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By using orthogonal tests, the optimized extraction of volatile oil was practiced by distillation. The inclusion compound of the oil-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion compound was prepared by the liquid-phase method in aqueous solution. And it was confirmed by thin layer chromatogram and differential thermal analysis.
OBJECTIVE: To study analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of bornyl acetate, the main ingredient of Amomum villosum volatile oil. METHODS: The analgesic effects were tested by hot-plate and writhing reaction method, the ear swelling caused by dimethylbenzene in mice. RESULTS: Bornyl acetate could restrain writhing reaction caused by acetic acid glacial, lighten the pain caused by hot-plate. It could also suppress ear swelling caused by dimethylbenzene in mice. CONCLUSION: Bornyl acetate shows analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.
This paper reports the determination of myristicin and safrol in the volatile oil of Semen Myristicae and its processed products by TLC-Scanning. The results showed that in the processed products myristicin decreased markedly and safrol decreased slightly. The quantity of myristicin roasted with paste less than with wheat bran less than with talcum powder less than the unprocessed one. The toxicity of Semen Myristicae is related to the quantities of myristicin.
Primula obconica was introduced to Europe from Hubei, China in 1880, and has been cultivated worldwide as one of popular ornamental plants. The volatile oil of wild P. obconica collected from its original place, Yichang, Hubei was first investigated. A total of 43 compounds constituting 93.49% of the oil were identified by using GC and GC-MS. The major compounds were methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-5-methyl benzoate (30.41%), methyl 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methyl benzoate (29.27%), and hypnone (8.92%) etc. In comparison with the published data of some European cultivars, the native P. obconica seems to be allergen-free due to absence of primin and miconidin.
To explore the same and difference of chemical components between the chromatographic fingerprints of volatile oil of Rhizoma Curcumae Longae and Rhizoma Wenyujin Concisum, the chromatographic/spectroscopic data of fingerprints were comparative analyzed using modified window target-testing factor analysis method. The results of comparisons showed that ten chemical components present in Rhizoma Curcumae Longae are absent in Rhizoma Wenyujin Concisum, while nine chemical components are present in Rhizoma Wenyujin Concisum but absent in Rhizoma Curcumae Longae. Also, nine common components are both present in Rhizoma Curcumae Longae and Rhizoma Wenyujin Concisum.
OBJECTIVE: To study the synergistic action of a combination of guanghuoxiang volatile oil (B) and sodium artesunate (SA) against Plasmodium berghei (P. b) and the resistance-reversal activity against SA-resistant P. b (P. b SA-R). METHODS: Mice infected with P. b N or P. b R were treated with a combination of B and SA respectively by 4-day suppressive test method and linear regression to calculate the SD50 of B and SA for each drug alone and in combination (equally effective dose compatibility). RESULTS: B alone, N:SD50 = 87.64 +/- 19.58(GKD), R:SD50 = 43.24 +/- 7.71(GKD); SA alone, N:SD50 = 0.88 +/- 0.01(MGKD), R:SD50 = 27.69 +/- 0.93(MGKD). B and SA combination, N:B SD50 = 36.89 +/- 4.57(GKD), SA SD50 = 0.39 +/- 0.05 (MGKD); R:B SD50 = 7.40 +/- 1.30(GKD), SA SD50 = 4.21 +/- 0.74(MGKD). The synergistic indexes of B and SA in combination were 2.2 for N and 6.6 for R, respectivly. The multiple of resistance reversal of B vs SA was 6.6. The relative reversal rate was 87.6%. CONCLUSION: A combination of B and SA may enhance the antimalarial effect against P. b and reverse the SA-resistance of P. b and delay the occurrence of resistance to SA in N.
This paper deals with the changes in contents and chemical composition in the volatile oil of Ephedra sinica before and after processing. The results indicate that after processing, the more the substances of low boiling point, the higher their contents and vice versa. The changes are particularly obvious in yellow-fried Ephedra sinica.
