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PubMed1983

Direct determination of sodium and potassium in blood serum by flow injection and atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

A simple and reliable method for the measurement of sodium and potassium in blood serum without any sample dilution by using flow injection and atomic absorption spectrophotometry is described. A sample throughout of 100 measurements per hour is possible. Matrix problems have not been encountered. The coefficient of variation for within-run determinations is about 1,14 and 2,36% for sodium and potassium, respectively, in serum samples (n = 10). The method is easily adaptable to pediatric research, because of the low required sample volume of 5 microliter.

Blood Specimen Collection↗

PubMed1978

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry of chromium in serum and urine with a modified Perkin-Elmer 603 atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

Modification of a Perkin-Elmer 603 atomic absorption spectrophotometer by adding a high-intensity tungsten-halogen lamp for background correction significantly improved the detection limit for elements that have analytical wavelengths in the near-ultraviolet and visible regions. Chromium in human serum and urine can be measured, with a simplified sample-handling technique, in concentrations of less than 0.1 microgram/liter. For comparison, the mean value for chromium in the serum of eight men was 0.14 microgram/liter.

Chromium↗

PubMed2006

Determination of mercury in fish by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a multicommuted flow injection analysis system.

A flow system was developed for the determination of total mercury concentration in fish samples by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CVAAS), based on the multicommuted flow injection analysis (MCFIA) approach. The system uses independently controlled solenoid valves for the introduction of reagents and samples. When not injected, solutions were recirculating to the reservoir bottles, in this way reducing the waste produced by the analytical system and also the sample consumption. Results were compared to those obtained by the reference flow injection procedure. Accuracy was also assessed by recovery studies using a certified reference material as well as spiked samples; recovery percentages in the range of 90.7% to 99.8% were found. The repeatability of the method was better than 6.0% (RSD, n = 10). A limit of detection of 4.8 microg of mercury per kg of fresh fish sample was achieved. The total waste produced was reduced to 30% of that from the reference flow injection CVAAS procedure.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Quantitation of zinc in nitric acid-digested plasma by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Human plasma, digested in a screw-capped Teflon vial for 1 h at 130 degrees C in concentrated nitric acid, is assayed for zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a single-slot, 10-cm burner and air/acetylene flame. The assay is linear to 10.00 mg Zn/liter, recovery averages 100.9%, and inter- and intraassay coefficients of variation are 5.9 and 1.9%. With this method, there is no burner clogging or adjustment necessary for sample viscosity. Sodium chloride does not interfere with the assay. The linear regression data of the standard curve for milligrams of Zn per liter (x) and milliabsorbance units (y) is y = 40x + 0.001.

Humans↗

PubMed1985

Separation and characterization of metallothionein in two species of seals by high performance liquid chromatography-atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Metallothionein (MT) was separated from the livers of two species of seals, ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata) and harbour seal (Phoca vitulina), by high performance liquid chromatography--atomic absorption spectrophotometry (HPLC-AAS). Both gel permeation and anion-exchange HPLC demonstrated that MT was present as a mixture of at least two isoforms in the livers of both species of seals.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

A comparison of two methods for the determination of thallium in urine. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Two analytical procedures for the determination of thallium in urine are evaluated and compared. The two methods consist of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Both procedures correlated well and were found to be acceptable in terms of precision and analytical recovery. However, a solvent extraction step proved to be necessary for the AAS procedure, and the linearity with respect to the concentration range was rather limited. The method based on DPASV is simple, accurate, precise, and sensitive and does not require any pretreatment of the sample. We therefore recommend the voltammetric procedure for the determination of thallium in urine, as described in this paper.

Electrochemistry↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Rapid analysis of nickel in urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

A method is described for analysis of nickel in urine, which involves dilution of urine with dilute nitric acid and direct quantitation of nickel by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry with Zeeman background correction. The detection limit for nickel is 0.5 micrograms per L of urine; the coefficient of variation of replicate determinations is 4 to 5 percent (within-run) and 6 percent (run-to-run). Recovery of nickel added to urine (20 micrograms per L) averages 99 +/- 5 percent (mean +/- SD). Analytical results agree closely with measurements by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) reference procedure (correlation coefficient = 0.99). Nickel concentrations in urine specimens from 34 non-exposed, healthy, adult persons living in Connecticut average 2.0 +/- 1.5 microgram per L (range = 0.5 to 6.0 micrograms per L). Urine nickel concentrations are directly correlated with urine creatinine concentrations and specific gravity measurements. Elevated concentrations of nickel are observed in urine specimens from nickel-exposed workers, including nickel electroplating workers (mean = 27 micrograms per L, range = 3.1 to 82 micrograms per L, N = 19) and nickel battery workers (mean = 32 micrograms per L, range = 2.8 to 103 micrograms per L, N = 7). This method is more rapid and convenient than previous techniques and is suitable for routine use in clinical and industrial laboratories.

