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Results for “Sedentary Behavior”

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PubMed2003

Larval behavior of four Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) associated with treatment wetlands in the southwestern United States.

The diving behavior, aggregation, horizontal distribution under two food regimes, and response to change in ambient light level were studied for fourth instars of four Culex species in the laboratory. Under low food conditions, Cx. erythrothorax larvae dived less frequently, exhibited greater aggregation, and had stronger preferences for the corners of the observation chamber than did larvae of three congeners (Cx. tarsalis, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Cx. stigmatosoma). Under high food conditions, larvae of all species were more sedentary than under low food conditions; however, the behavior of Cx. erythrothorax larvae changed comparatively little with changes in food abundance. Culex erythrothorax was the most responsive to disturbance (an 11% change in ambient light level), whereas Cx. tarsalis larvae did not respond to small changes in ambient light level. The behavior of Cx. erythrothorax larvae differed significantly from the three congeners studied. Species-specific behavioral differences of larvae may have contributed to the discrepancies of species relative abundance in larval surveys versus emerging adult mosquito collections at constructed wetlands noted in previous studies.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Mediators of change in physical activity following an intervention in primary care: PACE.

BACKGROUND: The current study evaluated the construct validity of a physical activity intervention in primary care by testing whether the intervention changed hypothesized mediators and whether changes in the mediators were associated with behavior change. METHODS: Matched physician offices were nonrandomly assigned to intervention or control. Apparently healthy, sedentary, adult patients (N = 255) were recruited from physician offices. The intervention was brief, behaviorally based counseling by physicians, plus a telephone follow-up 2 weeks later. Assessments of physical activity and mediators were collected at baseline and at 4- to 6-week follow-up. Hypothesized mediators were processes of change, self-efficacy, and social support for exercise. RESULTS: Patients who were counseled improved significantly more than those in the control group on behavioral and cognitive processes of change. Other changes in mediators were nonsignificant. Behavioral processes of change and self-efficacy made significant contributions to the multiple regression model explaining self-report and objective measures of physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention affected some of the targeted mediators of physical activity change. Two of three mediator variables were associated with changes in physical activity regardless of experimental condition and other variables. The construct validity of the intervention was partially supported.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Integrating stage and continuum models to explain processing of exercise messages and exercise initiation among sedentary college students.

Concepts from the transtheoretical model (J.O. Prochaska, C.C. DiClemente, & J.C. Norcross, 1992), theory of planned behavior (I. Ajzen, 1985), and the elaboration likelihood model (R.E. Petty & J.T. Cacioppo, 1986b) were used to examine how exercise readiness impacted processing of exercise messages and exercise initiation. Sedentary college students (n = 147) were assessed for exercise attitude, intent, behavior, and stage of change. Students also listed their thoughts after reading messages with either strong or weak arguments for exercise. Attitude predicted depth of message processing, but stage of change did not. Stage of change and intent at baseline predicted exercise adoption at 1- to 3-month follow-up (n = 134), with baseline activity moderating the effect of intent. Tailoring messages to recipients' depth of processing and interactive effects of intent and behavior on exercise adoption should be considered in future research.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Predictors of low physical fitness in a cohort of active-duty U.S. Air Force members.