OBJECTIVE: To study the anti-inflammation effect of volatile oil of Centipeda minima and the mechanism of action. METHOD: The animal model was induced by the Car injection into intrapleural of rats, to observe the effect of VOCM on acute inflammation. RESULT: VOCM was able to inhibit the increase of NO, CRP and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha in the acute inflammation of the rat body. CONCLUSION: VOCM has a protective effect on acute pleural effusion in rats induced by an intrapleural injection of Car.
The coupling of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) was shown to be a powerful technique for the rapid sampling and analysis of volatile oils in complex herbal materials. When compared to one-dimensional (1-D) GC, the improved analytical capabilities of GC x GC in terms of increased detection sensitivity and separation power were demonstrated by using HS-SPME/GC x GC for the chemical profiling (fingerprinting) of essential/volatile oils contained in herbal materials of increasing analytical complexity. More than 20 marker compounds belonging to Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) can be observed within the 2-D contour plots of ginseng itself, a mixture of ginseng and another important herb (P. quinquefolius/Radix angelicae sinensis), as well as a mixture of ginseng and three other herbs (P. quinquefolius /R. angelicae sinensis/R. astragali/R. rehmanniae preparata). Such analytical capabilities should be important towards the authentication and quality control of herbal products, which are receiving increasing attention as alternative medicines worldwide. In particular, the presence of Panax in the herb formulation could be readily identified through its specific peak pattern in the 2-D GC x GC plot.
Physical characteristics, chemical constituents and biological activities of the volatile oil of Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. have been studied. It is a light yellow volatile liquid with a strong aromatic odour and a specific gravity of 0.9573. IR, NMR and GLC spectrometry studies revealed the presence of free alcohols, alkenes and highly conjugated alkenes, aromatic functions, alicyclic structures and cyclic ketones. The pharmacological studies show a highly significant and dose dependent central nervous system depressant and marked neuromuscular blocking actions. Experiments on smooth muscles and heart show a parasympatholytic activity. It also exhibits significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. Further studies are being undertaken to find out its mechanism of pharmacological actions and to identify the active principle(s) responsible for those effects.
The parts of Jilin ginseng growing on the ground, Radix aucklandiae and the citrus tangerina peels were extracted with ether, and yellow volatile oil 0.31 wt.%, 2.1 wt.% and 1.6 wt.% were obtained respectively. Their chemical constituents were separated and determined by gas chromatography and interfaced with mass spectrometry in an electron impact mode.
The purpose of this investigation is to obtain a suitable vehicle for Z-ligustilide in the volatile oil of Radix Angelicae Sinensis and Ligusticum Chuanxiong in which it is stable enough for the application in pharmaceutics, to investigate its degradation laws, and to predict its shelf-life at 25 degrees C. Factors including temperature, light, pH value, co-solvents and antioxidants can all influence the stability of Z-ligustilide, thereinto antioxidants could markedly improve its stability in aqueous solution by almost 35%. The suitable vehicle for Z-ligustilide contains 1.5% tween-80, 0.3% Vitamin C, and 20% propylene glycol (PG). Furthermore, the degradation rates of Z-ligustilide were found to conform to a rate equation following Weibull probability distribution within a range of degradation ratio, and the equation could be expressed as follow: ln ln (1/1-alpha) = ln k + m ln t. Where alpha is degradation ratio; t is time; m and k are constants relating to the degradation rate. The degradation rate will get greater as the increasing of parameter k. According to the degradation law obtained from the equation, the drug shelf-life (10% of active ingredient degraded, T90) in this vehicle was predicted to be more than 1.77 years at 25 degrees C through Arrehenius equation and accelerating experiments. The present investigation was undertaken to propose a kinetic treatment that may be applicable to any type of degradation of the active ingredient of pharmaceutical formulation, and also could provide a good foundation for the new drug development of Z-ligustilide, especially for injection formulation.