Creatinine↗

PubMed1976

Determination of manganese in blood and urine by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

A method for the determination of manganese in blood and urine is described. A chelate fo manganese with cupferron is extracted with methylisobutylketone and determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The method is directly applicable to urine but the determination of manganese in blood required a preliminary digestion step. With the use of internal standards, this technique allows the determination of manganese concentrations of the order of 1 mug/1 of urine or 1 mug/100 ml whole blood.

Humans↗

PubMed1989

Quality control procedures for monitoring whole blood and plasma trace metal levels by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Well co-ordinated quality control procedures are required to insure that trace metal results determined at ppb (micrograms kg-1 or micrograms l-1) levels by atomic absorption spectrophotometry are reliable. Control materials can be prepared "in-house" provided they are calibrated against standard reference materials (SRM). A mean +/- SD data base should be determined for each quality control material with daily results plotted on Levey-Jennings charts. Westgard's multi-rule quality control scheme is recommended for assessing analytical performance. Additional information may be obtained by using cumulative sum (cusum) charts to detect analytical drift from the mean, and standard deviation index or 'z-score' plot to show analytical bias. Proficiency or quality assurance programs should be used to supplement internal quality verification of analytical performance.

Humans↗

PubMed1982

Analysis of long-range bullet entrance holes by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy.

Bullet residue and primer particles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis (SEM-EDA) and by flame and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The residue and particles were on cloth targets around entrance holes produced by bullets fired at distances of 10 to 200 m. Primer particles and their chemical constituents were almost always detected by SEM-EDA around the holes produced by rifles and pistols fired at long ranges, and in many cases the barium and antimony associated with primer particles were detected by flameless AAS. Particles were also detected by SEM-EDA on the rear of bullets fired into and recovered from wooden blocks. Usually a hole caused by a bullet jacketed with gilding metal could be distinguished from one caused by a bullet jacketed with yellow brass alloy. Paint from bullet tips of military tracers was also detected. Analysis of the various residues around entrance holes provides a means for identifying the type of ammunition used.

Barium↗

PubMed1998

[Atomic absorption spectrophotometry study of copper ion release by copper-bearing intrauterine devices].

Copper release from copper-bearing IUD's was studied in vitro and in vivo using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in deionized water, normal saline solution and normal ovulatory cervical mucus. In these media, copper release from a 375 mm2 DIU occurs without latency, showing comparable amounts for identical time intervals. Daily copper release was shown to be respectively 8 and 11 times higher in cervical mucus and normal saline solution than in deionized water. Although copper ions are detectable in ovulatory cervical mucus under physiological conditions, the copper content appears 5 to 6 times higher in women bearing a copper IUD. Obviously, the copper amount is dependent on the copper exposed surface: the daily in vitro release from a 250 mm2 IUD is 18% inferior to that observed from a 375 mm2 model. In vivo, the daily copper release in ovulatory mucus of 380 or 200 mm2 IUD users is respectively 5 and 3.5 times higher than in controls.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Determination of tin in biological materials by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and neutron activation analysis.

Concentrations of Tin (Sn) were determined in botanical, dietary and biological reference materials (RMs), and in human livers from Japanese and American subjects using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and neutron activation analysis (NAA), either in the instrumental mode (INAA) or in the radiochemical mode (RNAA). The mean Sn concentrations (+/- 1 S.D.) found in various RMs are: total diet (NIST SRM-1548) 3.57 +/- 0.52 and 3.61 +/- 0.52 microgram/g by AAS and INAA, respectively; non-fat milk powder (NIST SRM-1549) 2.5 +/- 1.4 ng/g and 1.9 +/- 0.3 ng/g; bovine liver (NBS SRM-1577) 18 +/- 2 and 20 +/- 0.3 ng/g; and citrus leaves (NIST SRM-1542) 0.25 +/- 0.02 and 0.243 +/- 0.006 microgram/g by AAS and RNAA, respectively. These comparisons demonstrate good agreement between the two methods. In apple leaves (NIST SRM-1515) and peach leaves (NIST SRM-1547), the measured concentrations by AAS were 77.1 +/- 20 and 85 +/- 15 ng/g; interferences by 160Tb did not permit an accurate assessment by INAA at this concentration. The Sn results obtained for the American human liver specimens by RNAA ranged from 0.135-0.712 microgram/g wet weight, and the Sn concentrations in Japanese human liver specimens determined by AAS ranged from 0.078-1.122 microgram/g wet weight in 23 individuals. The results from this study show that it is feasible to use INAA/RNAA and AAS in combination to establish recommended values in RMs.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

A reexamination of aluminum in Alzheimer's disease: analysis by energy dispersive X-ray microprobe and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

