[Unusual foreign body of the mastoid process].
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Foreign Bodies↗
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Results for “Processing Bodies”
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Mutually exclusive apicobasolateral sorting of two oligodendroglial membrane proteins, proteolipid protein and myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.
Oligodendrocytes elaborate an extensive membrane network that ensheathes CNS axons in multilamellar wrappings. A compaction process excludes much of the cytoplasm in mature myelin membranes, giving rise to distinct lipid/protein compositions in two membrane compartments (compact myelin and membranes of the cell body and processes). Insofar as oligodendrocytes arise from neuroepithelial progenitors, it seems likely that some elements are shared for protein targeting by these two cell types. We hypothesized that certain membrane proteins targeting different oligodendroglial membrane compartments would preferentially sort to opposite domains when transfected into Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. Myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is found in uncompacted membrane (cell body, processes), and it sorts exclusively to MDCK basolateral membrane. Proteolipid protein (PLP) is found in compact myelin, and it sorts exclusively to MDCK apical membrane. Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is primarily in the periaxonal inner loop of myelin; however, it fails to target preferentially within MDCK cells. This inability of MAG to sort within MDCK cells suggests a lack of required oligodendroglial-specific targeting components. In contrast, the sorting machinery in both oligodendrocytes and MDCK cells recognizes targeting signals for MOG and PLP, and we propose that these oligodendroglial membrane proteins delineate cognate basolateral and apical domains, respectively.
Animals↗
WNTS and WNT receptors as therapeutic tools and targets in human disease processes.
The body of scientific literature linking Wnts and Wnt-associated proteins to human disease processes continues to grow in parallel with new discoveries from basic science laboratories that further characterize the elaborate cellular events following the binding of Wnts to their receptors. While Wnt-mediated signaling has long been known to play a major role in human carcinogenesis, accumulating evidence indicates that Wnts are also important mediators of inflammation and recovery from injury. The binding of secreted Wnt ligands to their receptors offers an attractive and accessible target for therapeutic regulation of these signaling pathways. Several promising preliminary studies have already addressed potential avenues for the manipulation of Wnt signaling in disease processes. This review will focus on disease processes involving the regulation of Wnt signaling at the level of Wnt binding to its target receptors. Wnt proteins, Wnt receptors, and secreted Wnt inhibitors are attractive as potential therapeutic agents and targets due to their extracellular location. In addition, since Wnt signaling results in a diverse array of downstream intracellular events, many of which are not fully understood, the targeting of this pathway at the most upstream site of pathway activation also provides a strategic advantage for therapy. As the list of Wnt-related diseases continues to grow, advances in our understanding of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying Wnt signaling may ultimately translate into innovative ways to treat Wnt-related disease processes in patients.
Animals↗
[Free-radical processes under different conditions of body oxygen allowance].
Free radical processes (FRP) in mammalian organism are oxygen-depended. The review is devoted to the analysis of pro- and antioxidant processes in mammalian tissues under different oxygen supply conditions. There are described: sources of free radicals; hyperproduction of FRP under hyperoxia and hyperbaria; the role of free radicals in the adaptation to chronic hypoxia (high altitudes, barochamber, chronic heart and lung diseases); production of active oxygen species during the reoxygenation of preliminarily hypoxic tissues; FRP under intermittent hypoxic training; role of FRP in the chemoreception of oxygen. The special attention is paid to three main factors underlined the FR production in hypoxic conditions: the speed of hypoxia increase, the degree of hypoxia and the time of hypoxic exposure.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Low body temperature affects associative processes in long-trace conditioned flavor aversion.
A series of experiments examined the effect of low body temperature on the associative process in long-trace conditioned flavor aversion. Experiment 1 demonstrated that maintaining a low body temperature between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) administration facilitates the associative process and allows a flavor aversion to be conditioned in young rats over an interval that would normally not support conditioning. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that this was due neither to lingering systemic saccharin serving as a CS nor to a cold induced enhancement of US intensity. Experiment 4 demonstrated that inducing hypothermia at various times during a 3-h CS-US interval results in an apparent delay of reinforcement gradient. We propose that a cold induced decrease in metabolic rate slows the internal clock that governs the perception of time and that the CS-US association depends upon perceived contiguity rather than upon an external clock-referenced contiguity.
