[Clinical significance of the panic values in emergency laboratory tests--the panic values in bacteriological and serological tests].
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Results for “Serologic Tests”
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Assessment of serological response of young and adult sheep to conjunctival vaccination with Rev-1 vaccine by fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) and other serological tests for B. melitensis.
The serological response of young and adult sheep vaccinated conjunctivally with Rev-1 vaccine was assessed by fluorescence polarization assay (FPA), Rose Bengal test (RBT), complement fixation test (CFT), modified Rose Bengal test (m-RBT), indirect ELISA (i-ELISA) and competitive ELISA (c-ELISA), at different post vaccination intervals. One hundred and thirty six adult sheep and 64 lambs were used in the study. The vaccinated animals were bled prior to vaccination (0 day) and thereafter at 21st, 42nd, 35th, 63rd, 91st, 125th, 159th, and 223rd and 330th day post vaccination. The majority of animals (young and adult) showed positive reaction by FPA, RBT, CFT, m-RBT and c-ELISA 21 days post vaccination, whereas by i-ELISA at 42 days. All tests perform equal when animals vaccinated as young are tested 125 days (4 months) post vaccination. In case of animals vaccinated at adulthood, FPA, RBT, CFT and c-ELISA perform equal if the animals are tested 223 days (approximately 8 months) post vaccination. I-ELISA and m-RBT show low specificity if ewes vaccinated at adulthood are tested 330 days (11 months) post vaccination. If control of brucellosis in sheep is based on conjunctivally vaccination of lambs with Rev-1, the vaccinated animals can be tested by any test used for diagnosis of B.melitensis infection accurately at least 4 months post vaccination. If brucellosis control is based on mass vaccination the use of m-RBT and i-ELISA is not recommended for testing adult animals at least for 330 days (11 months) post vaccination due to tests low specificity. Further research is needed so the appropriate cut-offs to be established for FPA, c-ELISA or i-ELISA to become valuable tools for the eradication of Brucella spp. infection in small ruminants in areas where vaccination is practiced.
Animals↗
Antibody responses measured by various serologic tests in pigs orally inoculated with low numbers of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts.
OBJECTIVE: To follow antibody responses measured by various serologic tests in pigs orally inoculated with low (< or = 10 oocysts) numbers of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. ANIMALS: 24, 2- to 3-month-old pigs. PROCEDURE: Pigs (n = 42) were inoculated orally with 10 (14 pigs) or 1 (28 pigs) infective oocysts, and 6 pigs served as uninoculated controls. Blood (serum) samples were obtained at 1- to 3-week intervals until euthanasia. At necropsy, the brain, heart, and tongue of pigs were bioassayed in mice and cats for isolation of T gondii. Modified agglutination test (MAT), using whole, fixed tachyzoites and mercaptoethanol; latex agglutination test (LAT); indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT); Sabin-Feldman dye test (DT); and ELISA were used to evaluate serologic responses to T gondii. RESULTS: T gondii was isolated from tissues of 13 of 14 pigs each fed 10 oocysts, 17 of 28 pigs each fed 1 oocyst, and 0 of 6 control pigs. 29 of 30 T gondii-infected pigs developed antibodies when measured by MAT, DT, and ELISA; the 1 seronegative-infected pig had been fed 10 oocysts and was euthanatized 69 days after inoculation. LAT detected antibodies in 26 of 30 T gondii-infected pigs. IHAT detected antibodies in 11 T gondii-infected pigs. CONCLUSION: MAT, DT, and ELISA were more sensitive serologic assays than LAT and IHAT for detecting antibodies induced by low numbers of T gondii in pigs.
Agglutination Tests↗
Results of serological testing of D variants and weak D antigens.
The report summarizes the results of serological testing of D variants and weak D antigens done by our laboratory during the 3rd International Workshop and Symposium on Monoclonal Antibodies Against Human Red Blood Cell and Related Antigens. In addition we report our findings of variability of the reactivity of monoclonal antibodies having apparently identical epitope specificity in reactions with weak D antigens.
Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
Interpretation of serologic tests in an HIV-infected patient with kidney disease.
BACKGROUND: A 32-year-old African American man with HIV infection presented with hemoptysis, shortness of breath and renal insufficiency. Serologic testing revealed the presence of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies and equivocal levels of anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies. INVESTIGATIONS: Physical examination, urine and blood analysis, kidney ultrasound, chest radiograph, sputum cultures, bronchoscopy and renal biopsy. DIAGNOSIS: Reactivation of tuberculosis infection, immune complex glomerulonephritis, and 'false-positive' anti-glomerular basement membrane and anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies. MANAGEMENT: Directly observed therapy with four-drug anti-tuberculosis therapy and conservative management of chronic kidney disease.