BACKGROUND: Each branch of the U.S. armed forces has standards for physical fitness as well as programs for ensuring compliance with these standards. In the U.S. Air Force (USAF), physical fitness is assessed using submaximal cycle ergometry to estimate maximal oxygen uptake (VO2(max)). The purpose of this study was to identify the independent effects of demographic and behavioral factors on risk of failure to meet USAF fitness standards (hereafter called low fitness). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study (N=38,837) was conducted using self-reported health risk assessment data and cycle ergometry data from active-duty Air Force (ADAF) members. Poisson regression techniques were used to estimate the associations between the factors studied and low fitness. RESULTS: The factors studied had different effects depending on whether members passed or failed fitness testing in the previous year. All predictors had weaker effects among those with previous failure. Among those with a previous pass, demographic groups at increased risk were toward the upper end of the ADAF age distribution, senior enlisted men, and blacks. Overweight/obesity was the behavioral factor with the largest effect among men, with aerobic exercise frequency ranked second; among women, the order of these two factors was reversed. Cigarette smoking only had an adverse effect among men. For a hypothetical ADAF man who was sedentary, obese, and smoked, the results suggested that aggressive behavioral risk factor modification would produce a 77% relative decrease in risk of low fitness. CONCLUSIONS: Among ADAF members, both demographic and behavioral factors play important roles in physical fitness. Behavioral risk factors are prevalent and potentially modifiable. These data suggest that, depending on a member's risk factor profile, behavioral risk factor modification may produce impressive reductions in risk of low fitness among ADAF personnel.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Mediator analysis of Moms on the move.

This study examined whether improvements in physical activity discovered in a test of Moms on the Move were mediated by the behavioral constructs from which the intervention was derived. Identifying mediator variables is vital for intervention planning. The intervention was derived from the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change and promoted moderately intense activities like walking. Sedentary mothers with children enrolled in the Women, Infants, and Children program (N = 44) were randomly assigned to the experimental intervention or attention control. Large effect sizes were reported for improvements in physical activity and changes in TTM constructs. This study examined whether the physical activity improvements were mediated by the behavioral constructs. Statistical analyses used bivariate correlation coefficients and two-stage multiple linear regression. These exploratory findings did not support the hypothesis that increased physical activity, which was associated with the experimental intervention, was mediated by the TTM constructs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Psychosocial correlates of physical activity and sedentary leisure habits in young adolescents: the Teens Eating for Energy and Nutrition at School study.

BACKGROUND: Low levels of physical activity (PA) and highly sedentary leisure habits (SLH) in youth may establish behavioral patterns that will predispose youth to increased chronic disease risk in adulthood. The purpose of this paper was to examine associations of demographic and psychosocial factors with self-reported PA and SLH in young adolescents. METHODS: A general linear mixed model predicted self-reported PA and SLH in the spring from demographic and psychosocial variables measured the previous fall in 3798 seventh grade students. RESULTS: PA and SLH differed by race, with Caucasian students reporting among the highest PA and lowest SLH. Perceptions of higher academic rank or expectations predicted higher PA and lower SLH. Depressive symptomatology predicted higher SLH scores but not PA. Higher self-reported value of health, appearance, and achievement predicted higher PA and lower SLH in girls. Girls who reported that their mothers had an authoritative parenting style also reported higher PA and lower SLH. CONCLUSIONS: Determinants of PA and SLH appear to differ from each other, particularly in boys. Development of effective programs to increase PA and/or decrease SLH in young adolescents should be based on a clear understanding of the determinants of these behaviors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Psychosocial factors related to physical activity and weight loss in overweight women.

PURPOSE: This study examined whether psychosocial factors related to physical activity in overweight, previously sedentary women were affected by a 6-month behavioral weight loss program. In addition, these psychosocial factors were examined across levels of weight loss and self-reported physical activity in response to a weight loss intervention. METHODS: Data from 165 overweight (body mass index (BMI) = 32.7 +/- 4.2 kg.m(-2)) women (age = 37.6 +/- 5.5 yr) who participated in a comprehensive behavioral weight loss program that included behavioral education, moderate caloric restriction, and progressive home-based exercise were examined. Body weight was assessed at 0 and 6 months. Perceived benefits and barriers, physical activity self-efficacy, and physical activity processes of change were assessed at 0 and 6 months. Physical activity (minutes per week of at least moderate-intensity activity) was assessed using the 7-Day Physical Activity Recall at 0 and 6 months. RESULTS: The intervention resulted in increases in physical activity self-efficacy, behavioral processes of change, and several cognitive processes of change(P < 0.05). There was a reduction in expected barriers for physical activity (P < 0.05). Individuals with > or = 10% weight loss reported higher levels of physical activity self-efficacy, greater use of behavioral strategies to elicit social support, and fewer barriers to physical activity than those with lower levels of physical activity and less weight loss (P < 0.05). Individuals reporting higher levels of exercise also reported higher levels of physical activity self-efficacy, greater use of behavioral strategies, and fewer barriers to physical activity than those individuals with lower levels of physical activity (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Targeting self-efficacy, behavioral strategies, and barriers in weight management programs may improve physical activity, which may result in improved weight loss in overweight adults.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Leisure time physical activity assessment of American adults through an analysis of time diaries collected in 1981.

