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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Enhanced delayed hypersensitivity skin test reactivity with serial testing in healthy volunteers.

Delayed hypersensitivity skin testing with multiple antigens is frequently used to evaluate immunopotentiation therapy in man. Since serial skin testing with a single antigen has been shown to augment the skin test response, the present study was undertaken to assess the effect of serial delayed hypersensitivity skin testing on skin test reactivity with multiple antigens. Each of twelve healthy volunteers received 0.1 ml of five antigens on two occassion, 6 weeks apart. The antigens used were streptokinase-streptodornase, Candida, Trichophyton, mumps and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (PPD). The results demonstrated enhancement of skin test reactivity in the majority of tests. Indeed, 38.9% of the tests which were negative with the first skin test ( less than 10 mm induration) converted to positive. Enhancement in reactivity was observed in the majority of test subjects with all antigens except PPD. Similar enhanced skin test reactivity was observed in fifteen additional subjects tested serially with Candida only. The observations in this study suggest that uncontrolled studies of immunopotentiation must be interpreted with caution since serial delayed hypersensitivity skin testing with single or multiple antigens results in enhanced skin test reactivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Perioperative suppression of the leukocyte migration inhibition assay in patients undergoing elective operations.

The effect of anesthesia and operation on immunity measured by leukocyte migration inhibition using streptokinase-streptodornase is reported in normal patients undergoing elective surgical procedures. Eight-five per cent of the patients exhibited postoperative immunosuppression, and this persisted for 60 days or longer in more than half of them. Despite this, no complication was encountered relating to wound healing or sepsis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Delayed skin reactivity of patients with herpetic stromal keratitis.

Twenty-seven patients with chronic stromal keratitis due to herpes simplex virus were tested for delayed skin reactions, to investigate the non-specific immune reactivity in vivo. Skin tests were performed with five ordinary antigens-Candida, mumps, phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P), purified protein derivative of tubercle bacillus (PPD), and streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD). The reactivity of the patients was generally decreased, as compared to the age-matched 40 healthy controls. Especially, the reactivity of the patients to PHA-P was significantly decreased (p less than 0.007). The largest mean diameters of erythema at 24 or 48 hours in Candida and PHA-P were also significantly less in the patients than in the controls (Candida, p less than 0.02; PHA-P, p less than 0.05).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Evaluation of the activity of anti-inflammatory agents by means of skin tests (M.S.U., SK-SD): comparison with clinical results.

The anti-inflammatory effects of indoprofen were evaluated by skin tests with mono-sodium-urate (M.S.U.) and streptokinase-streptodornase antigen (SK-SD) in 15 patients suffering from inflammatory and degenerative arthropathies. A clear-cut correlation between the short-term response to the M.S.U. skin test and the clinical response was observed in 12 patients.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
PubMed1981

Dichotomies in the reactivity to worm antigen in human schistosomiasis mansoni.

3H-thymidine incorporation was studied using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 41 Egyptians with Schistosoma mansoni infection. The individuals were preselected to fall into 3 age-matched categories: asymptomatic with light and heavy infections and those with schistosomal hepatosplenomegaly. Seven uninfected individuals served as controls. PBMC from all groups were comparable in their responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), streptokinase-streptodornase (SKSD), and the schistosome soluble egg antigen (SEA). However, DNA synthesis induced by soluble worm antigenic preparation (SWAP) differed significantly among these groups. The mean response to SWAP (delta cpm = experimental cpm minus control cpm +/- standard error) was markedly decreased in individuals with heavy infections (1,963 +/- 509) compared with those with light to moderate egg excretion (4,646 +/- 790; p less than 0.01). Moreover, 2 subgroups were discernible among patients with hepatosplenomegaly. Seven were unresponsive to SWAP (7659 +/- 231), whereas 13 had vigorous responses (14, 617 +/- 2263; p < 0.01). This is the first demonstration of an inverse relationship between specific immune responsiveness to adult worm antigens and intensity of infection in humans with schistosomiasis mansoni. The depressed lymphocyte reactivity in patients with heavy infection, whether cause or consequence of the parasite load, may perpetuate large worm burdens. Furthermore, the observations on patients with hepatosplenomegaly may reflect differing pathogenetic mechanisms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Longitudinal studies of lymphocyte response to Toxoplasma antigen in humans infected with T. gondii.

