SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “PARASYMPATHOMIMETICS”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources

PubMed1987

Effects of chronic administration of slaframine on production and digestive function in broiler chicks.

Slaframine (SF), 1-acetoxy-6-aminooctahydroindolizine a parasympathomimetic with a high affinity for the gastrointestinal tract, was administered by oral intubation daily to 240 broiler chicks at either 0, 8.9, or 17.8 micrograms/kg body weight.75 (BW.75) in saline for 21 days. Throughout the experimental period weight, feed intake, and fecal output were measured. On Day 21 birds were killed, eviscerated, and wet organ weights were obtained. Pancreas and small intestine digesta were homogenized with saline and frozen for analyses of trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, and lipase activity as well as total protein. Weight, feed intake and utilization, pancreatic weight, liver weight, and small intestine digesta weight were not affected by SF treatment. Protein content of the digesta decreased 16.6% with the 17.8 micrograms SF/kg BW.75 treatment. Digesta lipase activity was 13.3% (P greater than .05) and specific activity 24% less (P less than or equal to .02) in 17.8 micrograms/kg BW.75 treated birds in comparison with those of controls, and activities decreased in a linear fashion across treatment levels (P less than or equal to .04). Digesta trypsin-specific activity decreased linearly with SF treatment (P less than or equal to .05), averaging 5.5 to 16.9% lower than control treated birds. Pancreatic chymotrypsin-specific activity was not significantly different among treatments. These results suggest that relatively small dosages of SF may affect digestive function of broiler chicks.

Alkaloids↗

PubMed1999

Effect of Kampo formulations (traditional Chinese medicine) on circulatory parameters.

The pharmacological action of 6 main Kampo formulations (1.Mao -to: [Japanese pictograph see text] MA HUANG TANG; 2. Shimbu -to: [Japanese pictograph see text]: ZHEN WU TANG; 3. Ninjin -to: [Japanese pictograph see text] : REN SHEN TANG; 4.Shigyaku-san: [Japanese pictograph see text] : SI NI SAN; 5.Keishi-to: Japanese pictograph see text] : GUI ZHI TANG; 6. Shimotsu - to: [Japanese pictograph see text] : SI WU TANG) on circulatory and autonomic nervous system were studied. 7 healthy adult males( age, 22.3 +/- 1.8 years old ) had 6 basic Kampo formulations, followed by noninvasive measurement of systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean blood pressure (MBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO ), cardiacindex (CI), total peripheral resistance (TPR) by means of systolic area method of brachialsphygmography, every 30 minutes for 2 hours. As results, Mao - to induced an increase of BP,HR,SV,CO and CI, but a decrease of TPR. Keishi - to induced an increase of SBP and SV, and Shimotsu-to induced an increase of DBP and MBP, HR was slowed during former period after oral administration of Shigyaku - san, and later period after oral administration of Shimbu-to and Shimotsu-to. Regarding autonomic activity, Mao-to(former period of experiment ), Shimbu - to and Shimotsu-to induced supression of sympathetic activity, on the other hand, Mao-to (later period of experiment ) and Shiyaku - san showed a tendency of parasympathomimetic action. Mao -to induced the strongest activation of circulatory system of 6 main farmulations, and showed change of autonomic nervous activity, however, the change of circulatory and automonic nervous activity were not coincident each other. It was speculated that comprehensive mechanism of Mao-to were not only dependent of ephedrin, main active constituent of Mao, but also dependent on Keishi's vasodilatory action in it. Ninjin -to showed no actions on circulatory or autonomic system. This is indicated that there are difference of actions on circulatory and autonomic nervous system among 6 main Kampo fromulations.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

[Pharmacotherapy of congenital glaucoma in young children].