One of the 1990 Health Objectives established by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is for 60 per cent of adults 18-65 years of age to be participating regularly in vigorous physical exercise. Unfortunately, no valid and practical measurement system is available that will allow assessment of leisure time physical activity participation of large populations. Consequently, not only is it difficult to assess progress toward the 1990 goal, an accurate baseline from which to measure potential progress does not exist. This paper presents a time diary technique for measuring aggregate population physical activity participation and utilizes actual time diaries collected from adults by the Institute for Social Research in 1981 to arrive at a possible baseline. The results indicated that time diaries are a viable method for assessing aggregate physical activity behavior of large populations. American Adults were quite sedentary in 1981. Over a period of one week, 31% undertook no leisure time physical activity. Only 14 per cent expended more than 1600 kcals/week in leisure time physical activity, and 10 per cent met the DHHS physical activity requirements.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Screening, safety, and adverse events in physical activity interventions: collaborative experiences from the behavior change consortium.

Researchers who conduct physical activity (PA) intervention studies provide an invaluable opportunity to further the prevention science knowledge base for implementing and delivering PA programs. Despite recommendations that screening is important to increase patient safety, the specific screening criteria best suited for different community applications are unknown. To add to the limited knowledge base, we examined the screening procedures and the occurrence of adverse events among more than 5,500 participants from 11 diverse PA interventions participating in a trans-National Institutes of Health (NIH) collaborative known as the Behavior Change Consortium (BCC). Numerous adverse events occur in sedentary, chronically ill, or older populations, although few are attributed to activity/exercise interventions. No serious study-related adverse events (SRAEs) were reported across different screening practices, interventions, and/or populations. Relatively few minor SRAEs were reported (primarily musculoskeletal injuries), emphasizing the need to be aware of potential musculoskeletal sequelae during exercise interventions. One common characteristic of these studies is that they recommended "start low and go slow" strategies, with moderate intensity PA as the goal behavior. Recommendations to reframe the meaning and use of screening criteria to initiate PA in the community are discussed. Although we were unable to conduct generalizable quantitative analyses from our data, the combined experience of the BCC studies provides a unique opportunity to examine PA-related screening and safety issues across diverse populations, settings, and intervention programs.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Rating our progress in population health promotion: report card on six behaviors.

Using McKinlay's population model of prevention, this series assesses the current state of the art for six lifestyle behaviors: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, and risky sexual practices related to human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). More progress has been made in "downstream" individually oriented treatments than in broader, more environmentally focused interventions. Promising trends include: a shift toward lower cost minimal-contact and self-help "downstream" programs; the development of tailored messages and stage-based "midstream" initiatives that can reach everyone in a defined population or setting; and the emergence of "upstream" policy advocacy strategies. Improving the power and reach of health behavior change will require advances in biobehavioral research to develop more powerful behavior change strategies along with efforts to more widely disseminate the effective interventions that already exist. Growing evidence supports McKinlay's premise that full-spectrum (downstream to upstream) interventions are needed for greatest population impact. Progress also will depend on finding new ways to address the needs of special populations--including underserved low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, individuals with multiple risk behaviors, and youth and their families.

Benchmarking↗

PubMed1991

Behavioral economic analysis of activity choice in obese children.

