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PubMed1962

Comparative resistance of strains of Clostridium botulinum to gamma rays.

A total of 102 strains of Clostridium botulinum (56 strains of type A, 43 type B, and 3 nontoxigenic strains which could not be typed) was examined for resistance to gamma rays. When these organisms were suspended in neutral phosphate buffer in concentrations of 10(4) spores per tube, the threshold sterilizing dose appeared to be 1.4 Mrad. Partial survival to 1.4 Mrad was shown by 10.7% of the type A strains, 18.6% of the type B strains, and one of three nontoxigenic strains. Over-all, type A strains indicated higher radioresistance than type B strains, although there was overlapping. Representatives of the most resistant strains had D values of 0.317 to 0.336 Mrad; the D values of an intermediate group were 0.224 to 0.253 Mrad, and the most sensitive strain studied, 51B, had a D value of 0.129 Mrad. The radioresistance of Putrefactive Anaerobe 3679, strain S-2, was comparable to the intermediate C. botulinum group (D = 0.209).

Botulinum Toxins↗

PubMed1965

POUCH METHOD FOR THE ISOLATION AND ENUMERATION OF CLOSTRIDIA.

An anaerobic film-pouch method has been developed for the isolation and enumeration of clostridia. Fabrication of the pouch is described. Counts of spore suspensions of Putrefactive Anaerobe 3679 and of Clostridium botulinum strains 41-B and 33-A in pouches were compared with those obtained by anaerobic-jar and agar-deep techniques. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in favor of the pouch over the tube and anaerobic-jar methods. Tests performed with C. welchii, both in spore suspension and added to chicken pot pie in culture form, also demonstrated the pouch to be at least as proficient as the other, more cumbersome, techniques.

Agar↗

PubMed1966

Incidence of mesophilic Clostridium spores in raw pork, beef, and chicken in processing plants in the United States and Canada.

The anaerobic film pouch technique was used to quantitate and isolate clostridial spores in 2,358 samples of raw meat (1,078 of chicken, 624 of beef, 656 of pork). Of 19,727 putrefactive anaerobic (PA) sporeformers isolated, 1 was confirmed by mouse protection testing to be Clostridium botulinum type C. This isolate was obtained from a Western Canada chicken sample which contained 5.33 clostridia per gram. These data indicate a very low incidence of botulinal contamination in raw meats at the packing-plant level (0.042% of 2,358 samples) and an almost 20,000:1 ratio of nonbotulinal PA sporeformers to mesophilic C. botulinum spores. The mean level of PA contamination was 2.8 PA sporeformers per gram of meat; 77% of the samples contained three or less PA sporeformers per gram. Small but statistically significant differences in the incidence of clostridial spores were noted for season, geographical region, and type of meat.

Animals↗

PubMed1967

Thermal inactivation characteristics of bacterial spores at ultrahigh temperatures.

The thermal inactivation characteristics of Bacillus stearothermophilus (1518) spores and putrefactive anaerobe (PA) 3679 (NCA) spores suspended in skim milk were determined after treatment in pilot-plant ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) processing equipment. Temperature-survivor curves were constructed from survival data to emphasize the critical nature of temperature control in process evaluation. Time-survivor curves for PA 3679 spores were concave upward, and decimal reduction time (DRT) curves for these spores supported the observation of a protective response occurring at the longest exposure times. However, exposure time did not markedly affect the extremely high z(D) value obtained for PA 3679 spores. The substitution of Gelysate for Trypticase and Thiotone as the peptone in the sporulation medium increased the relative heat resistance of B. stearothermophilus spores, but lowered the z(D) value from 16 F to 12 F. The DRT curves in all cases were linear, but the z(D) values observed in this study differed considerably from those reported by other workers.

Animals↗

PubMed1968

Effect of sodium nitrite, sodium chloride , and sodium nitrate on germination and outgrowth of anaerobic spores.

The effects of meat-curing agents on germination and outgrowth of putrefactive anaerobe 3679h (PA 3679h) spores were studied in microcultures. Nitrite concentrations up to 0.06% at pH 6.0 or between 0.8 and 1% at pH 7.0 allowed emergence and elongation of vegetative cells but blocked cell division. The newly emerged cells then lysed. With more than 0.06% nitrite at pH 6.0 or more than 0.8 to 1% at pH 7.0, the spores lost refractility and swelled, but vegetative cells did not emerge. Even as much as 4% nitrite failed to prevent germination (complete loss of refractility) and swelling of the spores. Sodium chloride concentrations above 6% prevented complete germination (i.e., the spores retained a refractile core). In the presence of 3 to 6% sodium chloride, most of the spores germinated and produced vegetative cells, but cell division was often blocked. Sodium nitrate had no apparent effect on germination and outgrowth at concentrations up to 2%.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1971

Action of Pseudomonas fragi on the proteins of pig muscle.