The aim of congenital glaucoma treatment is to preserve visual function of children's eyes. There are three forms of congenital glaucoma: primary congenital glaucoma of infants, children and the youth, glaucoma in dysgenesis of anterior segment of the eyeballs and glaucoma in congenital systemic diseases. Pharmacotherapy is indicated during preparation for surgical treatment, as an adjunct following surgical procedures and as a protection of retinal and optic nerve function. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hyperosmotic agents, sympathomimetic drugs, parasympathomimetic drugs, prostaglandins may be used. Dopamine antagonists, calcium channel blockers, serotonin antagonists are indicated as a protection of retinal cells and optic nerve function. The most widely used are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and beta-blocker: betaxolol. Antiglaucoma drugs have proven to be efficacious in treating children with congenital glaucoma but they have several serious side effects. Therefore, pharmacotherapy may be used only periodically. The main treatment of congenital glaucoma is surgical treatment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

[Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction].

Colonic Pseudo-obstruction is a poorly understood syndrome. It was first described by Ogilvie in 1948 and is characterized by signs of large bowel obstruction with a non-mechanical etiology. The suggested cause of this pathophysiology is an imbalance in the autonomic nerve supply to the colon. The syndrome affects mainly old, bedridden patients, usually hospitalised for non-colonic causes. The actual incidence of this syndrome is unknown, mainly due to the fact that spontaneous recovery may occur. When massive abdominal distention is apparent, diagnosis and treatment are usually problematic and other causes of obstruction must be ruled out. It is usually managed by water soluble contrast administered orally or rectally, or by colonic decompression. In extreme cases surgical treatment is required with significant morbidity and mortality. Pharmacologic management with parasympathomimetic drugs has been suggested recently. We describe the successful treatment of a patient with neostigmine and review the current literature.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1975

Effects of parasympathominetics on porcine stillbirth.

To study the effect of 2 parasympathomimetic drugs in reduction of incidence of stillborn pigs, 84 sows and gilts were randomly allotted to 3 treatment groups. Single 1-ml injections of isotonic saline solution, carbachol (2 mg/ml), or neostigmine bromide (5 mg/ml) were subcutaneously administered to pigs of groups A, B, and C, respectively. Injections were given midway through parturition in an attempt to hasten the delivery of the last pigs in the litter, where the corresponding incidence of stillbirth is greatest. The mean time of injection was after the birth of 3.5 pigs. Total stillbirths/litter for carbachol-treated (0.23) and neostigmine-treated (0.21) pies were significantly different (P greater than 0.0001) from those for control pigs (0.88). Before injection, stillbirths/litter for control pigs (0.23) were not significantly different from those for carbachol-treated (0.18) or neostigmine-treated (0.12) pigs. After treatment, stillbirths/litter for carbachol-treated (0.06) and neostigmine-treated (0.09) pigs were both significantly different (P greater than 0.0001) from those for saline solution-treated control pigs (0.65). When injected midway through parturition, carbachol and neostigmine reduced stillbirth rate by reducing stillbirths which occur late in farrowing.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Drugs and closed-angle glaucoma risk].

Closed-angle glaucomas arise among predisposed patients (narrow iridocorneal angle) in response to various stimuli. Most of the attacks are of iatrogenic origin: all the topical and systemic mydriatic drugs can provoke an angle closure glaucoma attack. Dangerous active ingredients with closed-angle glaucoma are active substances with anticholinergic activity (peripheral action, central action, with anticholinergic side-effects), active ingredients with sympathomimetic alpha activity (alpha 1, alpha and beta with indirect effects), and the active ingredients with parasympathomimetic activity (anticholinesterases). The proprietary medicine, whether or not they are included in the French dictionary Vidal((R)), are classified according to the administration route and their different indications. The closed-angle glaucoma risk after administration of these drugs is noted in the items'contraindications and precautions in the summary of the product characteristics enclosed in the marketing authorization.

Glaucoma, Angle-Closure↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Non-ulcer dyspepsia.

During the last decade a new disease entity numbered among functional disorders of the digestive tract and defined as "non-ulcer dyspepsia", has been isolated. This disease is diagnosed most frequently at the age of 20 to 40 years. In West-European countries it is diagnosed in about 30% of out patients. Symptomatology of the disease is very ample and is, after exclusion of organic diseases of the digestive tract, the basis of diagnosis and classification. Present knowledge on the pathophysiology of "non-ulcer dyspepsia" is incomplete and based mainly on study results of the motility of the stomach and small intestine under manometric examination. In spite of that one attains satisfactory therapeutical effects during a prolonged administration of prokinetic drugs (dopamine receptor antagonists and peripheral parasympathomimetics).