Evaluated children's choice for sedentary versus vigorous activity. Experiment 1 assessed the influence of percent overweight (less than 20%, 20% to 80%, greater than 80%) on choice of a moderately liked vigorous activity at a constant variable ratio (VR) 2 reinforcement schedule versus a highly liked sedentary activity with the schedule varied from VR2 to VR32. All children chose the sedentary choice when the schedules were VR2. As the cost for sedentary activity increased, lean and moderately obese children switched to the vigorous activity, but the very obese children still chose the sedentary activity. Experiment 2 compared moderately obese children's choice between easily accessible, highly or least liked vigorous activities (VR2) and highly liked sedentary activity with the schedule varied from VR2 through VR16. When the reinforcement schedules were equal, and sedentary activity and vigorous activity were rated as equally linked, children chose the sedentary activity. All subjects switched from the sedentary to the vigorous activity, but there were no differences in choice as a function of liking for vigorous activities.

Child↗

PubMed1998

Behavioral engineering of activity choice in obese children.

This laboratory study examined whether making sedentary activities contingent upon being physically active would increase obese children's physical activity. Fourteen obese children aged 8-12 y participated in a baseline session in which they had free choice among a variety of sedentary activities and riding a stationary bicycle. Children were then randomized to either a contingent group in which watching video cassette recorder (VCR) movies and playing video games were contingent upon riding the bicycle or a control group in which all physical and sedentary activities remained freely available. Contingent group children increased physical activity and decreased television activities in comparison to the control, even though other sedentary activities remained freely available. Findings suggest that highly valued sedentary activities can reinforce physical activities and that sedentary activities do not completely substitute amongst themselves. The automated system used to make television activities contingent upon physical activity has potential for modifying activity in the treatment of obesity.

Child↗

PubMed2000

Psychosocial predictors of changes in physical activity in overweight sedentary adults following counseling in primary care.

BACKGROUND: Increasing regular physical activity in adults at elevated risk of cardiovascular disease is an important target for preventive medicine. This study evaluated demographic, social and cognitive predictors of self-reported changes in physical activity after 4 and 12 months in a randomized trial of behavioral counseling in primary care. METHOD: Data were analyzed from 234 male and 271 female sedentary patients with a body mass index of 25-35 (age 49.1 years, SD 11.2 years), who had been counseled by nurses in general practice using stage-matched behavioral methods or standard health promotion and who were reassessed after 4 months. A total of 187 men and 231 women were reassessed after 12 months. RESULTS: Physical activity at baseline was associated with educational status, having a partner who exercised, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy. Changes over 4 months were greater with behavioral counseling, in non-smokers and in patients with higher ratings of motivation to change and self-efficacy at baseline. Changes over 12 months were greater with behavioral counseling and were predicted in the behavioral group by social support variables, perceived benefits, and barriers. Stage of readiness to change predicted increased activity at 4 but not 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Social support and cognitive variables predict increased physical activity following counseling in primary care of sedentary overweight adults. Different factors are relevant to short- and long-term modifications in behavior.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Depression, smoking, activity level, and health status: pretreatment predictors of attrition in obesity treatment.

Consistent predictors of attrition in obesity treatment have not been identified. This study examined whether pretreatment psychological and health behavior variables would predict attrition from a 26 week clinical multidisciplinary VLCD and behavior therapy program. Higher levels of depression, current smoking, being sedentary, and having nontreated high blood pressure were associated with treatment attrition. Thus, a biopsychosocial assessment which evaluates medical and psychiatric status may help clinicians to identify individuals at high risk for attrition.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Diabetes and associated risk factors among Native Americans.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of diabetes and related risk factors among Native Americans. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used 1988-1989 data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to calculate the overall, age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes, obesity, sedentary life-style, hypertension, and smoking among Native Americans. The SESUDAAN software package was used to derive confidence intervals. RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes was 11.6% among the 768 Native American Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System respondents (95% confidence interval 7.8-15.4) and 4.7% among the 121,986 white respondents (95% confidence interval 4.6-4.8). The age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes was 2.5 times higher among Native Americans than among whites. The prevalence of obesity was higher among Native Americans (34.4; 95% confidence interval 31.7-37.1) than among whites (23.9%; confidence interval 23.7-24.1). The prevalences of sedentary lifestyle (58%), hypertension (16%), and smoking (28%) were similar among both populations. CONCLUSIONS: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System may prove as a useful tool for surveying Native Americans living on and off reservations for inclusion in national estimates of diabetes prevalences.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Automated telephone conversations to assess health behavior and deliver behavioral interventions.

