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PubMed2003

Lethality of Salmonella and Listeria innocua in fully cooked chicken breast meat products during postcook in-package pasteurization.

The process lethality model was used to predict the thermal kill of Salmonella and Listeria innocua in fully cooked and vacuum-packaged chicken breast meat during hot-water postprocess pasteurization. Time-temperature profiles of the meat samples during treatment and D-values (decimal reduction times) and z-values (change in temperature required to change the D-value) for Salmonella and L. innocua in the same meat product were used in the prediction of lethality. The results of the model prediction were compared with those of the inoculation study for the same meat product at a 95% confidence level of up to 10(7) CFU/g for Salmonella and L. innocua. The thermal lethality predictions obtained with the process lethality model for Salmonella and L. innocua were within the 95% confidence level for the experimental data from the inoculation study, suggesting that the process lethality model was a useful tool for the determination of the kill of Salmonella or L. innocua at up to 10(7) CFU/g in fully cooked chicken breast meat products during postprocess pasteurization with hot water.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Determination of thermal lethality of Listeria monocytogenes in fully cooked chicken breast fillets and strips during postcook in-package pasteurization.

Fully cooked chicken breast fillets and strips were surface inoculated with a cocktail of Listeria monocytogenes culture. The inoculation level was 10(7) to 10(8) CFU/g meat. The inoculated products were vacuum packaged and pasteurized at 90 degrees C with a pilot-scale steam or hot water cooker. After heat treatment, the survivors of L. monocytogenes were enumerated. No significant difference was found on survivors of L. monocytogenes between steam- and hot water-treated products. To achieve a 7-log10 (CFU/g) reduction, approximately 5, 25, and 35 min were needed for single-packaged fillets, 227-g package strips, and 454-g strips, respectively. The results from this study were subsequently verified by a computer model that could predict the thermal lethality of pathogens in fully cooked meat and poultry products during postcook in-package pasteurization.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Combining organic acid treatment with steam pasteurization to eliminate Listeria monocytogenes on fully cooked frankfurters.

An organic acid solution of 2% acetic, 1% lactic, 0.1% propionic, and 0.1% benzoic acids was combined with steam surface pasteurization to treat frankfurters during vacuum packaging to eliminate potential postcook contamination with Listeria monocytogenes. The thermal lethality of L. monocytogenes from steam was evaluated at an inoculation concentration of 1 to 6 log CFU/cm2. About 3-log reductions of L. monocytogenes were achieved when frankfurters were treated by steam for 1.5 s. Combining organic acid treatment with steam pasteurization further inhibited the growth of surviving L. monocytogenes cells for 19 and 14 weeks when the packaged frankfurters were stored at 4 and 7 degrees C, respectively. The results from this study provide meat processors with useful information for controlling L. monocytogenes on ready-to-eat meats.

Acetic Acid↗

PubMed2006

Combination of hot-water surface pasteurization of whole fruit and low-dose gamma irradiation of fresh-cut cantaloupe.

Improvements in methods for disinfecting fresh-cut cantaloupe could reduce spoilage losses and reduce the risk of foodborne illness from human pathogen contamination. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using hot-water treatment in combination with low-dose irradiation to reduce native microbial populations while maintaining the quality of fresh-cut cantaloupe. Whole cantaloupes were washed in tap water at 20 or 76 degrees C for 3 min. Fresh-cut cantaloupe cubes, prepared from the washed fruit, were then packaged in clamshell containers, and half the samples were exposed to 0.5 kGy of gamma radiation. Native microflora populations and sensory qualities were evaluated during the subsequent 7 days of storage at 4 degrees C. The hot-water surface pasteurization reduced the microflora population by 3.3 log on the surface of whole fruits, resulting in a lower microbial load on the fresh-cut cubes compared with cubes cut from fruit treated with cold water. Irradiation of cubes prepared from untreated fruit to an absorbed dose of 0.5 kGy achieved a low microbial load similar to that of cubes prepared from hot-water-treated fruit. The combination of the two treatments was able to further reduce the microflora population. During storage, the headspace atmosphere of the packages was not significantly influenced by any of the treatments. Color, titratable acidity, pH, ascorbic acid, firmness, and drip loss were not consistently affected by treatment with irradiation, hot water, or the combination of the two. Cubes prepared from hot-water-treated whole fruit had slightly lower soluble solids content. The combination of hot-water pasteurization of whole cantaloupe and low-dose irradiation of packaged fresh-cut melon can reduce the population of native microflora while maintaining the quality of this product.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1990