Based on different storage time and different methods, examination has been conducted of the appearance, properties contents and main constituents in the beta-cyclodextrin inclusion compound of Zingiber officinale volatile oil. The result shows that the oil with inclusion proves considerably more stable than that without inclusion.
The essential oils extracted from the seeds of seven spices, Anethum graveolens, Carum capticum, Coriandrum sativum, Cuminum cyminum, Foeniculum vulgare, Pimpinella anisum and Seseli indicum have been studied for antibacterial activity against eight pathogenic bacteria, causing infections in the human body. It has been found that the oil of C. capticum is very effective against all tested bacteria. The oil of C. cyminum and A. graveolens also gave similar results. These oils are equally or more effective when compared with standard antibiotics, at a very low concentration.
Gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/qMS), gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (GC/FTIR) and gas chromatography/orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/oaTOFMS) were applied to analyze the volatile oil from the stem of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms. Based on the spectra search function of GC/qMS with the aid of the discriminability of the geometrical isomer by GC/FTIR and the ability to determine the accurate mass charge ratio (m/z) by GC/oaTOFMS, 68 GC eluants were identified successfully. Compared with the results obtained by GC/qMS only, the analytical results obtained by these hyphenated methods of gas chromatography are more reliable.
Inoculating Schizonepeta tenuifolia with VA mycorrhizal fungi can significantly improve the plant growth and uptake of P and S, and influence the absorption of K, Na, Fe, Mo, Mn, Zn, Co, Ba, Ni and Pb. It is interesting to note that VA mycorrhiza can also increase the synthesis of volatile oil in the shoots of S. tenuifolia. The efficiency of VA mycorrhiza varies with the fungal species.
Chemopreventive effects of orally administered Nigella sativa oil on the induction and development of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF), putative preneoplastic lesions for colon cancer, were investigated in Fischer 344 rats. Starting at 6 wk of age, 45 male rats (groups 1-3) were subcutaneously injected with DMH once a week for 3 wk. Group 1 (15 rats) served as a carcinogen control group without N. sativa administration. Group 2 or 3 (15 rats each) were given the oil in the postinitiation stage or in the initiation stage, respectively. Animals of group 4 (11 rats) were injected with 0.9% saline and received N. sativa oil from the beginning until the termination. At sacrifice, 14 wk after the start, the total numbers of ACF as well as those with at least four crypts were significantly reduced in group 2 (P < 0.01). However, treatment with N. sativa oil in the initiation stage (group 3) did not exhibit significant inhibitory effects except on foci with only one aberrant crypt. Immunohistochemical analysis of 5-bromo-2'.-deoxyuridine labeling in colonic crypts revealed the N. sativa oil to have significant antiproliferative activity in both initiation and postinitiation stages and especially in the latter. Histological examination revealed no pathological changes in the liver, kidneys, spleen, or other organs of rats treated with N. sativa. In addition, biochemical parameters of blood and urine as well as body weight gain were not affected. These findings demonstrate that the volatile oil of N. sativa has the ability to inhibit colon carcinogenesis of rats in the postinitiation stage, with no evident adverse side effects, and that the inhibition may be associated, in part, with suppression of cell proliferation in the colonic mucosa.
Volatile oils from single plants of Thymus serpylloides ssp. gadorensis were collected from Southeastern Spain and studied to check for chemical variability using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Many of the samples showed a phenolic chemotype, while another important group had significant levels of linalool. Geraniol, myrcene, caryophyllene oxide, terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole were commonly present. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) of this chemical variability separated two groups of plants characterized by either phenols or linalool, and an isolated third type with geraniol. A few samples were found to have both phenolic and non-phenolic compounds in high quantities, thus showing a mixed chemotype. Multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) of the percentage concentration for each component of the essential oil showed that thymol, linalool, 1,8-cineole, borneol and geraniol have clear divergent vectors.