We have attempted to verify the presence of increased aluminum (Al) levels in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Tissue from seven AD brains, mounted on carbon polymerized coverslips, were stained with Congo-red or treated immunohistochemically to allow optical localization of AD-associated lesions during EDX. Despite a demonstrated sensitivity of 20-25 ppm, we were unable to detect Al in either plaque cores or neurons containing neurofibrillary tangles. For AAS, wet weight samples (ranging from 48-144 mg) from six of the seven AD brains and four controls were selected from regions similar to those studied under EDX, i.e., Brodmann areas 9, 11, 28, 46, 47, and the hippocampus. The tissue surrounding each sample site was sectioned and stained for thioflavin S. Both controls and AD samples revealed similar levels of Al ranging from undetectable to 1.80 ng/mg wet wt. (mean AD: 0.28 +/- 0.39 (SD), control: 0.54 +/- 0.58 (SD], independent of degree of histopathology or age of the case. We conclude that the combined strengths of these two techniques on similar tissue specimens demonstrate that abnormal Al levels are not required to produce the histologic findings of AD and that this element may not accumulate in the aging brain. It is unlikely, therefore, that Al is essential in the etiology of pathogenesis of plaques and tangles in AD. Al's role as a primary or secondarily associated event, when present, needs further delineation.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of selenium in meat products by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Wet digestion using a mixture of nitric, sulfuric, and perchloric acids and an aluminum block digester effectively and rapidly decomposed meat samples for selenium determination by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Digestion did not require constant attention by an operator. Selenium recoveries (range, 94-105%) from National Institute of Standards and Technology standard reference materials and spiked samples were used to validate method accuracy. Coefficients of variation (CVs) of repeatability of in-house reference materials used for precision study were 6.4 and 5.6%, respectively, for seafood mix and mutton liver. Selenium levels in meat products from Brisbane markets varied widely: 0.042-0.142, 0.081-0.42, and 0.050-0.198 microgram/g (wet weight) respectively, for beef, chicken, and pork. Overall, selenium levels in manufactured meat ranged from 0.041 to 0.189 microgram/g. The levels of selenium found in this study were generally lower than those reported in Finland but comparable with those reported in some parts of the United States.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Light element abundance in brain nuclei using energy dispersive x-ray analysis and atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

A comparative study of light element (congruent to ion) abundance in isolated brain nuclei, using atomic absorption (AA) spectrophotometry and the scanning electron microscope mode of energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA), demonstrated similar statistical trends in the abundance of Na, Mg, and K at 0 time and at 4 min of total brain ischemia. The obtained correlation strengthens the validity of the comparison of quantitative and semi-quantitative procedures. The EDXA technique represents a new approach to the study of ionic shifts in brain ischemia that may prove useful in other areas of brain research as well.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

The detection of salivary minerals in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis by the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrophotometry technique.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on the salivary minerals in subjects with chronic periodontitis by the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES) technique. METHODS: The study group included 24 subjects-12 smokers and 12 non-smokers-with chronic periodontitis. Clinical measurements and non-stimulated whole saliva were obtained, and the levels of five elements-sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate-in each specimen were analyzed. RESULTS: When the clinical parameters were compared between groups, only plaque index was significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers (P <0.05). The mean plaque index of smokers and non-smokers was 1.93 +/- 0.51 and 1.51 +/- 0.39, respectively. The results of this study showed that there were no significant differences between groups in the mineral content of saliva. In smokers, there were positive correlations between the levels of calcium, sodium, and magnesium and clinical attachment level. There was also a positive correlation between the level of phosphate and the percentage of bleeding on probing. In non-smokers, there was a negative correlation only between the mean level of sodium and plaque index (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that no significant differences were found between the mineral content of saliva of smokers and non-smokers by the ICP-AES technique. It is a useful, fast, and sensitive technique compared to other techniques, and it can be advised for researchers while analyzing the mineral content of saliva.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

[Estimation of aluminium in biological fluids by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in a graphite oven (author's transl)].

The possibilities of use of a graphite oven type HGA 74 (Perkin Elmer) for the estimation of aluminium in biological fluids by atomic absorption spectrophotometry are described, with a special study of the stages of drying, mineralisation, atomisation, flow of inert gas, requirement for correction of non-specific absorption, etc. Under fixed experimental conditions, the limit of sensitivity (absorption 1%) was 2.28.10.(-11) grams and the linearity was good up to 100 microgram/l. This method of analysis by direct treatment of the samples required only small volumes of the latter and reduces the risk of contamination.

Aluminum↗

PubMed1991

Quantitative determination of non-haem iron and ferritin iron in bone marrow using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A comparative study on the cytological and chemical determination of the bone marrow iron content.

A method for non-haem iron analysis in bone marrow aspirates using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry has been developed. Bone marrow aspirates were obtained from patients with various disorders. A good correlation is observed between chemical and cytological assessment of total non-haem iron in bone marrow. An intra-assay coefficient of variation of 9.0% was observed. The ferritin-iron concentration was also determined and a CVduplo of 11% was found. The ferritin iron concentration increased with an increasing total iron content until saturation of ferritin appeared to be reached at about 3 g ferritin per kg protein. It was concluded that the quantitative determination of bone marrow iron can be of value in the diagnosis and investigation of both hypo- and hyper-ferraemic disorders.

Bone Marrow↗