Low risk for hepatitis C in hemophiliacs given a high-purity, pasteurized factor VIII concentrate. International Study Group.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the hepatitis B virus (HBV), the hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are transmitted to hemophiliacs by a high-purity factor VIII concentrate in which the method of virus inactivation is pasteurization. DESIGN: Hepatitis B virus markers, the antibody to HCV (anti-HCV), the antibody to HIV (anti-HIV), and aminotransferases were measured on serum samples collected before the first concentrate infusion and at regular time intervals thereafter. SETTING: Seventeen hemophilia centers in Italy, the Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, Austria, and the Democratic Republic of Germany. PATIENTS: Twenty-nine patients with hemophilia A who had not received a previous transfusion with blood products and who had normal alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST) were included in the final analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: No patient became positive for anti-HCV or anti-HIV or developed sustained increases in aminotransferase levels. Similarly, none of the 15 unvaccinated patients developed markers of HBV infection. CONCLUSION: This prospective study conducted in previously untransfused hemophiliacs highly susceptible to developing post-transfusion hepatitis shows that a large-pool clotting factor concentrate treated with pasteurization carries a low risk for transmitting HCV, the major causative agent of post-transfusion hepatitis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Pasteurized, monoclonal antibody factor VIII concentrate: establishing a new standard for purity and viral safety of plasma-derived concentrates.

A factor VIII concentrate (Monoclate-P) manufactured using a combination of pasteurization and immunoaffinity chromatography has been chosen to compare and contrast manufacturing aspects of plasma-derived factor VIII concentrates. Pasteurization is a virucidal method with a long safety record in clinical practice, while immuno-affinity chromatography selectively isolates and purifies the procoagulant protein of factor VIII, and partitions potential viral contaminants and nonessential proteins to the unbound fraction. The complete Monoclate-P production process reduces human immunodeficiency virus by > or = 10.5 log10, Sindbis (a model for hepatitis C virus) by > or = 6.5 log10, and murine encephalomyocarditis virus (a non-enveloped model virus) by 7.1 log10. The viral safety of Monoclate-P has been further demonstrated in clinical studies in patients not previously treated with blood or plasma-derived products. Additionally, the manufacture of Monoclate-P includes careful donor screening and plasma testing for antibodies to syphilis and human immunodeficiency, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C viruses to enhance source plasma safety. Combined with donor selection and plasma testing, multiple viral reduction steps effectively eliminate both lipid-enveloped viruses (e.g. human immunodeficiency, hepatitis B and C) and non-lipid-enveloped viruses (e.g. hepatitis A). In addition, polymerase chain reaction-based nucleic acid detection tests for hepatitis B and C viruses and for human immunodeficiency virus-1 have been introduced as part of an investigational new drug mechanism.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed2000

Pasteur, Pastorians, and the dawn of immunology: the importance of specificity.

Throughout his career, the problems that attracted Louis Pasteur almost invariably involved considerations of specificity of structure and/or of action. Thus, his work on asymmetric crystals showed that chemical form not only specifies crystalline structure, but affects the affinity of ferments as well. In his studies of diseases of silkworms, of beer, and of wine, he could unerringly distinguish with the microscope the specific agents of disease. From this emerged his concept of the specificity of species and against the nonspecificity of spontaneous generation, whence the germ theory of disease. It was in the new field of immunology, however, where the manifestations of an exquisite specificity were most clearly seen. Here, Pasteur's vaccines worked because he chose the specific pathogen in order to induce a specific immunity, and he succeeded each time. But the two most prominent Pastorian successors in immunology, Elie Metchnikoff and Jules Bordet, were not equally successful. Although each contributed significantly to the birth of immunology, each advanced a theory that neglected the principle of specificity and paid a price in consequence. Metchnikoff's phagocytic theory of immunity could not survive the demonstrable specificity of humoral antibodies, while Bordet's physical adsorptive concept of the antibody-cell interaction quickly fell to Paul Ehrlich's demonstration of the stereochemical determination of immunological specificity.