Dyspepsia↗

PubMed1963

THE PHARMACOLOGY OF NEW ADRENERGIC NEURONE BLOCKING AGENTS, N-P-CYCLOHEXYLBENZYLTROPINIUM DERIVATIVES.

The three N-p-cyclohexylbenzyltropinium derivatives studied gave rise to lasting hypotension after transient stimulation and block of sympathetic ganglia in anaesthetized and conscious animals. The drugs inhibited the contractions of the nictitating membrane and spleen evoked by pre- or postganglionic nerve stimulation. In adrenalectomized animals the pressor effect of tetramethylammonium, the hypertensive response to carotid arterial occlusion and the effect of tyramine on the nictitating membrane were also reduced. The drugs have slight or no parasympathomimetic, parasympatholytic or curare-like side-effects. The bretylium-like action of the compounds is discussed.

Adrenergic Agents↗

PubMed2003

Timolol + latanoprost: new preparation. Last-resort eye drops.

(1) First-line drug treatment of chronic open-angle glaucoma or intraocular hypertonia is based on monotherapy with timolol eye drops. Patients in whom several single-agent treatments have failed can use combinations of timolol + dorzolamide (a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) or a betablocker + pilocarpine (a parasympathomimetic agent). (2) An eye-drop preparation is now available in which 0.5% timolol is combined with 0.005% latanoprost, a prostaglandin F2alpha analogue. (3) A clinical trial indicated that the timolol + latanoprost combination was more effective than the timolol + dorzolamide combination on intraocular pressure, but the report of this study is too scanty to accept these results at face value. Once-a-day dosing with timolol + latanoprost has not been compared with a betablocker + pilocarpine combination. (4) Patients using the timolol + latanoprost combination are exposed to the adverse effects of both latanoprost (especially ocular irritation and brown iris discoloration) and the betablocker. (5) It is not known whether the once-a-day dosing of the timolol + latanoprost combination is a significant advantage, especially in terms of adherence to treatment. (6) In practice, the arrival of the timolol + latanoprost combination changes virtually nothing for patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma, except for those with no other alternative.

Antihypertensive Agents↗

PubMed1992

[Causes of anaphylactoid reactions in cattle after administration of lipoid preparations].

In 1986-1988, adverse anaphylactoid reactions (AR) were observed in animals in Czechoslovakia after the administration of oil adjuvant-containing vaccines or other lipoid drugs. Treated animals showed signs resembling the classic anaphylactic reaction, i.e. restlessness, salivation, pruritus, oedema and cyanosis of udder and vulva, and eyelid oedema, developing within a few minutes. The reactions were not elicited by the antigen alone, but by the oil adjuvant. The aim of our experiments was to identify substances eliciting the reaction in susceptible animals and to investigate possible induction mechanisms. The emulsifier Tween 80 has been demonstrated to be an AR inducing component of vaccines and drugs (Tab. I and III). Weak or moderate reactions were observed in 33% of animals treated with 5% Tween and 66% of those treated with 10% Tween showed strong reactions. On the other hand, no reactions were elicited by treatment with several paraffin oils of different quality (Tab. I) nor with an oil-in-water emulsion containing Montanid as an emulsifier (Tab. II). The role of the vegetative nervous system in the rise of AR has been confirmed. AR were suppressed in animals pretreated with parasympatholytic atropine and enhanced in a part of those pretreated with parasympathomimetic pilocarpine (Tab. III). The percentage of animals affected and the intensity of AR were also lower in animals pretreated with complement inhibitor epsilon-aminocapronic acid (Tab. IV). A major role of complement activation is suggested in the discussion of possible mechanisms of AR induction. It is possible to draw a conclusion on the basis of the results presented here and of the analysis of individual cases that a certain degree of animal susceptibility, depending on the phase of reproductive cycle, metabolism level and neurovegetative balance is necessary besides the administration of an AR inducer (Tween 80 in our case). Hence it seems that the adverse anaphylactoid reactions results from interactions of the two factors, i.e. administration of an AR inducer to susceptible animals.

Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Urinary complications after anorectal surgery].

The prevalence of urinary complications after various anorectal operations was studied in a group of 273 patients. The overall prevalence of urinary complications was 26.7%; most of these complications affected men between 41 and 50, mainly after hemorrhoidectomy. In 10.6% of patients, bladder catheterization was needed. These urinary complications result from nervous reflexes originating from the anus and determined by the operative trauma and/or rectal distinction. In the treatment of these urinary complications, the role of the muses is essential for reassuring the patients. Parasympathomimetic drugs are often efficient. Urinary catheterization must be delayed until the 18th hour. Fluid restriction may be useful to prevent urinary retention.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Use of pilocarpine-induced alimentary secretions to measure intestinal shedding of Salmonella enteritidis in chickens.

A technique has been developed that uses the parasympathomimetic drug pilocarpine to induce alimentary secretions in chickens for measuring local immune responses to Salmonella enteritidis strain SE6. A study was conducted to determine if these secretions could also be used to detect intestinal SE6 shedding. White leghorn chickens infected with 1 x 10(9) SE6 were samples weekly using cloacal swabs, and the isolation rates from these samples were compared with alimentary secretions induced by oral administration of phosphate-buffered saline followed 45 minutes later with an intraperitoneal injection of 5% pilocarpine. At 9 days postinfection, isolation rates from the alimentary secretions were significantly higher than isolation rates from the swabs, and by day 16 they were double those from the swabs. In separate small experiments, alimentary secretions induced by pilocarpine alone also had significantly more SE6 isolations than did cloacal swabs on two of three sampling times examined. Direct culture of feces resulted in numerically but not significantly greater SE6 isolations than did cloacal swabs on two of three sampling times. These results indicate that induced intestinal material is a better sample source than cloacal swabs for detecting S. enteritidis intestinal infections in chickens and could have many applications in intestinal pathogenesis research.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Kininogen changes evoked in plasma by feeding, pseudo-alimentary, vagal and carbamylcholine stimulation of the rat.

Changes in plasma total (BKg), low (LKg), or high (HKg) molecular weight kininogens are indirect means of studying the participation of kinins in biological processes. To investigate kinin involvement in digestive activity, rats fasted overnight, but given access to water, were allowed to feed for one hour. BKg levels increased by 18% (p less than 0.0001); LKg by 29% (p less than 0.01); HKg remained apparently unchanged. Changes were reversed after 120 min. Decreases in circulatory HKg are probably masked by a compensatory response of the organism aimed at rapidly re-establishing kinin precursor levels in the circulation following their consumption by parasympathetic activity accompanying feeding. This conclusion is based on observations showing that fasted rats submitted to sham-feeding caused by visual/olfactory stimulation by food, present extensive (61%) reduction (p less than 0.001) of HKg, but not of LKg. It is further supported by results demonstrating that electrical stimulation of the distal stump of the cut left abdominal vagus nerve, as well as intravenous administration of carbamylcholine, a parasympathomimetic drug, also produce these changes, all of which were prevented by prior atropinization of the experimental animals. These results open the way for investigations on a possible role of kinins in the control of post-prandial vascular changes.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

[Salivary calculi].

Salivary calculi are frequent and revealed by very painful signs, which need an urgent therapy. These calculi are more often localized in the submaxillary gland, sometimes in the parotid gland, and unfrequently in the sublingual glands. Their clinical signs include an increased volume of the gland (salivary hernia), pain of infectious complication. Diagnosis is confirmed by standard x-ray and sialography, which also predicate the localization of the calculi. The treatment is symptomatic including antispasmodic, sympatholytic and parasympathomimetic drugs and washings of the canal with antibiotic solutions. After few months of this treatment, the surgical treatment is indicated if the calculi stays in the canal. Depending on the localization of the calculi, the access way will be either endobuccal or external.