Considerable salt-soluble protein degradation was observed in pork muscle inoculated with Pseudomonas fragi. During a 20-day incubation period at 10 C, the samples proceeded to rank spoilage or putrefaction. There was a large decrease in the salt-soluble protein fraction and a corresponding increase in nonprotein nitrogen. Disc gel electrophoretic patterns showed that breakdown of the salt-soluble proteins had occurred after incubation for 20 days. During incubation for 10 days at 10 C, P. fragi produced large amounts of extracellular proteolytic activity in ground pork. Most of the proteolytic activity appeared immediately after spoilage occurred. However, a significant increase in the ability to hydrolyze casein and a slight increase in the ability to hydrolyze denatured hemoglobin occurred prior to spoilage.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1973

Sporicidal properties of hydrogen peroxide against food spoilage organisms.

The sporicidal properties of hydrogen peroxide were evaluated at concentrations of 10 to 41% and at temperatures of 24 to 76 C. The organisms tested and their relative resistance at 24 C to 25.8% H(2)O(2) were: Bacillus subtilis SA 22 > B. subtilis var. globigii > B. coagulans > B. stearothermophilus > Clostridium sp. putrefactive anaerobe 3679 > S. aureus, with "D" values of 7.3, 2, 1.8, 1.5, 0.8., and 0.2 min, respectively. Heat shocking spores prior to hydrogen peroxide treatment decreased their resistance. Wet spores were more resistant than dry spores when good mixing was achieved during hydrogen peroxide treatment. Inactivation curves followed first-order kinetics except for a lag period where the inactivation rate was very slow. Increasing the H(2)O(2) concentration and the temperature reduced the lag period.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1976

Less common "doping" agents and substances encountered during routine screening for drugs.

The chromatographic and spectroscopic properties of several unusual substances which have been detected in the "alkaloidal" chloroform extract from racehorse urine and saliva samples are reported. Some of these substances have been identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the source of the substance is stated where this is known. Other substances whose identity is not known have been detected and their mass spectra show characteristic amine fragments. The occurrence of these unidentified substances is more frequent in aged urine samples and it would therefore appear that they are associated with putrefaction.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

A history of salt.

The medical history of salt begins in ancient times and is closely related to different aspects of human history. Salt may be extracted from sea water, mineral deposits, surface encrustations, saline lakes and brine springs. In many inland areas, wood was used as a fuel source for evaporation of brine and this practice led to major deafforestation in central Europe. Salt played a central role in the economies of many regions, and is often reflected in place names. Salt was also used as a basis for population censuses and taxation, and salt monopolies were practised in many states. Salt was sometimes implicated in the outbreak of conflict, e.g. the French Revolution and the Indian War of Independence. Salt has also been invested with many cultural and religious meanings, from the ancient Egyptians to the Middle Ages. Man's innate appetite for salt may be related to his evolution from predominantly vegetarian anthropoids, and it is noteworthy that those people who live mainly on protein and milk or who drink salty water do not generally salt their food, whereas those who live mainly on vegetables, rice and cereals use much more salt. Medicinal use tended to emphasize the positive aspects of salt, e.g. prevention of putrefaction, reduction of tissue swelling, treatment of diarrhea. Evidence was also available to ancient peoples of its relationship to fertility, particularly in domestic animals. The history of salt thus represents a unique example for studying the impact of a widely used dietary substance on different important aspects of man's life, including medical philosophy.

Africa↗

PubMed1995

Long-term ingestion of lactosucrose increases Bifidobacterium sp. in human fecal flora.

We investigated the influence of lactosucrose on the intestinal flora of healthy volunteers. Eight healthy volunteers (male:female = 4:4, age 34 +/- 4 years) received 6 g of lactosucrose daily for 8 weeks. Fecal microflora, bacterial metabolites, pH, and moisture were analyzed before and after the administration of lactosucrose. The results showed that the number and percentage of Bifidobacterium sp. in relation to the total bacteria significantly increased during the period of lactosucrose administration. Although fecal putrefactive products, fatty acids, pH, moisture content, and stool volume did not show significant changes during the test period, the amount of fecal phenol showed a negative correlation with the number of Bifidobacterium sp. Fecal ammonia significantly decreased after 4 and 8 weeks of lactosucrose administration, and 1 week after the end of lactosucrose administration, compared with results after a 1-week administration of lactosucrose. When the administration was stopped, the percentage of Bifidobacterium sp. in relation to the total count gradually decreased to the same level as before the administration of lactosucrose. These results suggest that under physiological conditions, lactosucrose acts on the intestinal microflora as a growth factor of Bifidobacterium sp.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1995

Self-estimation of oral malodor.