Aging↗
A process evaluation of the District of Columbia "Know Your Body" project.
A process evaluation was conducted of the effectiveness of the "Know Your Body" curriculum in reducing coronary heart disease risk factors among black elementary and junior high school students. The evaluation, part of a five-year longitudinal study, linked effectiveness of teachers' implementation with student outcomes and identified program weaknesses during implementation. Teachers with higher effectiveness scores had significantly more favorable student outcomes in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, HDL/cholesterol ratio, serum thiocyanate, and fitness. Of 82 teachers, 38 (46%) had scores reflecting effective teaching. Lack of time and commitment and inadequate use of the behavioral teaching approach demanded by the curriculum contributed most to implementation failure. Teachers as insufficient role models emerged as an important factor. Future research needs appropriate reinforcement of teacher participation and measurement of the environmental factors and personal teacher characteristics that may affect program implementation. School health education programs need an intensive training component that will enable teachers to adopt behavioral teaching approaches, promote teacher's examination and change of their personal risk factors, and stress the classroom dynamic of teachers as role models.
Black or African American↗
Characteristics of excitation and inhibition of the receptive fields of the retina and lateral geniculate body.
The process of excitation and inhibition in the receptive fields (RF) of the ganglion cells and lateral geniculate body (LGB) of the cat were examined. The extent of the dependence of the magnitude of excitation and inhibition in RF on stimulus intensity was determined. This dependence is a power function with power indices of 0.15--0.20 (LGB) and 0.3--0.5 (retina) for excitation and 0.2--0.3 (LGB) and 0.5--0.6 (retina) for inhibition.
Animals↗
Mutual synaptic associations between neurons containing neuropeptide Y and neurons containing enkephalin in the arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus.
We determined reciprocal synaptic associations between neurons containing neuropeptide Y (NPY) and neurons containing enkephalin-8 peptide (Enk-8) in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the rat hypothalamus by using a double-staining immunocytochemical method. Animals treated with an intraventricular administration of colchicine and animals treated with a hemicomplete cut of the medial basal hypothalamus were used. We principally labeled NPY with silver-gold particles and Enk-8 with diaminobenzidine (DAB) chromogen but in part labeled reversely the two antigens to obtain better visualization of Enk-8 cell bodies. Neurons immunoreactive for NPY were found in the mediobasal area, while those for Enk-8 were located somewhat laterally. Their fibers, however, were densely distributed throughout the ARC in a similar fashion. Electron microscopically, we found synaptic junctions between axonal terminals of Enk-8 neurons and perikarya of NPY neurons and between axonal terminals of NPY neurons and perikarya of Enk-8 neurons. In addition, we found synaptic junctions between immunoreactive Enk-8 cell bodies and processes and also between immunoreactive NPY cell bodies and processes. These interneuronal associations may contribute to the interaction of information coming in or going out from this nucleus.
Animals↗
Posttranslational processing of proteins in vacuoles and protein bodies is inhibited by monensin.
A number of proteins that accumulate in vacuoles and protein bodies undergo posttranslational processing at these accumulation sites. These processing steps include proteolytic cleavage (e.g. pea lectin, soybean glycinin, and rice lectin) and the removal of some sugar residues from oligosaccharide side-chains (e.g. bean phytohemagglutinin). Treatment of immature rice embryos with the sodium ionophore monensin slows down the proteolytic processing of the rice lectin precursor (M(r) 23,000) to mature rice lectin (M(r) 10,000 and 8,000). Treatment of developing bean cotyledons with monensin slows down the removal of peripheral N-acetylglucosamine residues from the oligosaccharide side-chains of phytohemagglutinin. The results are consistent with the interpretation that these processing steps, which occur in vacuoles or protein bodies, are carried out by enzymes with an acidic pH optimum, and that monensin slows down processing by alkalinization of the vacuoles or protein bodies.