Toxoplasma antigen-specific lymphocyte transformation was measured in subjects in whom the diagnosis of acute acquired Toxoplasma infection was documented and in whom the time of onset of clinical illness was carefully determined. Neither false positive nor false negative reactions to Toxoplasma antigen were seen in lymphocytes from uninfected subjects or subjects with chronic Toxoplasma infection. Lymphocytes from subjects in both of these control groups responded equally to a different antigen, streptokinase-streptodornase (SK/SD). On the initial determination, the lymphocytes of 7 of 24 subjects with acute Toxoplasma infection of less than 12 months' duration failed to transform to Toxoplasma antigen. Five of these 7 subjects were among a group of 14 who had developed clinical illness less than 3 months previously. To determine when lymphocyte transformation to Toxoplasma antigen developed, longitudinal studies were carried out in subjects with acute Toxoplasma infection whose lumphocytes failed to transform initially to Toxoplasma antigen. It was found that in all patients, lymphocytes transformed with Toxoplasma antigen eventually, though in two patients this occurred between 9 and 12 months after the initial infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Induction of resistance to Toxoplasma gondii in human macrophages by soluble lymphocyte products.

Autoradiography and light microscopy were used to study the effects of lymphocyte culture supernatants, prepared under a variety of conditions, on the course of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii infection in human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. Supernatants prepared by incubating lymphocytes of dye test- (DT) positive subjects with T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA), lymphocytes of DT/negative subjects with streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD), or both populations of lymphocytes with concanavalin A (Con A) were capable of activating macrophages to inhibit or kill intracellular T. gondii. Supernatants prepared with the homologous antigen (TLA) to the target organism appeared more active in conferring resistance to infection with T. gondii on macrophages than those prepared with a heterologous antigen (SK-SD) or mitogen (Con A). The number of lymphocytes was critical in preparing active supernatants. These results suggest that soluble lymphocyte mediators can activate human macrophages in vitro to inhibit or kill T. gondii.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Orally and rectally administered streptokinase. Investigation of its absorption and activity.

The absorption and activity of orally and rectally administered streptokinase was investigated. No difference was found between the levels of plasminogen activators and antistreptokinase antibodies before and after oral or rectal administration of streptokinase-streptodornase (Varidase), nor was there any difference in the hematoma resorption times between patients treated with oral streptokinase and a control group. We found no evidence of streptokinase absorption or increased fibrinolytic activity in plasma after oral or rectal administration in our patients.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

A collaborative study to establish the second international standard for streptokinase.

An International Standard for Streptokinase--Streptodornase (62/7) has been used to calibrate high purity clinical batches of SK since 1965. An international collaborative study, involving six laboratories, was undertaken to replace this standard with a high purity standard for SK. Two candidate preparations (88/826 and 88/824) were compared by a clot lysis assay with the current standard (62/7). Potencies of 671 i.u. and 461 i.u. were established for preparations A (88/826) and B (88/824), respectively. Either preparation appeared suitable to serve as a standard for SK. However, each ampoule of preparation A (88/826) contains a more appropriate amount of SK activity for potency testing, and is therefore preferred. Accelerated degradation tests indicate that preparation A (88/826) is very stable. The high purity streptokinase preparation, coded 88/826, has been established by the World Health Organisation as the 2nd International Standard for Streptokinase, with an assigned potency of 700 i.u. per ampoule.

Drug Stability↗
PubMed1987

Zinc and anergy in pediatric Hodgkin's disease in Turkey.

Blood (serum, erythrocytes) and hair zinc levels were determined in 60 biopsy-proven pediatric Hodgkin's disease cases at diagnosis. Cellular immunity also was assessed through total lymphocyte counts, E-rosette formation, lymphoproliferative response (LP), and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity tests to dinitrochlorobenzene, streptokinase-streptodornase, purified protein derivative and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in some of these patients. Interestingly, anergic patients unresponsive to four antigens showed significantly more depressed serum zinc levels as well as decreased lymphoproliferative response to mitogen (PHA). A positive correlation could be shown between serum zinc level, cutaneous anergy and LP. A possible contributing role of zinc deficiency in defective cell mediated immunity in Hodgkin's disease was proposed, and administration of oral zinc, as a natural immunostimulant is considered in this lymphoma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Immunoregulatory effects of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) on the proliferation of human lymphocytes.