Adult↗
Importance of platelet serologic testing for defining the cause of neonatal thrombocytopenia.
This report illustrates the importance of serologic techniques for defining the etiology of neonatal thrombocytopenia. In Case 1 the maternal count was low normal to normal during the first postpartum week. Several weeks later the appearance of persistent maternal thrombocytopenia led to the demonstration of anti-GP IIb-IIIa in stored and freshly obtained maternal sera, suggesting that the mother had an autoimmune type of thrombocytopenia. The mother of Case 2 had systemic lupus erythematosus. However, serologic testing revealed that the infant's thrombocytopenia was not related to the mother's lupus but was secondary to alloimmunization with the PlA1 antigen. An algorithm for defining etiologic mechanisms in infants with antibody-mediated forms of thrombocytopenia is presented.
Algorithms↗
Evaluation of three serological tests for the diagnosis of hydatid disease.
A number of techniques is used for the serological diagnosis of hydatid disease; however previous investigations suggest variable degrees or reliability for each test. This study reports an evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of three commonly used serological tests for hydatid disease; complement fixation (CF), haemagglutination (HA) and the fluorescent antibody (FA) techniques. The results of these serological tests are compared in a series of specimens from 116 hospital patients, 21 of whom were confirmed surgically as having hydatid disease. A similar high degree of sensitivity was found for each of the three serological tests examined. The CF and HA tests gave negative results in two patients with confirmed hydatid disease, and the result of the FA test was negative in only one patient. The HA test was the most specific with no false positive reactions, but only two false positive reactions occurred with the FA test. The CF test was the least specific as the reaction was positive in nine patients without hydatid disease. When the results of both FA and HA tests were considered together, all 21 cases of hydatid disease were detected and false positive reactions occurred in only two patients.
Complement Fixation Tests↗
Brucellosis control in an infected herd by serological testing, removal of reactors, vaccination with reduced dose of strain 19 and improved hygiene.
Brucellosis was diagnosed in a closed herd of approximately 200 Fresian cattle in February 1982. Diagnosis was based on positive serologic tests and abortions from which B. abortus was isolated. Initial efforts to control the disease were the isolation of all cows which were positive on the standard tube agglutination test. In addition all cows which calved or aborted were isolated. In August 1982 all cows which were negative to the standard tube agglutination test were vaccinated with a reduced dose of strain 19 vaccine (approximately 1 X 10(9) organisms). The herd was retested 60 days after vaccination and all animals which were positive on the rivanol supplemental test at a titer of 1:50 or greater were considered infected and removed from the herd. Subsequent to vaccination there were an additional 22 cows which aborted. These cows were removed from the herd. A calfhood vaccination programme utilizing the standard dose of strain 19 has been initiated in the herd. An increased effort was made to maintain all of the stables at a higher level of sanitation.
Abortion, Veterinary↗
Use and interpretation of serologic tests for the diagnosis of syphilis.
Syphilis has become a disease of low prevalence in the general population of the United States. In addition, serologic tests for syphilis are not as specific as commonly believed. These two facts cast doubt on a diagnosis of syphilis based solely on serologic evidence. However, ordering tests selectively on the basis of clinical evidence and reserving treponemal tests for reagin-reactive specimens is an effective strategy for dealing with these diagnostic uncertainties.
Female↗
Aetiology of respiratory tract infections: clinical assessment versus serological tests.
Two hundred and fifty ambulatory patients with febrile respiratory tract infections were included in a prospective study, aimed at determining the reliability of physicians judgements relating to the aetiology of the infection. Compared with advanced serological testing, physicians' judgements for a bacterial/atypical, rather than viral, aetiology had a negative predictive value of 60% and a positive predictive value of only 50%. We conclude that physicians' ability to assess whether the infectious aetiology of RTI is viral or bacterial/atypical is low and no more reliable than tossing a coin.
Adult↗
Pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease: confirmation by polymerase chain reaction and serological tests, and successful treatment with voriconazole.
A 25-year-old male with chronic granulomatous disease developed severe bilateral pulmonary aspergillosis confirmed by a positive result of polymerase chain reaction for Aspergillus species from sputum and positive serological tests for Aspergillus. He was successfully treated with voriconazole. The diagnostic difficulties and the new therapeutic options in the era of new antifungal agents are discussed.
Adult↗
[Toxoplasmosis diagnosis in pregnancy: computer assisted follow-up interpretation of serologic tests].
