBL students had a more positive attitude towards research and to a greater extent intended to engage in research activities in the future. The results give hope for a positive future development of the occupational therapy and physiotherapy professions and a PBL education method may be more conducive to the shaping of a research consumer than a traditional method, although more research is needed to substantiate these claims.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Burnout syndrome in the helping professions.

Burnout can be defined as a long-term reaction to occupational stress which involves, particularly, the helping professions. The main aim of this study was the assessment of burnout in a sample of professional and voluntary health care workers and comparison of the two samples on scores from the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Analysis suggests a significant difference in mean scores for Emotional Exhaustion of volunteers vs professional workers. Some evidence has supported the hypothesis of a fourth dimension, called Behavioral Exhaustion, in the burnout syndrome.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Women and minorities as a professional resource: a study of progress and change.

For the first time in the nation's history, it is now certain women will soon constitute a significant professional resource, not only qualitatively, but quantitatively. Unprecedented rising enrollment in professional training extends across the entire occupational spectrum: the elite professions, business disciplines, and doctoral programs including engineering and the sciences. Minority students are also rapidly increasing their share of professional enrollments which already approaches their proportion of the population. Unexplained is the fact that minority women are enrolling in top-level training much more rapidly than minority men as compared with majority students.

Career Choice↗

PubMed1998

[Information services in occupational medicine--comments].

The recent social and public health policy changes have largely affected the functioning of occupational health units in two ways: the occupational physician has been reduced to an advisory function, while he has simultaneously been cut from the information sources such as community health centres, part of the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, and scientific and professional publications. This has put the profession in an unfavourable position. The occupational physician requires fast, accurate, and comprehensive access to all relevant information. The author proposes establishing a single national information centre for occupational health that would collect, create, and distribute relevant and updated recommendations and information, legal regulations and updates, norms, and standards.

Croatia↗

PubMed2002

[Choice of the profession and work satisfaction among nursing students from the Medical University of Gdansk].

The choice of the future profession is very important to every young person. The influence of this choice on future occupational satisfaction is significant. In the paper there is presented the connection between the choice of nursery profession and achieved occupational satisfaction. The material was based on information gathered by anonymous questionnaires. The whole group of second year students of Nursery Faculty of Medical University of Gdańsk were interviewed by the questionnaire. For 60% of them the choice of the profession was not done accidentally. The evaluation of motives for selecting the nursery profession and its influence on future occupational satisfaction were studied. The tendency of changing the profession according to the way of work was also analyzed. The results indicate the differences between achieved occupational satisfaction and the tendency of changing the profession depending on motives of taking up the studies. The results do not allow to estimate the quality of work of particular groups but can be the introduction of following more thorough research.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Nursing: whose discipline is it anyway?

Nursing is variously described as a profession, a discipline, an occupation. The meanings we assign to such words and the expectations, demands, and responsibilities that each reveals to and/or exacts from those of us privileged to call ourselves registered nurse provides a splendid arena for viewing the struggle of nursing as an intellectual endeavor embedded in its own distinctive knowledge base, experiences, purposes, and values. Currently, pressure exerted within and without nursing to adopt the self-limiting potential and subordinated position that a professional discipline orientation and applied degree education confer on nursing is mounting. This article examines the relationships among historical events, contemporary influences, and confounding definitions that are integral to how we choose to guide and shape the evolution of nursing scholarship, practice, and education. The authors contend that the full significance of these relationships must be appreciated if nursing is to advance as a scholarly academic discipline and practice profession.

British Columbia↗

PubMed1997

[Re-education and new education. Evaluation of a training program for occupational health services' personnel aimed for employees with chronic musculoskeletal pain].

Chronic musculoskeletal pain can be perceived as resulting from lack of control and coping in relation to both internal and external demands. Persons with chronic musculoskeletal pain are repetitive users of the occupational and primary health care services, and it seems that traditional medical treatment and physiotherapy are of little help. Health personnel may gain from learning teaching and counselling methods that might enable them to deal with the complexity of the patient's pain. 23 occupational personnel from different professions we invited to participate in a 150 hour training programme based on experience- and process-oriented teaching and counselling methods. After the training programme the participants counselled groups of employees with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Four left the programme after the first workshop. The remaining group felt more competent in meeting persons with chronic pain. When, in stead of giving traditional advice, they used counselling methods and focused on interaction and communication, and on helping the person in pain to find her/his own solutions, they also experienced a change of role in their relationship with these persons.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed1998

Occupation-centered assessment of children.

