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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Risk factors for HIV infection in injection drug users and evidence for onward transmission of HIV to their sexual partners in Chennai, India.

OBJECTIVES: Determining HIV prevalence in injection drug users (IDUs) and their regular sex partners in Chennai, India. METHODS: A total of 226 IDUs and their regular sex partners were enrolled during April-July 2003. After informed consent was obtained, a semistructured questionnaire was administered and serum was tested for HIV antibody. RESULTS: The HIV seroprevalence was 30% (68/226) in IDUs and 5% in their regular sex partners (11/226). While in 25% of couples only the male partner was HIV positive, 5% of the couples were concordant for HIV infection and 70% were HIV negative. Fifty-seven percent of the HIV-positive IDUs and 45% of the HIV-infected women thought that they had "no chance" or "very little chance" of getting HIV, reflecting low HIV risk perception. More than 20% IDUs reported borrowing or lending of injection equipment. In univariate analyses "sex" and "condom use" with sex workers had no bearing but "more than twice a day injecting frequency," "history of incarceration," "tattoos," "recruitment from northern part of the city," and ever-injecting drugs in drug-selling places had significant association with HIV infection in IDUs. In an adjusted model, the odds of HIV infection were 2 times higher among IDUs who had ever injected drugs in drug-selling places and 6 times higher in those who were recruited from the northern part of central Chennai. CONCLUSION: Reducing sharing of injection equipment and unsafe tattooing through targeted and environmental interventions, increasing HIV risk perception, and promoting safer sex practices among IDUs and their sex partners are urgent program needs.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Detection of human papillomavirus type 16 in sexual partners of patients having cervical cancer by polymerase chain reaction.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and 18 in cytological samples from the uterine cervix and in urine samples from the male consorts. HPV 16 was detected in 2 (25%) of 8 males whose wives were positive for HPV 16, while it was detected in only one (7%) of 14 consorts whose wives were negative for HPV 16 and 18. This is the first report of the detection of HPV 16 in urine. Viral detection in urine samples by the PCR method is a non-invasive, convenient and useful tool for large-scale epidemiologic studies and investigations of the mechanism of virus transmission.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Father-son attachment and sexual partner orientation in Taiwan.

The topic of homosexual adjustment problems has never been explored in Taiwan. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of parental bonding in the adjustment problems of homosexuals. A total of 51 young homosexual males, 100 nonhomosexual personnel with adjustment disorder, and 124 controls were administered the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and the Chinese Health Questionnaire. The final parsimonious logistic regression and structural equation modeling showed paternal attachment, especially paternal overprotection, to be a predisposing factor in the development of homosexuality. Paternal attachment, introversion, and neurotic characteristics were key factors in the development of homosexuals. In particular, paternal overprotection played the most important role in the developmental process of male homosexuals. This study can be used as a reference for clinical personnel in caring for male homosexuals.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Risks of acquiring and transmitting sexually transmitted diseases in sexual partner networks.

BACKGROUND: A person's risk for acquiring infection and their role in continued transmission has traditionally been assessed on the basis of individual characteristics. Recently, network studies have attempted to relate individual risks to position in the wider network. GOAL: To assess the importance of local and global network structures in assessing the risk of acquiring and transmitting infection. STUDY DESIGN: An individual-based simulation model was used to construct a variety of potential network structures and track the transmission of infection over time. Logistic and Poisson regression were used to identify which measures of network position influence a person's risk for acquiring and transmitting infection. RESULTS: Measures of local centrality were more important to risk of acquisition, whereas global centrality mattered more to transmission. Continuous snowball sampling, rather than a fixed number of waves, better estimates a person's risks. CONCLUSIONS: There is an asymmetry regarding the risk of acquiring and transmitting infection.

Female↗
PubMed1994

Regional distribution and incidence of human papillomavirus infections among heterosexual men and women with multiple sexual partners: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess prevalence, incidence and potential risk factors of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among heterosexual men and women with multiple partners and to identify niches of HPV-infection. DESIGN: A prospective study of heterosexual men and women with multiple partners attending an STD clinic as participants in a study on HIV from May 1988 until January 1991. Routine STD examination and physical examination using colposcopy were performed, interviews with standardised questionnaires were administered. Specimens for HPV DNA detection by polymerase chain reaction were collected from multiple sites of the genital, anorectal and oral regions. In women cervical cytology was performed. SETTING: The STD Clinic of the Municipal Health Service of Amsterdam. PARTICIPANTS: 162 women and 85 men entered the study, 110 women and 48 men were followed up. RESULTS: At entry of the study 37 (23%) women and 24 (28%) men were found positive for HPV DNA at any site. Only in one woman was oral presence of HPV DNA found during follow-up. Abnormal cervical cytology was observed in four women. In multivariate analysis, diagnosis of condylomata [odds ratio (OR) 5.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.86 to 16.90)], reporting genital dermatological abnormalities (OR 3.72, 95% CI 1.38 to 9.99) and age (OR per year 0.93, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.99) predicted independently the presence of HPV DNA in women at entry of the study. In women 59 of the 99 (60%) HPV infections were observed in the genital region and 40% in the anorectal region: in men these figures were 65% and 35%, respectively. The incidence of HPV infection was 47.1 and 50.5 per 100 person-years for women and men respectively. At least 20/99 (20%) infections in women were intermediate or long persistent and only 3/48 (6%) HPV infections in men (P = 0.03). No risk factor for persistency could be determined, either in women or in men. CONCLUSIONS: HPV infection was found to be a multicentric genital and/or anorectal event both in women and men. The oral presence of HPV DNA was detected only once in one of the participants. In women persistent HPV infection was more common than in men. Independent predictors for presence of HPV DNA in women were diagnosis of condylomata acuminata, reporting genital dermatologic abnormalities and age. Incidence of HPV infection in women turned out to be 47.1 infections per 100 person-years and for men 50.5 per 100 person-years.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Unsafe sex, substance abuse, and domestic violence: how do recently trained obstetricians-gynecologists fare at lifestyle risk assessment and counseling on STD prevention?