Journal Article↗
Effects of high calorie preloads on selective processing of food and body shape stimuli among dieters and nondieters.
Preloaded and nonpreloaded dieters (restrained eaters) and nondieters (unrestrained eaters) completed a modified version of the Stroop task to measure selective biases in cognitive processing. In two separate studies, a milkshake preload led to increased cognitive interference for body shape words, especially for restrained eaters. There were no differences between restrained and unrestrained eaters in Stroop interference for either common or forbidden food words, whether subjects were preloaded or not. Taken together, these results indicate that chronic dieting is associated with selective processing of body shape words.
Adult↗
Localization of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ fluxes and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity to varicosities in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells differentiated by treatment with the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine.
The distribution of voltage-sensitive elevations of the level of Ca2+ in untreated SH-SY5Y cells and cells that had been induced to differentiate with staurosporine was investigated by monitoring fura-2 fluorescence in cell suspensions, and by using microfluorometry and quantitative fluorescence imaging on cell bodies and on cellular processes. Cell bodies of both types of cells displayed small Ca2+ elevations, which were composed of transient and sustained components. Elevations were partially sensitive to the L- and N-channel blockers nifedipine (1 microM) and omega-conotoxin GVIA (100 nM) respectively. Up to ten times Ca2+ elevations were observed in varicosities of treated cells than in cell bodies of treated and cells. These elevations were insensitive to compounds known to release Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Elevations of Ca2+ were sustained, and they were insensitive to 5 microM nifedipine, 100 nM omega-agatoxin IVA and 100 nM omega-conotoxin GVIA, and partially sensitive to 2 microM omega-conotoxin GVIA, indicating predominance of non-L-type, non-N-type, non-P-type channel activity. The intracellular localization of neuropeptide Y, a marker of differentiation in these cells, was also investigated by fluorescence immunocytochemistry. Varicosities of treated cells displayed marked fluorescence when viewed in a confocal microscope. These findings show that the varicosities of staurosporine-treated cells exhibit some of the functional properties of nerve terminals. The varicosities resemble boutons en passant nerve endings and they seem to express Ca2+ channels different from those in the cell body.
Brain Neoplasms↗
Parkinson's disease: an immunohistochemical study of Lewy body-containing neurons in the enteric nervous system.
We performed immunohistochemical analysis of specimens from three autopsied patients with Parkinson's disease, using antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin, met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin and substance P in an attempt to reveal the types of neurons that contain Lewy bodies (LBs) in the paravertebral and celiac sympathetic ganglia and in the enteric nervous system of the alimentary tract. In the sympathetic ganglia, almost all LB-containing neuronal cell bodies and processes were immunoreactive for TH. In the alimentary tract, however, most LBs were found in the VIP-immunoreactive (VIP-IR) neuronal cell bodies and processes. In spite of the significant presence of TH-IR neuronal cell bodies and processes in the alimentary tract, LB-containing TH-IR neuronal elements were rarely encountered. These findings indicate that in the alimentary tract, the VIP neuron system is mainly involved in the disease process of Parkinson's disease.
Aged↗
Sophistication of body concept in process-reactive schizophrenia.
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Adolescent↗
Emotional processing: the mind-body connection.
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Emotions↗
Cerebral processes in mental transformations of body parts: recognition prior to rotation.