The past 5 years have seen increasing calls to reexamine our assessment and intervention practices to ensure that they reflect the profession's basic focus on occupation. Although a number of noteworthy efforts in this direction have been presented for adult practice areas, implementation of occupation-centered assessment in pediatric has been hampered by the lack of a consistent framework to guide this process. This article will present an adaptation of the functional assessment model proposed by Trombly (1993) designed to better reflect the unique needs and situations of children. It is a multilevel model that examines the pattern of a child's occupations in a particular environment as well as the performance of important tasks and activities that are part of these occupations. It is proposed that this model can serve as an organizing framework for an occupation-centered assessment process by helping to identify the critical questions that need to be addressed at each level of analysis and the kinds of measures that might be used to obtain relevant information. The newly completed School Function Assessment will be used to illustrate application of the framework to examine occupational performance of children in elementary school.

Child↗

PubMed1999

Focus on occupational therapists' paradigms.

The primary aim of this study was to identify and characterize the perceptions of seven experienced occupational therapists' about their profession, in particular with respect to a 'world view' and a 'field of action view'. The secondary aim was to determine whether there were similarities among the respondents' personal paradigms that could constitute a potential, local ideology for the group. The study has an explorative design based on Törnebohm's theory of paradigms. Qualitative data were collected on three occasions during the autumn of 1996, using audio- and video-taped, thematic discussions, involving focus groups. The data were analysed qualitatively within the two paradigm components, 'world view' and 'field of action view'. The results show several unifying factors, and dissimilarities were limited to specifications within these unifying factors, with respect to the respondents' notions. The unifying factors could be described as a potential, local ideology for the group.

Focus Groups↗

PubMed2003

Prevalence of back and neck pain amongst ENT consultants: national survey.

Back and neck pain is an established occupational disease for many professions. No previous studies have shown the association of back and neck pain with ENT surgery. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of neck and back pain in ENT consultants in the United Kingdom and which sub-specialties were most at risk. A national survey from 325 ENT consultants in the UK revealed that 72 per cent had either back pain or neck pain or even both. Of those with pain 53 per cent attributed their symptoms directly to ENT surgery. Highest figures were received from otologists, related to microscope work and prolonged sitting. The importance of these findings has demonstrated the lack of awareness and adequate training to prevent long-term disability in ENT surgeons.

Back Pain↗

PubMed1991

A vision for occupational therapy: tradition meets the future.

Advancing technology and world events will have an impact on the practice of occupational therapy. Computers, communication technology, and environmental concerns are all examples of issues that must be considered as major determinants in future practice decisions related to all groups. Incorporating these areas into the traditions of occupational therapy will result in a vital profession that cannot be replaced. However, these advances and events must not sway occupational therapists from their area of expertise. Technology will never be mastered if the profession continues to stray into areas of practice that do not form the core of occupational therapy.

Canada↗

PubMed1996

Legitimizing occupational therapy's knowledge.

Proceeding from the ethic that occupational therapy is the rightful keeper of its own practice and knowledge, this article strives to bring the profession's knowledge concerning the role of occupation in adaptation into sharp relief. Knowledge generated by many occupational therapists represented in the profession's historic literature, scholarship, practice models, position papers, and research is analyzed through a heuristic framework that distinguishes the process from the state of adaptation. This analysis offers evidence that, in the service of persons with profound and often medically incurable disabilities, occupational therapy has begun to explicate the role of occupation as a vital adaptive medium and cornerstone of quality in daily living. Related areas of knowledge development in which legitimate progress can be claimed are suggested. Nevertheless, it is argued that occupational therapy's knowledge must be further developed and its societal value better communicated through the concerted efforts of all practitioners, educators, and researchers.

Adaptation, Psychological↗