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PubMed2006

Molecular-based reclassification of the bovine enteroviruses.

Bovine enteroviruses are currently classified into two serotypes within the species Bovine enterovirus (BEV). Comparison of the sequences of six American and eleven German BEV isolates with published BEV sequences revealed the necessity to revise the taxonomy of these viruses. Molecular data indicate that the bovine enteroviruses are composed of two clusters (designated BEV-A and -B) each with two and three geno-/serotypes, respectively. Whereas low amino acid identity of the capsid proteins 1C (VP3) and 1D (VP1) is the main criterion for the discrimination of geno-/serotypes, the BEV clusters, presumably representing species, differ in sequence identity of all viral proteins. In addition, characteristic lengths of (i) the capsid proteins 1B, 1C and 1D, (ii) the 2C protein, and (iii) the 3'-non-translated region are observed. The BEVs can be distinguished from the other enteroviruses by sequence identity and unique features of the 5'-non-translated region, i.e. a conserved second cloverleaf and characteristic RNA structures of the internal ribosome entry site. Phylogenetically, the closest relatives of the bovine enteroviruses are the porcine enteroviruses. Incongruent phylogenies of the 5'-non-translated region, the capsid proteins and the 3D polymerase indicate frequent intraserotypic and interserotypic recombination within the non-capsid and the capsid region of the BEV genome.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed1994

Incidence of childhood cancer in Osaka, Japan, 1971-1988: reclassification of registered cases by Birch's scheme using information on clinical diagnosis, histology and primary site.

In 1971-1988, 4,021 malignant tumors occurring among children under 15 years of age were registered in the Osaka Cancer Registry, a population-based registry which covers Osaka Prefecture, Japan. These patients were reclassified into 12 diagnostic groups by Birch's scheme using information on clinical diagnosis, histology and primary site. The annual age-standardized incidence rate for childhood cancer per million children was 130.3 for males and 104.9 for females in 1971-88. Comparing the incidence rates for both sexes in 1981-88 with those in 1971-80 in Osaka, we observed a significant decrease of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and a significant increase of all cancers, acute lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, sympathetic nervous system tumors, soft-tissue sarcomas, and gonadal and germ-cell tumors. Age-standardized incidence rates in around 1971-80 of the above-mentioned diagnostic groups were compared among 4 population-based registries; Osaka, Miyagi (Japan), SEER (U.S.), and the National Registry of Childhood Tumors (England and Wales). Rates for ANLL and gonadal and germ-cell tumors were higher and those for other diagnostic groups were lower in Osaka, especially for Hodgkin's disease. Thus, in 1980-88 in Osaka, rates for Hodgkin's disease remained low and rates for gonadal and germ-cell tumors increased, though rates for other cancers appeared to resemble the levels in caucasian populations. The incidence of childhood cancer in Japan was estimated according to the diagnostic groups in Birch's scheme.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Malignant angioendotheliomatosis. Reclassification as an angiotropic lymphoma.

A 70-year-old woman with chronic edema of the lower limbs was diagnosed as having a "malignant angio-endotheliomatosis," because histologic examination showed a strict intravascular location of a malignant proliferation. Immunochemical studies actually disclosed the lymphomatous origin of malignant cells. The recent literature regarding the nosology of this rare condition is reviewed.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Dementia with Lewy bodies: reclassification of pathological subtypes and boundary with Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease.