BACKGROUND: Unsafe sexual practices, substance abuse, and domestic violence impact women's health. This study examined whether lifestyle risk assessment during a general medical examination and counseling about sexually transmitted disease during consultations for adolescent contraception and treatment of a sexually transmitted disease were more frequently done by recently trained obstetricians-gynecologists compared to those of obstetrician-gynecologists licensed before 1990. It also documented obstetrician-gynecologists' evaluations of their medical training in that area. METHODS: A pretested anonymous mail survey was conducted in 1995 with all 241 obstetrician-gynecologists practicing in Quebec, Canada; 66% responded (N = 158). RESULTS: Compared to less recently trained obstetrician-gynecologists, recently trained obstetrician-gynecologists reported routinely assessing tobacco use (77 vs 51%, P = 0.01), alcohol use (50 vs 23%, P = 0.004), and illicit drug use (33 vs 17%, P = 0.05) more frequently during a patient's general medical evaluation. However, they did not assess condom use (50%), number of sexual partners, sexual partners' sexually transmitted disease risk (30%), or experiences of sexual abuse or domestic violence (3%) more frequently than less recently trained obstetrician-gynecologists. They were also not more likely to counsel teenagers about sexually transmitted disease prevention during a contraceptive consultation (30-60%) or to discuss human immunodeficiency virus infection (29%) and hepatitis B immunization (13%) during a sexually transmitted disease consultation. CONCLUSION: Although evaluation of substance use was better among recently trained OB-Gyn physicians, little or no improvement has been noted regarding STD prevention or the evaluation of sexual abuse or domestic violence, all important lifestyle risks that directly affect women's health and well-being.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Anti-cardiolipin antibodies in sexual partners of recurrent aborters.

The presence of anti-cardiolipin antibodies (aCL) in women is an established risk factor for fetal loss, but these autoantibodies had not previously been investigated in the male partners of recurrent aborters. The prevalence of aCL in 144 male partners of couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage was 4.2%, which compares with 2.8% for 177 female partners of such couples, 5.9% of 254 blood donors (128 male, 126 female) and 0% of 74 women of good obstetric history sampled in the puerperium. In recurrent miscarriage couples, the presence of aCL in the women was associated with a poorer history and outlook, but these associations were not evident in couples where the male partner had aCL. The aCL of male partners also differed from those of their spouses in being less likely to show higher activity towards phosphatidylserine than towards phosphatidylcholine. A particular sub-population of aCL may be strongly represented in the male partners, the clinical significance of which remains to be established.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed2005

Intimate partner sexual assault against women: frequency, health consequences, and treatment outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics and consequences of sexual assault within intimate relationships specific to racial or ethnic group, compare the findings to a similar group of physically assaulted-only women, and measure the risk of reassault after victim contact with justice and health services. METHODS: A personal interview survey of 148 African-American, Hispanic, and white English- and Spanish-speaking abused women seeking a protection order. Extent of sexual assault, prevalence of rape-related sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, and risk of reassault after treatment were measured. RESULTS: Sixty-eight percent of the physically abused women reported sexual assault. Fifteen percent of the women attributed 1 or more sexually-transmitted diseases to sexual assault, and 20% of the women experienced a rape-related pregnancy. Sexually assaulted women reported significantly (P = .02) more PTSD symptoms compared with nonsexually assaulted women. One significant (P = .003) difference occurred between ethnic groups and PTSD scores. Regardless of sexual assault or no assault, Hispanic women reported significantly higher mean PTSD scores compared with African-American women (P = .005) and White women (P = .012). The risk of sexual reassault was decreased by 59% and 70% for women who contacted the police, or applied for a protection order, after the first sexual assault. Receiving medical care decreased the woman's risk of further sexual assault by 32%. CONCLUSION: Sexual assault is experienced by most physically abused women and associated with significantly higher levels of PTSD compared with women physically abused only. The risk of reassault is decreased if contact is made with health or justice agencies.

Adolescent↗