Primary infection with Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy can result in fetal infection with serious sequelae for the unborn if not treated properly. Early diagnosis enables drug therapy and significantly reduces the risk of fetal disease. A systematic serological screening procedure was established in Austria in 1975 to detect primary toxoplasma infection as early as possible during pregnancy. Since the screening program is based solely on observation and interpretation of serological data, the question arises whether a knowledge-based system for automatic interpretation can achieve a sufficient interpretative accuracy for introduction to routine work. For this reason the system Toxopert-I was developed. The system is aimed at facilitating routine laboratory work, as well as assuring quality by setting standards for therapy. The required knowledge base was designed as a knowledge graph, each state representing a certain interpretation. One or more available serological test results cause the knowledge graph to change its current state. If all available test results are processed, the final state reached corresponds to the respective current interpretation for the patient. A retrospective analysis of 1000 pregnant women yielded a total diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of over 99% in comparison with the clinician's diagnosis which was used as the Gold Standard.
Animals↗
Evaluation of three serological tests for diagnosis of Maedi-Visna virus infection using latent class analysis.
Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) infection in sheep is present in several European countries, including Norway. The current Norwegian surveillance and control programme for MVV infection uses three serological tests: an agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) and two commercially available indirect ELISAs (Institut Pourquier, P-ELISA and HYPHEN BioMed, H-ELISA). From 18 flocks with suspected or confirmed MVV infection, sera from naturally infected sheep were obtained, and sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the three tests were estimated in absence of a perfect reference test using latent class models in a Bayesian analysis. The AGID had higher Sp (95% posterior credibility interval (PCI) [98.4; 99.9]) than either ELISA (95% PCI: P-ELISA, [95.1; 99.0]; H-ELISA, [91.4; 96.6]), but much lower Se (95% PCI: AGID, [41.4; 59.8]; P-ELISA, [92.7; 100.0]; H-ELISA, [90.9; 99.4]). Currently the P-ELISA is used for screening and positive samples are subsequently confirmed by a setup using all three tests in a serial reading. The Se and Sp of the serial interpretations with and without the H-ELISA were estimated. The results suggested that the H-ELISA could be dropped as a confirmatory test as the Se of the three test serial reading was reduced significantly without adding a significant improvement of the Sp compared to the serial reading of the P-ELISA and AGID alone. However, the perceived cost of false positives versus false negatives will influence this decision. Estimates of the predictive values for the tests and combinations suggested that the P-ELISA is a good choice of screening, but confirmatory tests are needed to achieve acceptable levels of positive predictive values.
Animals↗
Canine brucellosis: comparison of clinical manifestations with serologic test results.
Slide agglutination and mercaptoethanol tube agglutination tests for canine brucellosis were performed on 158 dogs. Clinical status was compared with the serologic test results. Sera were from 56 clinically normal dogs, 63 dogs with reproductive disorders, and 39 dogs with various nonreproductive disorders that could be associated with canine brucellosis. Ten of 21 (48%) aborting bitches and 2 of 9 (22%) bitches with other reproductive disorders were seropositive for brucellosis. Enlarged testicles, orchitis, and epididymitis were the main clinical disorders associated with positive (33%) or suspect (20%) serologic reactions in 15 male dogs. In 13 dogs of both sexes, diskospondylitis and osteomyelitis were the most common nonreproductive disorders associated with seropositive status for canine brucellosis (46%). Of 138 stray dogs, 17 were seropositive for canine brucellosis. Treatment of seropositive animals with antibiotics gave variable results. Of the 296 serum samples tested, 43 (14.5%) gave a positive reaction by the slide agglutination test but were negative by the mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test. Correlation was not found between serologic results and sex or breed.
Abortion, Veterinary↗
[Comparative study of different serological tests for the diagnosis of brucellosis (author's transl)].
The diagnosis of brucellosis is frequently a difficult one, and it is founded basically on the results of blood cultures and serological tests. Wright's classical agglutination test is commonly utilized in the serological diagnosis of brucellosis and its value is well established in the acute forms of the disease; for the diagnosis of subacute or chronic forms, however, a Coombs test must be performed to show incomplete antibodies. The agglutination carried out with serum treated with 2-mercaptoethanol allows the determination of the type of immunoglobulins present. Indirect immunofluorescence has been infrequently utilized in the diagnosis of brucellosis. The first three tests have been compared with indirect immunofluorescence using sera from 100 patients presenting with fever of unknown origin. All tests were negative in 40 sera, and of the 60 remaining sera only 32 were positive to all four tests. The highest titers were found with the Coombs test, while immunofluorescence yielded titers which were never above 1/320. Significant correlation coefficients were obtained between the tests. The best correlation was obtained between immunofluorescence and 2-mercaptoethanol, followed by immunofluorescence and Coombs, and by immunofluorescence and agglutination. Only immunofluorescence titers above 1/80 corresponded to the same of superior titers in the remaining tests; thus immunofluorescence titers below 1/80 can not be considered as diagnostic of the disease. The authors believe that immunofluorescence to 1/80 can be utilized as a quick routine test for the diagnosis of brucellosis, its disadvantages being a high cost and the requirement for an immunofluorescence microscope which may not be available in many laboratories.