The present study is an attempt to reclassify the pathological subtypes of DLB based on both Lewy pathology and Alzheimer pathology, and to clarify the pathological boundary between DLB and Parkinson's disease (PD) or Alzheimer's disease (AD) in autopsied cases, using pathological and immunohistochemical methods. Dementia with Lewy bodies was classified into the limbic type and neocortical type according to the degree of Lewy pathology, including Lewy bodies (LB) and LB-related neurites, by our staging and was classified into the pure form, common form and AD form according to the degree of Alzheimer pathology including NFT and amyloid deposits by Braak staging. These combined subtypes were lined up on a spectrum not only with Lewy pathology but also with other DLB-related pathologies including Alzheimer pathology, neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, spongiform change in the transentorhinal cortex and LB-related neurites in the CA2-3 region. There were some similarities in both Lewy pathology and other DLB-related pathologies between PD and DLB, although Lewy pathology of PD was below the lowest stage of Lewy pathology. In contrast, AD did not meet the stages of Lewy pathology, and there were also no similarities in other DLB-related pathologies between AD and DLB. In addition, LB of AD showed the characteristics different from those of DLB on the coexistence of LB with NFT. These present findings suggest that DLB has pathological continuity with PD, but can be pathologically differentiated from AD. The present study clarified the pathological entity of DLB, compared with PD and AD.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Reclassification and rural-versus-urban population change in Canada, 1976-1981: a tale of two definitions.

The problem of changing definitions of rural and urban populations is examined using official data for Canada. Two counts of rural and urban populations for 1976 are available. One uses 1976 areas and definitions, and the other applies 1981 parameters to the 1976 data. "The purpose of this article is to establish in some detail both the nature and sources of the differences in rates of rural-versus-urban growth between the two data sets available for the period 1976-81."

Americas↗
PubMed2000

Gene cloning, nucleotide sequence and biochemical properties of a cytoplasmic cyclomaltodextrinase (neopullulanase) from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius, reclassification of a group of enzymes.

A gene encoding a cyclomaltodextrinase (neopullulanase) was cloned from the thermoacidophilic bacterium Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius ATCC27009 and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The encoded CdaA protein lacked an N-terminal signal sequence and aligned well with a family of bacterial proteins described as maltogenic alpha-amylases, neopullulanases or cyclomaltodextrinases. Escherichia coli cells harboring the cloned cdaA gene produced a 66-kDa protein that degraded pullulan in a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel. A. acidocaldarius cells grown on maltose, soluble starch or pullulan synthesized the same protein. Neopullulanase activity of the protein was cytoplasmic and its pH optimum of 5.5 was close to the pH value of the cytoplasm. CdaA degraded cyclomaltodextrins rapidly and pullulan (to panose) more slowly. It is proposed that CdaA functions as a cytoplasmic cyclomaltodextrinase (EC 3.2.1.54).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Immunological reclassification of 22 children with a former diagnosis of non-T, non-B ALL.

Stored peripheral blood or bone marrow mononuclear cells from 22 pediatric patients with verified acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) previously classified as non-T, non-B ALL were re-investigated by flow cytometric analysis by means of a panel of B cell-specific and -associated monoclonal antibodies (moabs) using a new analytical method described by Platz et al, the so-called Delta Channel Value method. All 22 patients were immunologically re-characterized as pre-B ALL. The reproducibility between the first (acute) and subsequent re-analysis was almost complete. 20 of the tumor cell populations could be assigned to the B cell differentiation scheme recently proposed by Nadler et al. This scheme operates with four stages of pre-B cell differentiation and each stage is defined by the expression of one to four of the following markers: HLA-DR, CD19, CD10 and CD20. Two additional markers, CD24 and CD22, were investigated in our study and allowed further subdivision of the four subgroups proposed by Nadler et al. The composition of a panel of moabs for routine classification of pre-B ALL is proposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Proposed reclassification of melanoma: a meeting held at the XVIth International Pigment Cell Congress, 3rd November 1996.

The current classification of cutaneous melanoma was developed in 1972 and revised in 1982. Since that time, new concepts and terminology have evolved that require consideration of a further revision. Regional meetings of interested parties have been held to review the Classification and there will be an open meeting on the topic at the 1997, 4th World Conference on Melanoma in Sydney, Australia. This paper reports on a meeting to discuss some of the concepts that will form part of that process, held on November 3, 1996 as part of the XVIth International Pigment Cell Conference. A questionnaire is included that will allow the interested reader to provide comments on the topic.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

A retrospective histological study of 669 cases of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma in clinical stage I. The consequences of a reclassification of the original group of lentigo maligna melanomas.