Bad breath (halitosis, oral malodor) is a common condition, usually the result of microbial putrefaction within the oral cavity. Often, people suffering from bad breath remain unaware of it, whereas others remain convinced that they suffer from foul oral malodor, although there is no evidence for such. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether objective self-measurement of oral malodors is possible. Each of 52 volunteers was asked to sample the odor from his/her mouth, tongue, and saliva. Results were compared with (i) self-assessments prior to (preconception) and following (post-measurement) self-measurements; (ii) odor judge scores; (iii) dental-measurements (plaque index, gingival index, and probing depth); (iv) volatile sulphide levels; (v) salivary cadaverine levels; and (vi) intra-oral trypsin-like activity. Among the self-measurements, only saliva self-scores yielded significant correlations with objective parameters. Despite the partial objectivity of saliva self-estimates, subsequent post-measurement self-assessments failed to correlate with objective parameters. The results suggest that (i) preconceived notions confound the ability to score one's own oral malodors in an objective fashion; and (ii) partial objectivity can be obtained in the case of saliva self-measurement, presumably because the stimulus is removed from the body proper.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

'Madness from the womb'.

The word 'nymphomania', the concept of 'madness from the womb' and the belief in the existence of a behaviour consisting in an abnormally high female sexual drive converged during the second half of the seventeenth century to give rise to a new clinical category which, with minor changes, has survived until the present (e.g., in ICD-10). This Classic Text, an excerpt from the work of Lazare Rivière, provides a glimpse into the process whereby medical categories are constructed. According to Rivière (and many others) 'madness from the womb' was a disease which resulted from overheating and putrefaction of accumulated seed (female sperm) in the womb. Like all medical constructs, 'madness from the womb' (and soon nymphomania) included a symptomatology, natural history, aetiology, prognosis and cure. It is also clear that it was rehash of the earlier moral notion of 'satyriasis' (a male category applied to women) and the expression of seventeenth-century changing male attitudes towards, and fears of, female sexuality.

Female↗

PubMed2005

In vitro effects on polydextrose by colonic bacteria and caco-2 cell cyclooxygenase gene expression.

A 4-stage colon simulator and a cell culture-based human intestinal epithelial function model were combined to study the effects of a soluble fiber, polydextrose (PDX), on intestinal microbes and mucosal functions relevant to the risk of colon cancer. We observed sustained degradation of PDX throughout the different stages of the model. The fermentation was characterized by gradual degradation of PDX, production of short-chain fatty acids, and no increasing in putrefactive markers. We observed less marked effects in the microbial densities. When we applied colon fermentation metabolites obtained from the simulators with PDX to Caco-2 colon cancer cell line, a significant dose-dependent decreasing effect on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and an increasing effect on COX-3 expression levels were observed. PDX concentration appeared not to have effect on the expression levels of COX-1. Overexpression of COX-2 and decreased expression of COX-1 have been suggested to be characteristics of colon cancer. The exact physiological role of COX-3, an intron-retaining splice variant of COX-1, is not known, but it is suspected to play a role in transcriptional regulation of COX-1 and COX-2. In vitro modulation of COX expression by colon microbial fermentation products of polydextrose offers an interesting starting point for further studies on possible risk-decreasing effect of PDX on the development of colon cancer.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2002

Analysis of carbon monoxide.

The degree of exposure to carbon monoxide is most often assessed by measuring the blood carboxyhaemoglobin saturation. This measurement is relevant to investigations of acute accidental or deliberate poisoning and of chronic exposure in a domestic or work place environment. Simple spectrophotometric methods based on differential protein precipitation or dithionite reduction are prone to interference from other haemoglobin pigments and are imprecise for low-level estimations. Automated spectrophotometric devices (CO-oximeters) that estimate simultaneously total haemoglobin, percentage oxyhaemoglobin and percentage carboxyhaemoglobin have acceptable accuracy for carboxyhaemoglobin saturation levels of > 5% and are recommended for most clinical purposes. For the investigation of low-level exposure and the detection of increased haemolysis in neonates, more sensitive methods involving the release of carbon monoxide and its measurement by gas chromatography are required. Gas chromatographic methods are also appropriate when examining post-mortem blood samples where putrefaction or heat stress has resulted in a significant change in haemoglobin composition.

Breath Tests↗

PubMed1992

Eutrophication: spontaneous progressive dermatoliponecrosis. A Fatal Complication of Gross Morbid Obesity.