Extracellular phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a proinflammatory enzyme found especially in the inflammatory exudate to modulate blood flow to areas of antigen stimulation. In this study we found that PLA2 exerted a biphasic effect on the proliferation of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human mononuclear cells (PHA MNC). At low concentrations range from 0.001 to 1 U/ml, PLA2 enhanced the proliferation of PHA MNC (maximal increase was 37.0 +/- 5.67%). Conversely, at concentrations over 10 U/ml, PLA2 markedly suppressed the PHA-induced MNC proliferation (maximal decrease was 88.86 +/- 2.89%). PLA2 was non-toxic to lymphocytes after three days culture, unless the concentration was higher than 100 U/ml. The membrane polarization of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes was also increased by PLA2 at a low concentration. In addition, PLA2 displayed a similar effect on the proliferation of streptokinase-streptodornase (SK/SD) or allogeneic cell stimulated lymphocytes. The change of lymphocyte proliferation by PLA2, was parallel to the change of percentage of helper T cells. Furthermore--a CD4-rich population was proved more susceptible to PLA2 effect than a CD8-rich population. Para-bromophenacyl bromide (pBPB), an irreversible inhibitor of PLA2, abrogated the biphasic effect of PLA2 on PHA MNC proliferation. These results suggest that PLA2 plays a regulatory role on immune reactions by modulating the percentage of helper T cells.

Deoxyribonucleases↗
PubMed1989

Effect of preincubation on the proliferative response to antigen by cells from leprosy patients and healthy controls.

One of the postulated mechanisms contributing to the selective T-cell hyporesponsiveness in patients with leprosy is receptor blockade, the characteristic feature of which is reversibility following preincubation of cells in vitro. To test this hypothesis, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from 17 leprosy patients and 10 healthy Mantoux-positive and -negative controls were cultured freshly or after a period of preincubation in serum-containing medium, and the proliferative responses to Mycobacterium leprae, BCG, and streptokinase-streptodornase (SKSD) were measured. On the basis of the response to M. leprae, the leprosy patients could be divided into low, intermediate and high responders. Preincubation for 2-16 hr resulted in enhanced proliferation by cells from moderate responders, but not from low or high responders. Although the effect was serum dependent, it was neither antigen specific nor was it confined to cells from leprosy patients. Thus, an increase in response to both the crossreactive and unrelated antigens BCG and SKSD occurred, and the same trend was observed when cells from healthy controls were preincubated in serum-containing medium. Furthermore, cells from different individuals displayed varying responses to different antigens following preincubation, suggesting that the effect of this step was neither confined to isolated individuals nor to particular antigens. The addition of pronase to the preincubation step did not further enhance the response to antigen over and above that obtained with preincubation alone. It was therefore concluded that the enhanced proliferative response to antigen following preincubation was an in vitro phenomenon dependent upon the culture conditions employed, was not specific to leprosy, and was not related to receptor blockade.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1979

Diagnostic dilemma of a 13-month-old boy with 'late-onset' combined immunodeficiency.

A 13-month-old boy had a "late-onset" form of combined immunodeficiency and a fulminant Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia of one month's duration. There was no evidence of cutaneous-delayed hypersensitivity responses to diphtheria-tetanus toxoids, Candida albicans, or streptokinase-streptodornase, or of lymphocyte DNA synthesis after in vitro stimulation with the mitogens phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A, and only 2% to 4% of peripheral blood E-rosetted T lymphocytes. The serum IgM level was normal (62 mg/dL), whereas the other immunoglobulins were markedly reduced. Despite an increased number of Ig-bearing lymphocytes, in vitro Ig secretion after pokeweed mitogen stimulation was substantially reduced. The thymus gland was dysplastic with no Hassalls' corpuscles or thymocytes, and other lymphoid organs showed depletion of T-dependent areas to a greater extent than the B-dependent areas.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1976

Cell-mediated immunity in patients with carcinoma: correlation between clinical stage and immunocompetence.