The medical care system is not very effective in modifying health behavior of individuals, in particular, ensuring patient compliance with medication regimens, healthy diets, regular physical activity, and regular health screening, and in the avoidance of substance abuse. Telephone-Linked Care (TLC) is a telecommunications technology that enables computer-controlled telephone counseling with patients in their homes. It has been applied to the task of improving a number of different health behaviors. Randomized controlled studies suggest that use of the system for as little as 3 months is associated with improvement in adherence to medication regimens, dietary change in hypercholesterolemia, and increased physical activity among sedentary individuals. Future work involves applying the technology to other important health behaviors, optimally using health behavior theory in the system design, targeting use of TLC to the most appropriate patient groups, incorporating new computer and telecommunications technology into the system, and interfacing TLC into the health care delivery system.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Behavioral effects of carbon monoxide: meta analyses and extrapolations.

In the absence of reliable data, this work was performed to estimate the dose-effects function of carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) on behavior in humans. Meta analysis is the quantitative analysis of the combined findings of a number of research reports. By meta analysis, an HbCO-behavior dose-effects function was estimated for rats and corrected for effects of hypothermia (which accompanies acute HbCO increases in rats but not in humans). By use of pulmonary function models and blood gas equations, equivalent HbCO values were calculated for data in the literature on hypoxic hypoxia and behavior. Another meta analysis was performed to fit a dose-effects function to the equivalent HbCO data and to correct for the behavioral effects of hypocapnia (which usually occurs during hypoxic hypoxia but not with HbCO elevation). The two extrapolations agreed closely and indicated that, for healthy sedentary persons, 18-25% HbCO would be required to produce a 10% decrement in behavior. Confidence intervals are computed to characterize the uncertainty. Frequent reports of lower-level effects are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

A combined breast health/weight loss intervention for Black women.

BACKGROUND: Overall incidence of breast cancer is slightly lower, but mortality rates are higher, for Black women compared to White women. Higher body mass index (BMI), sedentary lifestyles, and lower compliance with recommended breast health behaviors may contribute to higher risk and mortality. METHODS: A randomized pilot intervention trial was conducted to assess feasibility and efficacy of a combined breast health/weight loss intervention for 64 overweight or obese Black women, ages 35-65. The primary objectives were to determine whether a 20-week (twice weekly) intervention could decrease weight and dietary fat intake and increase physical activity and breast self-exam (BSE) proficiency. RESULTS: The project was implemented in two cohorts and retention was high for both (96% and 89%, respectively). Both cohorts showed increased proficiency in BSE in the intervention versus the control group (2.4 vs. -0.4, P<0.05; 3.3 vs. -0.2, P<0.001, respectively), but only cohort 2 showed decreased percent body weight (4.0% decrease vs. 0.9% increase, P<0.01), increased physical activity frequency (2.4 vs. 0.1 times/week, P<0.05), and a trend for decreased dietary fat (-2.6% kcal vs. 0.0% kcal, P=0.07) in the intervention compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Few studies have documented weight loss among Black women, and no combined breast health/weight loss intervention has been conducted. This study documents the feasibility of recruiting, randomizing, and retaining women in a combined intervention and demonstrated weight loss and associated lifestyle changes.

Adult↗