Spontaneous and progressive dermatoliponecrosis and panniculitis is an unusual complication of morbid obesity. A fatal case is reported, and the term eutrophication is suggested as an appropriately descriptive name for this intractable condition. A 45-year-old grossly morbidly obese female (weighing 286.4 kg) presented with spontaneous necrosis of skin and fat-folds of the abdomen, trunk, and thighs. She also had congestive cardiac failure, respiratory insufficiency and anemia. Congestive cardiac failure and anemia were treated aggressively. However, all attempts at control of the superficial tissue necrosis and the supervening infection failed. Superficial gangrene and putrefaction of the fat-folds progressed relentlessly, and death finally ensued due to sepsis and multiple system failure. The early signs of panniculitis, especially of grossly dependent fat and skin-folds in the morbidly obese must be recognized early and treated with aggressive weight loss, if this potentially fatal complication of morbid obesity is to be avoided.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

Ex-germfree mice harboring intestinal microbiota derived from other animal species as an experimental model for ecology and metabolism of intestinal bacteria.

Ex-germfree (GF) animals harboring intestinal microbiota derived from other animal species, e.g. human-flora-associated (HFA) and pig-flora-associated (PFA) mice, have been considered as a tool for studying the ecology and metabolism of intestinal bacteria of man and animals. Human fecal microbiota was transferred into the intestines of the mice with minor modification by inoculating GF mice with human fecal suspensions. Interestingly, bifidobacteria were eliminated from some of the HFA mouse groups, whereas other dominant bacterial groups remained constant. Elimination of bifidobacteria appeared to be dependent on the composition of microbiota in the inoculated sample. Human fecal microbiota established in the intestines of the HFA mice reproduced in the intestine of offspring of these HFA mice and of cage-mated ex-GF mice without any remarkable change in composition. Although the HFA mice could be used for studying the effects of diet on human intestinal microbiota, the metabolism of microbiota of HFA mice reflected that of human feces with respect to some metabolic activities but not others. PFA mice were also a good model for studying the ecosystem of pig fecal microbiota and the control of short chain fatty acids in pig intestines, but not for studying putrefactive products generated in pig intestines. In conclusion, HFA and PFA mice provide a stable and valuable tool for studying the ecosystem and metabolism of the human and animal intestinal microbiota, but they have some limitations as a model.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in forensic autopsies.

From May 1985 to May 1989, 126 necropsies were performed at the São Paulo City Morgue on cadavers of individuals AIDS victims whose unnatural deaths had prompted police investigations. One hundred and nineteen males and 17 females were included. Ages were most commonly in the 20-to-30 year range. Fifty four deaths occurred in penal institutions, 29 deaths resulted from suicides, 17 deaths from manslaughter, 17 deaths were considered suspicious, 5 willful murders and 4 others also considered suspicious because corpses were found in advanced stages of putrefaction. Inmates, except one man who was strangled, died as a consequence of the disease. During all autopsies, special attention was paid to the high rate of extrapulmonary Mycobacterial infections. Suicides were committed in different ways and the majority of the victims were documented to be still in the initial stages of the disease. Suspicious deaths and deteriorated corpses were the result of negligence of the subject's families. Homicidal deaths occurred in subjects in the terminal stages of the disease inside the hospital where these subjects were assisted and the immunodeficiency certainly contributed to aggravate the injuries leading to death. Attention is drawn to both legal and social issues affecting AIDS victims. The authors believe these issues may pose a hindrance for efficient control of the AIDS epidemic.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1999

The relationship between oral malodor, gingivitis, and periodontitis. A review.

Volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) are a family of gases which are primarily responsible for halitosis, a condition in which objectionable odors are present in mouth air. Although most patients perceive this condition as primarily a cosmetic problem, an increasing volume of evidence is demonstrating that extremely low concentrations of many of these compounds are highly toxic to tissues. VSC may, therefore, play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions such as periodontitis. Since these compounds result from bacterial putrefaction of protein, investigations have been conducted to determine whether specific bacteria are associated with odor production. Two members of this family, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), are primarily responsible for mouth odor. Although many bacteria produce H2S, the production of CH3SH, especially at high levels, is primarily restricted to periodontal pathogens. Direct exposure to either of these metabolites adversely affects protein synthesis by human gingival fibroblasts in culture. However, methyl mercaptan has the greatest effect. Other in vitro experiments have demonstrated that cells exposed to methyl mercaptan synthesize less collagen, degrade more collagen, and accumulate collagen precursors which are poorly cross-linked and susceptible to proteolysis. CH3SH also increases permeability of intact mucosa and stimulates production of cytokines which have been associated with periodontal disease. VSC, and in particular methyl mercaptan, are therefore capable of inducing deleterious changes in both the extracellular matrix and the local immune response of periodontal tissues to plaque antigens. This article reviews these data and emphasizes the potential importance of VSC in the transition of periodontal tissues from clinical health to gingivitis and then to periodontitis.

Antigens↗