A selected series of primary malignant melanoma of the skin, clinical stage I, was originally classified according to Clark's system. The consistency of this classification was tested by two Brisbane pathologists who indicated that we had misinterpreted some cases of superficial spreading malignant melanoma as lentigo maligna melanoma. We have therefore reclassified the original group of 86 lentigo maligna melanomas. This resulted in a total series of 37 (5.5%) lentigo maligna melanomas, 301 (45%) superficial spreading malignant melanomas, 194 (29%) nodular malignant melanomas (unchanged) and 137 (20.5%) unclassifiable malignant melanomas. The diagnosis of lentigo maligna melanoma was not made unless the epidermis was atrophic and dermal solar elastosis was present. The new group of lentigo maligna melanomas is dominated by cases on the head among patients over 50 years of age (especially women). This is in better agreement with other studies than our previous findings. The relationship with tumour cell type, pigmentation, mitotic count, atypia, transsectional profile, level of invasion, ulceration, vascular invasion, lymphocyte infiltration and prognosis shown by the new groups of lentigo maligna melanoma and superficial spreading malignant melanoma indicates that the cases by which the diagnosis has been changed are relatively benign. Our previous conclusions are still valid. The lentigo maligna melanoma is still the most benign type and nodular malignant melanoma still the most malignant type of melanoma. The superficial spreading malignant melanoma still represents an intermediate tumour type, although it has deviated in the benign direction.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Reinvestigation and reclassification of a collection of 56 human isolates of Pasteurellaceae.

Incorrect diagnosis of species belonging to the family Pasteurellaceae Pohl 1981 is often due to inadequate laboratory identification techniques. Reinvestigations of 56 human isolates of Pasteurellaceae and comparison of the results obtained with those obtained from nine reference strains in 65 different tests allowed classification of 26 strains as P. multocida ssp. multocida, 11 strains as P. multocida ssp. septica, 12 strains as P. canis, 4 strains as P. dagmatis and 1 strain as P. stomatitis. Two strains were tentatively classified with P. haemolytica biogroup 2(T) and the SP-group, respectively. The present investigation also showed that the type strains of P. gallinarum and Haemophilus aphrophilus were phenotypically related. Members of the family Pasteurellacea Pohl 1981 should be considered as potential etiologic agents of any local infection following animal bites or scratches.

Bites and Stings↗
PubMed1983

A reclassification of B and C neurones in the ninth and tenth paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog.

1. The cellular organization of the ninth and tenth paravertebral sympathetic ganglia in the bullfrog was studied with intracellular and extracellular recording methods. An isolated preparation was used in which anatomical details of individual cells could be resolved while making physiological measurements. This permitted the characterization of neurones in terms of their size, the segmental origin of their cholinergic innervation, and their orthodromic and antidromic conduction velocities. With these criteria, three classes of sympathetic neurones were identified. 2. As in previous studies, C cells were distinguished from B cells by the origin of their innervation. C cells are innervated by slowly conducting axons (0.4 m/sec) from spinal nerves 7 and 8 and B cells are innervated by rapidly conducting axons (2.4 m/sec) from the sympathetic chain above ganglion 7. 3. In earlier work it has been suggested that the conduction velocity of a preganglionic axon generally matches that of its target neurone. In this study we have characterized a large group of B cells for which this is not true. The axons of B cells fall into a rapidly conducting group (2.0 m/sec) and a slowly conducting group (0.6 m/sec). In contrast, C neurones, like their preganglionic inputs, have only slowly conducting axons (0.3 m/sec). Consequently, neurones have been classified as C type, fast B type, and slow B type. Fifty-nine percent of the B cells that we studied were slow B cells. These findings were corroborated by measurements of compound extracellular responses in post-ganglionic nerves. 4. Some neurones can be identified also by the size of their cell bodies. C cells are about 30 microns in diameter while B cells are about 50 microns in diameter. In our sample, 96% of the cells with radius less than 16 microns were C cells and 94% of the cells with radius greater than 21 microns were B cells. However, fast B cells could not be distinguished from slow B cells by size.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1990

Characterization and reclassification of yeasts used for biological control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables.