Allergy and Immunology↗

PubMed1993

[The theory of contagion in French pathology prior to the work of Pasteur].

The main sources of information used by the author for this study dealing with ideas on contagion prior to the work of Pasteur were French treatises on general pathology. These range from that of Chomel (1817) to those of the 1860, by which time Pasteur was studying the micro-organism which cause fermentations. The main aim is to analize how the conceptual framework which permited the constitution of the microbian theory of infectious disease became established. The authors studies provide a series of responses to the problem of contagious disease which, although different to the old theory or animated contagion, come very close in some aspects to those responses that arose later towards the end of the century.

Communicable Diseases↗

PubMed1997

[A brief philatelic evocation of Louis Pasteur and of his disciples].

Philately is an important source of knowledge on numerous items. Evocation of Louis Pasteur's as well as his disciples life and works throughout stamp collection is a perfect example of this. Born in Dôle in 1822, he spent his youth in Arbois. It is at the Ecole normale supérieure that he performed his work on cristals which led him to establish molecular dissymetry principles. Later, he studied of the fermentation process, he searched the reason of wines' disease and the means to prevent it (i.e. pasteurisation), he solved the problem of the silkworm disease and discovered agents of numerous infectious diseases. He demonstrated scientifically the vaccination principle. In 1885 he tried with success the first human antirabic vaccination. Three years later, the Pasteur Institute was inaugurated. After his death, his works survived in numerous institutes all over the world. Many pasteurians received the Nobel Prize.

France↗

PubMed1992

[An evocation of Pasteur].

This work is a very summarized Louis Pasteur's biography. As a scientist he discovered the dimorphism of the tartric acid crystals, the fermentation of several compounds (beer, wine, vinegar, butter) and how to avoid them thru the pasteurization, he also discovered the bacterial cause of many diseases of man and animals, changing the ways of human life. Thru sterilization, since him, the fatal outcome of many patients is avoided and surgery was made safe. He established bacteriology and immunology as branches of medicine and biology.

Allergy and Immunology↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Optimized, one-step, recovery-enrichment broth for enhanced detection of Listeria monocytogenes in pasteurized milk and hot dogs.

A one-step, recovery-enrichment broth, optimized Penn State University (oPSU) broth, was developed to consistently detect low levels of injured and uninjured Listeria monocytogenes cells in ready-to-eat foods. The oPSU broth contains special selective agents that inhibit growth of background flora without inhibiting recovery of injured Listeria cells. After recovery in the anaerobic section of oPSU broth, Listeria cells migrated to the surface, forming a black zone. This migration separated viable from nonviable cells and the food matrix, thereby reducing inhibitors that prevent detection by molecular methods. The high Listeria-to-background ratio in the black zone resulted in consistent detection of low levels of L. monocytogenes in pasteurized foods by both cultural and molecular methods, and greatly reduced both false-negative and false-positive results. oPSU broth does not require transfer to a secondary enrichment broth, making it less laborious and less subject to external contamination than 2-step enrichment protocols. Addition of 150mM D-serine prevented germination of Bacillus spores, but not the growth of vegetative cells. Replacement of D-serine with 12 mg/L acriflavin inhibited growth of vegetative cells of Bacillus spp. without inhibiting recovery of injured Listeria cells. oPSU broth may allow consistent detection of low levels of injured and uninjured cells of L. monocytogenes in pasteurized foods containing various background microflora.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

[History of nephrology and extracorporeal drug removal at the L. Pasteur Hospital in Kosice].