Agglutination Tests↗
Quantitation of antibody to non-hemagglutinating viruses by single radial hemolysis: serological test for human coronaviruses.
A single radial hemolysis test was developed for quantitation of specific antibody to non-hemagglutinating viruses. With the human coronaviruses as models, this test utilizes the binding properties of the chromic cation to attach viruses to glutaraldehyde-treated sheep erythrocytes. The most satisfactory system consisted of stabilizing washed sheep erythrocytes with 0.0073% glutaraldehyde for 15 min at 23 degrees C, binding a high concentration of virus to a 25% erythrocyte suspension with 0.0016% chromic chloride for 20 min at 23 degrees C, stopping the reaction with phosphate-saline, and finally mixing the treated, rewashed cells with complement and agarose at 45 degrees C to prepare a slide gel. The gel mix, which was dispensed in plastic plates (23 by 73 mm) in 3-ml volumes, consisted of 1% agarose, 0.1% sodium azide, 5% reconstituted complement, and 0.82% treated cells. Wells 2 mm in diameter were loaded with 5 mul of antiserum, incubated for 18 h at 4 degrees C for diffusion of antiserum and fixation of complement, and then incubated for 8 to 24 h at 37 degrees C for development of hemolysis zones. The diameter of a zone was linearly related to antibody concentration, as determined by conventional serological tests. This single radial hemolysis test was applicable to human and animal coronaviruses and to selected serotypes of the adenovirus, picornavirus, rhabdovirus, and rotavirus groups.
Animals↗
Determination of anti-omega-gliadin antibodies in serologic tests for coeliac disease.
BACKGROUND: Serologic detection of coeliac disease in the general population or in subjects belonging to risk groups implies the use of a test with high efficiency, large-scale use, and low cost. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique is the most appropriate assay for performing this kind of studies. Even though anti-gliadin determination has been the test most frequently used as the first step in screening procedures, many false-positive results produced a low-specificity test. In a previous work a selective recognition of omega-gliadins, mainly by IgA antibodies, was observed. Results also indicated that omega-gliadins can be useful as antigens in serologic detection of coeliac disease. We therefore wanted to analyse the anti-gliadin antibody reactivity by using purified gliadins and to evaluate the actual performance of the anti-omega-gliadin antibody test. METHODS: A population consisting of 105 coeliac patients, 81 healthy controls, and 73 subjects in a disease control group was analysed. Anti-endomysium (EMA), both IgG and IgA anti-omega-gliadins, and anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibodies were determined. RESULTS: Concordant results, positive and negative, in the EMA and IgG and IgA anti-gliadin determinations were observed in 220 of 259 samples from the total population analysed. The three assays showed high efficiency, being 96.9%, 90.7%, and 91.1% for EMA and anti-omega-gliadins IgG and IgA, respectively. Anti-tTG determination was performed on 103 samples (69 controls and 34 coeliac patients), finding 4 false results (2 false positive and 2 false negative), whereas anti-omega-gliadins showed 10 false results (5 false negative and 5 false positive), 3 of which were coincident with anti-tTG determination. To compare the reactivity of anti-gliadin antibodies, alpha-, beta-, gamma- and omega-gliadins were isolated under non-denaturing conditions by acid preparative electrophoresis and cation-exchange fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and used in an indirect ELISA test. The composition of these fractions was analysed by means of capillary electrophoresis, showing no cross-contamination among them. CONCLUSIONS: The comparison of results using purified gliadins shows that omega-gliadins present a differential reactivity that has not previously been documented. Results using omega-gliadins isolated by either preparative electrophoresis or FPLC were similar. Tests using the purified omega-gliadin fraction present the best performance when anti-gliadin antibodies are evaluated.
Adolescent↗
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of toxoplasmosis in swine: interpreting assay results and comparing with other serologic tests.
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the serodiagnosis of swine toxoplasmosis. The results of the ELISA were interpreted as percentage (% ELISA) and ELISA titer and were compared with results of the dye test, indirect fluorescent antibody test, and indirect hemagglutination test. The results obtained from both the % ELISA and ELISA titer directly correlated with the dye test results. The ELISA is a rapid, sensitive, and readily performed serologic test that should be ideal for examining (screening) swine for toxoplasmosis.
Animals↗