Humans↗

PubMed1991

A syndrome resembling feline dysautonomia (Key-Gaskell syndrome) in a dog.

Dysautonomia, or autonomic nervous system dysfunction, was diagnosed in a 1-year-old dog. Clinical signs of disease included diarrhea, vomiting, prolapse of nictitating membranes, and urinary incontinence. Bilateral keratoconjunctivitis sicca, xerostomia, and decreased anal sphincter tone were also observed. On the basis of response to atropine, results of intradermal histamine testing and gastric motility studies, and ocular response to parasympathomimetics and sympathomimetics (direct and indirect acting), autonomic nervous system function was determined to be abnormal. Treatment with metoclopramide hydrochloride and bethanechol chloride resulted in improved attitude, appetite, Schirmer tear test response, and decrease in frequency of vomiting within 24 hours. Bladder function and anal tone improved within 3 weeks.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Enhanced ptosis in Fisher's syndrome after Epstein-Barr virus infection.

A 20-year-old woman presented with bilateral ptosis, total ophthalmoplegia, cerebellar symptoms, and hyporeflexia, indicating Fisher's syndrome. She had been diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis 2 months previously. Increased Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) titer was noted, and the Epstein-Barr virus-associated nuclear antigen (EBNA) became positive during the clinical course. Apparent light-near dissociation of the pupils was noted and accommodation was intact. During pharmacological tests with topical application to the eye by sympathomimetic or parasympathomimetic drugs, the pupils showed no supersensitivity, indicating possible central disorder. Enhanced ptosis was noted in each eye and this condition was aggravated by manually lifting the eyelids. The recovery latency time of this enhanced ptosis was approximately 180 ms, indicating a central polysynaptic process to possibly be the cause. Although this condition is considered specifically associated with peripheral neural or muscle diseases, the present case would indicate a central disorder as a possible mechanism.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMed1990

[Urinary disorders following anorectal surgery].

Troubles of micturition are common after anorectal surgery. They range from transient slight dysfunction to protracted retention necessitating catheterization. Surgical procedures for hemorrhoids are the main cause regardless of technique. Anesthesia and age of the patient are of minor importance. Men are more often affected than women. Innervation of the vesical sphincter is connected to that of the anorectal region be it by common innervation or by shared reflexes. Two mechanisms prevail: surgical trauma can lead to early sphincter contraction and atonia of the bladder or constipation after surgery may play a role. Psychologic environment and administration of sedatives play an important role in the treatment of postoperative micturition disorders. Parasympathomimetics are often successful. Catheterization can not always be avoided. It should not be used within first 18 hours after surgery. Rapid institution of intestinal motility has a preventive effect.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

[Pharmacologic studies of cultivated human ciliated cells of the upper respiratory tract].

The ciliary frequency was measured in cultivated ciliated human cells of the upper respiratory tract. An attempt was made to influence this isolated system pharmacologically. Previously, contradictory results have been published regarding the effects of parasympathomimetic and sympathomimetic drugs. We investigated the muscarinic agonist carbachol and the beta 2-adrenoreceptor stimulating drug clenbuterol. Carbachol (10(-3) M) did not modify the ciliary frequency in 6 experiments neither at 37 degrees C nor at 24 degrees C, where the basal frequency was reduced. Spiropent (10(-5) M), a pharmaceutical preparation of clenbuterol and lactose, increased the ciliary frequency in 3 experiments. Clenbuterol, tested in the same concentration in 1 experiment, also caused an increase. Lactose was without effect. The secretolytic drug ambroxol did not influence the ciliary frequency. The neuropeptide substance P which causes an increase in ciliary frequency in the respiratory tract of rabbits in vivo, had no effect on isolated human ciliated cells indicating an indirect effect of this peptide. Calcitonin gene-related peptide which co-exists with substance P in sensory neurons of the airways, increased the ciliary frequency in 1 out of 6 experiments. In conclusion, our results indicate that ciliary activity can be directly modified via beta 2-adrenoreceptors. Other putative neuronal mediators did not reveal clearcut direct activity.

Ambroxol↗