The authors describe the development of clinical nephrology from 1948 to 2002 at the Medical Faculty of the P. J. Safarík University and L. Pasteur Faculty Hospital from the aspect of therapeutic and preventive care, teaching and research activities. The dialysis centre which was established in 1966 at the Medical Clinic of the Faculty Hospital in Kosice continued in the activities as the Nephrological laboratory which was founded in 1954. This laboratory still operates under the conditions of the Nephrological Clinic. In 1964 at the Medical Clinic the first percutaneous renal biopsy was implemented. In 1966 the first peritoneal dialysis was implemented and the first haemodialysis in a patient with chronic renal failure, later gradually all so far known therapeutic methods were introduced which replace renal function and are used in acute and chronic renal failure and in acute intoxication. On March 18, 1977 in the authors' department the first haemoperfusion over active charcoal was made successfully in a patient intoxicated with parquat. It was the first haemoperfusion in the former Czechoslovak Republic. From 1991 at the Clinic a Sub-chair of nephrology and dialysis was established attached to the Institute for Postgraduate Training, later SPAM. Within the framework of the latter several nephrological courses were organized as well as courses in extracorporeal elimination treatment and in acute toxicology. The department acted also as a training place for future nephrologists before the specialization examination in nephrology. Since 1981 successfully several research grants concerned with the use of haemoperfusion over active charcoal and other sorbents in acute intoxications were completed as well as grants focused on metabolic vitamin disorders in chronic renal failure. On October 24 1997 in our department within the framework of the P. J. Safarík University Medical Faculty and L. Pasteur Faculty Hospital the Nephrological Clinic was established, the first one in the Slovak Republic. This stimulated further qualitative development of nephrology not only in Kosice but in the whole of Slovakia.

Hemoperfusion↗

PubMed2003

[A rare cancer: cancers of the small intestine. 25 cases diagnosed at the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar from 1992 to 2001].

A retrospective survey of cases of cancer of the small intestine observed in the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar (IPM), in the Centre Hospitalier de Soavinandriana (CenHoSoa) and in the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Antananarivo/Hôpital Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona (CHUA/HJRA), has been undertaken with the goal to find out epidemiological and diagnostical particularities, as well as the therapeutic measures and their results. Only 25 cases have been found in 10 years (from 1992 to 2001). They represent 5.4% of the digestive cancers diagnosed by the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar. They concern 14 women and 11 men with a mean age of 36 years old at the time of diagnosis. The motive of hospitalization was an acute abdomen (peritonitis, perforation, occlusive syndrome, König's syndrome) in 64.3%, and a chronic abdominal pain often associated with abdominal mass in 35.7%. The duodenum is the predilection seat of the small bowel cancers (50%), followed by the ileum (25%) and the jejunum (10%). A diffuse shape has been observed in 15% of the cases. The most frequent histological type is the lymphoma (40%) followed by the adenocarcinoma (32%).

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed1992

Effects of yogurt and fermented-then-pasteurized milk on lactose absorption in an institutionalized elderly group.

In the present study we evaluated lactose malabsorption (LM) after ingestion of three dairy products in 53 healthy institutionalized elderly people. A preliminary screening with milk (250 ml, 11 g lactose) was carried out to select the LM subjects using the H2 breath test. The effect of consuming an equivalent amount of lactose contained in yogurt and fermented-then-pasteurized milk (FPM) was then assessed in LM subjects. Results indicated that 36% of the elderly population studied was considered as LM and that breath H2 excretion was significantly higher after ingestion of milk than after ingestion of yogurt. This beneficial effect was partially eliminated when FPM was tested. Moreover, breath H2 excretion was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) 3 hours after ingestion of FPM compared to the normal yogurt. These results demonstrate a high prevalence of LM in the elderly and confirm the positive effect of yogurt on lactose absorption, whereas pasteurized yogurt did not cause the same effect.

Aged↗

PubMed1975

[Different pathogenic power of the original BCG strain of the Pasteur Institute and of an isoniazid resistant strain. Histopathological study and significance of local abscesses after inoculation of guinea pig].