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was evaluated in 82 patients with non-lymphoid tumors by in vivo and in vitro methods. These included skin test with ubiquitous antigens, 2,4 dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) sensitization, determination of T and B peripheral blood lymphocytes, and lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The patients were divided into two groups: those with localized and those with disseminated disease (LD and DD). The patients with LD showed no significant differences in CMI when compared with normal controls. The patients with DD showed various defects in CMI when compared with controls and patients with LD. There were significant differences in the response to DNCB, and streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD) was the most discriminative of the skin-test antigens. The response to PHA was greatly depressed in patients with DD, whether in the presence of autologous or homologous plasma; in some patients a factor inhibiting to blastogenesis was detected in the serum. In patients with DD, a T-cell lymphopenia was observed. These data showed a correlation between immunocompetence and clinical stage.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Impaired cell-mediated immunity function in thyroid cancer.

Immunological parameters were studied in 31 patients with thyroid cancer. Serum immunoglobulin levels, T and B cell percentages in peripheral blood, showed no significant difference as compared with those of control group. The blastogenesis with phytohemagglutinin P (PHA) was significantly reduced, especially, in those having larger tumor size or metastasis or in those over age 60. The positive rate of skin test with purified-protein-derivative (PPD) and Streptokinase-Streptodornase (SK-SD) was also markedly reduced. The impaired blastogenesis of lymphocyte and reduced positive rate of skin test in those cancer patients suggested that the cell-mediated immunity function, in spite of adequate count of T-cells, was impaired.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Lymphocyte cytotoxicity of patients developing multiple primary melanomas.

A study of cellular immunity was conducted, with particular attention to natural killer cell mediated in vitro cytotoxicity in 6 patients who had two or three primary melanomas (2 patients presenting synchronously with multiple primaries and additional melanomas subsequently developing in 4). All 6 patients were reactive to one or other recall skin test antigens (PPD, streptokinase streptodornase (SK-SD), monilia, mumps) and DNCB skin testing. All exhibited natural killing against melanoma and nomelanoma tumor target cells when examined in the 3H proline microcytotoxicity test with unfractionated as well as natural killer cell enriched (Fc receptor positive cells recovered as Fc receptor rosettes) lymphocyte fractions. None of the 4 patients who subsequently had additional primary tumors was found to lack in mature T or natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity at the time of the development of additional primaries. Two melanoma cell lines were established from two separate primary tumors in 1 patient and in vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed with that patient's lymphocytes (unfractionated, T enriched, and natural killer cell enriched fractions) against these two lines. While the first melanoma cell line was consistently sensitive to lysis by all three lymphocyte fractions, the other cell line showed no sensitivity either for natural killing or for T enriched lymphocyte mediated lysis at any effector to target ratio. These results suggested that in vitro natural cytotoxicity was not translated into any substantive immunoprotective role in the development of multiple primary tumors and that the two separate melanoma cell lines from the same patient were antigenically hererogenous. Antigenic heterogeneity between different primary tumors may explain the lack of immunity against such development of multiple tumors of the same histology.

Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity↗
PubMed1996

Kinetics and functional implications of Th1 and Th2 cytokine production following activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in primary culture.

The importance of cytokine production in some disease processes is now widely recognized. To investigate temporal relationships between cytokines, we stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro using the T cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and various antigens chosen to induce predominantly Th1 (streptokinase: streptodornase or purified protein derivative) or Th2 (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, bee or wasp venom: allergens in sensitive subjects) responses. Cytokine production was measured by sensitive bioassays or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Of the 30 subjects studied, 10 were normal and 20 individuals were allergic to either D. pteronyssinus (n = 10) or bee venom (n = 10) (examined before specific allergen immunotherapy). We examined the temporal profiles of a panel of cytokines produced in primary culture. In PHA-driven cultures, cytokines were found to be sequentially produced in the order interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-3, interferon (IFN)-gamma, IL-10, IL-6, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. The response to allergen in allergic patients was predominantly Th2 in nature, with the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10, but little or no IFN-gamma. IL-2, IL-3, TNF-alpha and IL-12 were also produced in low amounts. The response of both atopic and normal subjects to recall bacterial antigens was predominantly Th1, with high levels of IFN-gamma, IL-2 and TNF-alpha. The relevance of the order, amount and speed of production, characteristic kinetics (production, consumption, homeostatic regulation) and the cell source of the cytokines are discussed.

Allergens↗