There is growing evidence that the visual processing of human body stimuli is particular and distinct from that of other objects. This is due to implicit knowledge of anatomical and biomechanical constraints of the human body. The question arises whether body stimuli in which biomechanical constraints are violated are processed in the same way as realistic bodies. This study investigated the neural mechanisms of anatomically plausible and implausible body stimuli. Event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded in healthy participants during mental rotation of body parts. Subjects were shown pictures of body parts or whole bodies in which one element (finger, arm) could be anatomically accurate or inaccurate (e.g., left forearm attached to right upper arm). Furthermore, the body parts were rotated in 7 different orientations, from 0 degrees to 180 degrees in 30 degrees increments, resulting in some possible and some impossible positions of the body parts. Analysis of the 123-channel ERPs was carried out by determining the successive segments of stable map topographies and comparing them between conditions. A particular segment appeared in the case of anatomically impossible postures at 190-230 ms followed by a segment reflecting mental rotation at 310-380 ms. Anatomically implausible positions are thus detected at a very early stage, before mental rotation occurs. Source estimations derived from the topographic data indicated that left occipital, bilateral frontal and two medial areas were activated in the case of impossible postures, whereas left parietal regions were strongly activated during mental rotation. This result contrasts with mental rotation of objects, which is considered to be a right parietal process.
Adult↗
Gait style as an etiology to chronic postural pain. Part II. Postural compensatory process.
The body is designed to pull the center of mass over a single pivotal site formed by dorsiflexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. If this response dorsiflexion motion is blocked by functional hallux limitus, then the kinetic energy, which is created for this motion, must somehow be dissipated. The process by which this dissipation occurs creates a specific pattern of compensations which, in the past, has been seen as primary motions unrelated to sagittal plane blockade. These compensatory motions are described along with a brief section concerning the methods of treatment.
Cumulative Trauma Disorders↗
Effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on in vitro cat carotid body.
The process of chemosensory transduction in the arterial chemoreceptors is not well understood. According to the metabolic hypothesis of chemoreception, a decrease in arterial pO2 will produce a decrease in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content in the chemosensory type I cells, leading to release of a neurotransmitter and increased sensory neural activity. There is a paucity of direct experimental support for this hypothesis, and in the present work, we have tested the postulates of the metabolic hypothesis in an in vitro preparation of cat carotid body using 2-deoxy-D-glucose as an ATP-depleting agent. This preparation, when superfused with Tyrode containing 5 mM Na+-pyruvate instead of glucose, responds normally to hypoxia, low pH and acetylcholine, and maintains normal ATP levels. Under these conditions, 2-deoxy-D-glucose is a chemostimulant, i.e. electrical activity in the carotid sinus nerve is increased, with a threshold concentration of 0.25 mM and a maximum response at about 2-4 mM. These concentrations of 2-deoxyglucose evoke a dose-dependent release of [3H]dopamine (synthesized from [3H]tyrosine) from the carotid bodies which parallels the electrical activity. The 2-deoxy-D-glucose-evoked release and electrical activity is dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+. These same concentrations of 2-deoxy-D-glucose significantly reduce the ATP content of the carotid bodies. The events postulated by the metabolic hypothesis, i.e. decrease in ATP content, release of a putative neurotransmitter and activation of the sensory nerve endings are found to occur simultaneously. A possible cause-effect relationship between these three events is discussed.
Action Potentials↗
The meaning of tissue pO2 and local blood flow for the chemoreceptive process of the carotid body.
The paper concentrates on measurements of tissue pO2 and local flow, which are both assumed to determine the nervous signal of the carotid body. The measurements were performed with needle electrodes. Inside the specific tissue of the carotid bodies of cat and rabbit, which is assumed to be surrounded by an oxygen barrier, pO2 values between 7 and 25 torr were recorded. From experiments on the fetal carotid body it was concluded that these low values are essential for the chemoreceptive process. Two types of blood flow were observed in the carotid body: high flow running through arteriovenous shunt vessels or flow-through channels (total flow), and low flow running through the capillaries supplying the specific tissue (local flow). Local flow decreases under hypoxia, whereas total flow follows the changes in blood pressure in any case. These pO2-dependent regulatory mechanisms influence the extracellular calcium activity, which determines the calcium uptake of type I cells under hypoxia and, consequently, (by vesicle release) the chemoreceptor discharge. Other mechanisms are assumed to be involved during hypercapnia, since under these conditions local flow does not change.
Animals↗