The inoculation into guinea pigs of 10 mg of BCG, obtained either from the Pasteur Institute original strain, or from a mutant isoniazid resistant strain, B1 catalase positive, caused in 40.4% of cases, the onset of abscesses at the point of injection. The frequency and course of these abscesses appear quite different with the two strains, 92.8% with the classical strain, persisting in more than half of the cases after one year, and 23.5% with the INH-resistant strains which regressed within 6 months. Histologically, the structure of the recent abscesses, with a large histiocytic wall often rich in bacteria, and a very cellular necrotic content, appears different from that of old abscesses with a thin wall and a heterogeneous content, calcification with reaction to foreign bodies, and presence of granules due to the persistance of bacteria. The INH-resistant strain is thus in the guinea pig, less aggressive and more rapidly eliminated than the classical Pasteur strain. The course and morphology of abscesses in guinea pigs are very similar to certain old lesions of human tuberculosis and involve, in all strains, phenomena of cell immunity both general and local.

Abscess↗

PubMed1991

[Vaccination against hepatitis B virus at the Lyon Pasteur Institute. A seven-year evaluation].

Results of immunization against hepatitis B among Pasteur Institute staff members are reported. Prior to immunization, 439 subjects were tested for hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers, including HBs antigen, anti-HBs antibody, and anti-HBc antibody (Ausria, Ausab, Corab assays; Abbott). Forty-seven subjects tested positive for anti-HBs antibody. 317 subjects negative for all the HBs markers studied were given three intramuscular doses of Hevac B (Pasteur vaccins) at one-month intervals. Anti-HBs antibodies were assayed after the third injection with the following results: mean titer, 1,454 mIU/ml, standard deviation, 5,349 mIU/ml, and range, 4 to 41,100 mIU/ml. Anti-HBs titers above 10 mIU/ml were found in 879.4% of subjects. Non-responders and weak responders (anti-HBs titer under 10 mIU/ml) were given a fourth dose of vaccine. Ultimately, after the last (third of fourth) injection 97.6% of subjects had protective antibody titers. No case of HBV infection was seen during the seven-year follow-up period.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

[Listeria monocytogenes contamination of raw milk from different regions of Anatolia and pasteurized milk sold in Ankara].

In this study 77 raw milk samples from different regions of Anatolia and 22 pasteurized milk samples sold in Ankara were investigated for isolation of L. monocytogenes. For the isolation of Listeria, each sample was plated directly onto McBride's Listeria Agar (MLA) and on the other hand four processing methods (2 long cold enrichment and 2 shortened warm enrichment procedures, followed by plating) were used. Listeria colonies on MLA medium were examined by the Henry Method of oblique lighting. Suspected colonies from MLA were subjected to biochemical tests to confirm identity. 14 samples (18.2%) of all examined samples raw milk were determined to be positive for Listeria monocytogenes. We found that Tryptose Phosphate Broth enrichment procedure gave significantly better results than others and allows L. monocytogenes isolation from milk most frequently. All of tested pasteurized milk samples were negative for L. monocytogenes.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Stroma-free hemoglobin solutions purified by chloroform and pasteurization.

Several approaches to the processing of native stroma-free hemoglobin solutions (SFH) were reconsidered regarding present requirements for SFH production and quality. Treatment of outdated red blood cells (RBCs) with chloroform and/or by pasteurization were evaluated for technical ease, speed and efficacy in removing stromata, phospholipids and non-heme proteins from RBC hemolysates. The influence of both procedures upon spontaneous hemiglobin formation in stored, preferably freeze-dried SFH was compared. Among other analytical methods, sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) and isoelectrofocusing were used for mutual comparison of the purification procedures. Pasteurized samples were significantly better purified, more homogeneous but also more susceptible to spontaneous oxidation, probably due to heat inactivation of enzymic scavengers of oxygen radicals. On the other hand, the chloroform-treated, unheated SFH samples were less purified from non-heme proteins, but were more stable. Fructose and sucrose were equally active in protecting SFH from oxidation during freeze-drying. At present, the easy chloroform treatment and freeze-drying of thus purified SFH with fructose of sucrose seems to offer a plausible technological compromise which merits further investigation.

Chloroform↗