In previous studies workers have shown that three yeast strains (strains US-7, 82, and 101) have biological control activity against various postharvest fungal pathogens of fruits and vegetables, including Penicillium rots of apples and citrus and Botrytis rot of apples. In these reports the researchers have described these strains as Debaryomyces hansenii (anamorph, Candida famata) or Candida sp. strains. In this study we performed additional physiological, DNA reassociation, and mannan characterization tests that clearly established a new taxonomic classification for these strains, Candida guilliermondii. We also propose amendment of the physiological test profile in the taxonomic description of C. guilliermondii.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Cyclodextrin formation by the thermostable alpha-amylase of Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes EM1 and reclassification of the enzyme as a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase.

Extensive characterization of the thermostable alpha-amylase of Clostridium thermosulfurogenes EM1, recently reclassified as Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes, clearly demonstrated that the enzyme is a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase). Product analysis after incubation of the enzyme with starch revealed formation of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins, as well as linear sugars. The specific activity for cyclization of this CGTase was similar to those of other CGTases, whereas the specific activity for hydrolysis was relatively high in comparison with other CGTases. Alignment of the amino acid sequence of the T. thermosulfurigenes enzyme with sequences from known bacterial CGTases showed high homology. The four consensus regions of carbohydrate-converting enzymes, as well as a C-terminal raw-starch binding motif, could be identified in the sequence.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Phylogenetic analysis of anaerobic thermophilic bacteria: aid for their reclassification.

Small subunit rDNA sequences were determined for 20 species of the genera Acetogenium, Clostridium, Thermoanaerobacter, Thermoanaerobacterium, Thermoanaerobium, and Thermobacteroides, 3 non-validly described species, and 5 isolates of anaerobic thermophilic bacteria, providing a basis for a phylogenetic analysis of these organisms. Several species contain a version of the molecule significantly longer than that of Escherichia coli because of the presence of inserts. On the basis of normal evolutionary distances, the phylogenetic tree indicates that all bacteria investigated in this study with a maximum growth temperature above 65 degrees C form a supercluster within the subphylum of gram-positive bacteria that also contains Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum and Clostridium thermoaceticum, which have been previously sequenced. This supercluster appears to be equivalent in its phylogenetic depth to the supercluster of mesophilic clostridia and their nonspore-forming relatives. Several phylogenetically and phenotypically coherent clusters that are defined by sets of signature nucleotides emerge within the supercluster of thermophiles. Clostridium thermobutyricum and Clostridium thermopalmarium are members of Clostridium group I. A phylogenetic tree derived from transversion distances demonstrated the artificial clustering of some organisms with high rDNA G+C moles percent, i.e., Clostridium fervidus and the thermophilic, cellulolytic members of the genus Clostridium. The results of this study can be used as an aid for future taxonomic restructuring of anaerobic sporogenous and asporogenous thermophillic, gram-positive bacteria.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1986

Reclassification of Cladosporium bantianum in the genus Xylohypha.

It is proposed that the dematiaceous hyphomycete Cladosporium bantianum (Saccardo) Borelli be transferred to the genus Xylohypha (Fries) Mason as Xylohypha bantiana (Saccardo) McGinnis, Padhye, Borelli, et Ajello. This new combination is necessary because X. bantiana produces conidiophores that are indistinguishable from its vegetative hyphae and one-celled, smooth-walled conidia that are borne in long, infrequently branched chains. The blastoconidia do not possess darkly pigmented hila. In contrast, members of the genus Cladosporium Link produce erect, distinct conidiophores and one- to four-celled smooth-to-rough-walled conidia that occur in short, frequently branched, fragile chains. The blastoconidia have darkly pigmented hila. Cladosporium trichoides Emmons is a later synonym of X. bantiana.

Cladosporium↗