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Results for “Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared”

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PubMed2003

Intermolecular interactions in dry and rehydrated pure and mixed bilayers of phosphatidylcholine and digalactosyldiacylglycerol: a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study.

Glycolipids are an important part of almost all biological membranes. Their effects on membrane structure and their interactions with phospholipids, however, have not been extensively studied so far. We have investigated the phase behavior and intermolecular interactions in dry and rehydrated bilayers made from the phospholipid egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) and the plant chloroplast glycolipid digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), or from a mixture (1:1) of these lipids, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. We show that there are extensive interactions between EPC and DGDG in mixed membranes, and also between DGDG molecules in pure DGDG membranes, involving sugar OH groups and C[double bond]O, P[double bond]O, and choline moieties in dry membranes. These interactions persist to a certain degree even after rehydration. We present evidence that these interactions influence the mixing behavior in phosphatidylcholine/DGDG membranes and also the phase behavior of both EPC/DGDG and pure DGDG membranes in the dry state.

Biophysical Phenomena↗

PubMed1996

X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of apatite crystals isolated from chicken and bovine calcified cartilage.

Apatite crystals of the calcified zone of the subarticular cartilaginous growth plates of the long bones of young growing chickens and calves were isolated by low temperature reaction with hydrazine and plasma ashing and examined by electron microscopy, electron diffraction and microprobe analysis, and computer-generated deconvolution of the spectra obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The crystal habit was that of wide, very thin, relatively long rectangular plates, which tended to form small clusters of crystals, possibly because reaction with hydrazine alone did not remove all of the organic matrix constituents. Further reaction with low power plasma ashing released more of the isolated crystals although to a lesser extent than was possible with bone. Stereograms of the small clusters showed that many of the crystals in the small isolated aggregates of crystals were bent and/or curved. Together with the resultant overlap of individual adjacent crystals, they also produced images of sharp, very dense lines, reminiscent of the electron-dense needle or rod-like appearances frequently observed by transmission electron microscopy of thin sections of calcified cartilage and thought to represent the habit of the apatite crystals. No true rod or needle-like crystals were observed in the isolated crystals. Although the overall general apatitic structure of the apatite crystals was similar to that of the apatitic crystals of bone, the individual crystals were significantly larger than those of bone from the same specimen, and there were small but significant differences in the concentrations of acid phosphate and carbonate groups and in their short range order.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Detection of the dipicolinic acid biomarker in Bacillus spores using Curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Thirty-six strains of aerobic endospore-forming bacteria confirmed by polyphasic taxonomic methods to belong to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis (including Bacillus niger and Bacillus globigii), Bacillus sphaericus, and Brevi laterosporus were grown axenically on nutrient agar, and vegetative and sporulated biomasses were analyzed by Curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) and diffuse reflectance-absorbance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Chemometric methods based on rule induction and genetic programming were used to determine the physiological state (vegetative cells or spores) correctly, and these methods produced mathematical rules which could be simply interpreted in biochemical terms. For PyMS it was found that m/z 105 was characteristic and is a pyridine ketonium ion (C6H3ON+) obtained from the pyrolysis of dipicolinic acid (pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; DPA), a substance found in spores but not in vegetative cells; this was confirmed using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In addition, a pyridine ring vibration at 1447-1439 cm-1 from DPA was found to be highly characteristic of spores in FT-IR analysis. Thus, although the original data sets recorded hundreds of spectral variables from whole cells simultaneously, a simple biomarker can be used for the rapid and unequivocal detection of spores of these organisms.

Bacillus↗

PubMed1994

Isotope-edited Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies of calmodulin's interaction with its target peptides.

The ubiquitous calcium-binding protein calmodulin (CaM) regulates a wide variety of cellular events by binding to and activating many distinct target enzymes. The CaM-binding domains of most of these enzymes are contained in a contiguous stretch of amino acids with a length of approximately 20 residues. In this work, we have used "isotope-edited" Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to study the interaction of CaM with synthetic peptides resembling the CaM-binding domains of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS), and caldesmon (CaD). Uniform labeling of CaM with carbon-13 causes the amide I band of the protein to shift approximately 55 cm-1 to lower frequency in D2O, leaving a clear window in the infrared spectrum for observing the amide I band of the unlabeled target peptides. Upon complex formation, the amide I bands of the CaM-binding domains of MLCK and cNOS shift 4 cm-1 toward higher frequency (to approximately 1648 cm-1), and have a narrower bandwidth compared to the peptide in aqueous solution. These spectral changes and the fact that the infrared spectra of these two peptides in their complex with CaM closely resemble those recorded in a mixture of D2O and the helix inducing solvent trifluoroethanol indicate that they bind to CaM in an alpha-helical conformation. The CaM-binding domain of CaD also showed similar, but less dramatic, spectral changes; this is in agreement with the fact that it binds to CaM with lower affinity and a shorter alpha-helix.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗

PubMed1994

Estimation of the sulfate content of hydrothermal vent bacterial polysaccharides by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are characterized by unusual chemical and physical parameters, including high pressure and temperature. In this extreme environment, unusual microorganisms of biotechnological importance survive. Polymer-producing bacteria have been specifically studied for several years with the aim of demonstrating their ability to produce unusual polysaccharides in terms of physical, chemical, and biological properties. Because sulfates play an important role in the biological properties of polysaccharides, it is very important to determine their content with accuracy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used for sulfate analysis and the results were compared with those of other analytical techniques. We found a good correlation between FT-IR and other analytical techniques for sulfate concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 20%. The data indicated that this technique could be used to determine the chemical composition of the polymers along with a semiquantitative estimation of the sulfate content.

Electron Probe Microanalysis↗

PubMed2002

Temperature-pressure stability of green fluorescent protein: a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study.

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is widely used as a marker in molecular and cell biology. For its use in high-pressure microbiology experiments, its fluorescence under pressure was recently investigated. Changes in fluorescence with pressure were found. To find out whether these are related to structural changes, we investigated the pressure stability of wild-type GFP (wtGFP) and three of its red shift mutants (AFP, GFP(mut1), and GFP(mut2)) using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. For the wt GFP, GFP(mut1), and GFP(mut2) we found that up to 13-14 kbar the secondary structure remains intact, whereas AFP starts unfolding around 10 kbar. The 3-D structure is held responsible for this high-pressure stability. Previously observed changes in fluorescence at low pressure are rationalized in terms of the pressure-induced elastic effect. Above 6 kbar, loss of fluorescence is due to aggregation. Revisiting the temperature stability of GFP, we found that an intermediate state is populated along the unfolding pathway of wtGFP. At higher temperatures, the unfolding resulted in the formation of aggregates of wtGFP and its mutants.

Drug Stability↗

PubMed2005

Discriminating animal fats and their origins: assessing the potentials of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction techniques.

The objective of the reported study was to assess the abilities of various methods to differentiate the sources of fats used in feedstuff formulations. The main target was the identification of tallow (ruminant fat) and its differentiation from non-ruminant fats. Four different techniques were compared in terms of their suitability for enforcing existing and upcoming legislation on animal by-products: (1) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) applied to fat samples, (2) gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine fatty acid profiles, (3) immunoassays focusing on the protein fraction included in the fat, and (4) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of bovine-specific DNA. Samples of the different fats and oils as well as mixtures of these fats were probed using these analytical methods. FT-IR and GC-MS differentiated pure fat samples quite well but showed limited ability to identify the animal species or even the animal class the fat(s) belonged to; no single compound or spectral signal that could permit species identification could be found. However, immunoassays and PCR were both able to identify the species or groups of species that the fats originated from, and they were the only techniques able to identify low concentrations of tallow in a mixture of fats prepared by the rendering industry, even when the samples had been sterilised at temperatures >133 degrees C. Fats used in animal nutrition come mainly from the rendering industry, thereby confirming the suitability of PCR and immunoassays for their identification. However, neither of these latter techniques was able to detect "premier jus" tallow, representing the highest quality standard of fat with extremely low protein concentration.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Effects of phospholipids on the in vitro percutaneous penetration of prednisolone and analysis of mechanism by using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

We investigated the effects of 10 phospholipids on the in vitro percutaneous penetration of prednisolone (PR) through the dorsal skin of guinea pigs. A marked enhancing effect of PR penetration was observed in the presence of phospholipids that have unsaturated acyl chains. A maximum of 68-fold enhancement was observed compared to that of control. On the contrary, phospholipids that have saturated acyl chains did not significantly increase the amount of PR passing to the receptor side. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the outer several microns of stratum corneum (SC) surface. It was observed that phospholipids that have unsaturated acyl chains induced higher and broader absorbance shifts in the C-H bond stretching region while phospholipids that have saturated acyl chains induced lower and sharper absorbance shifts in the C-H bond stretching region. A significant parallel between the amount of PR penetrated and the lipid-chain fluidity of the SC was found. These results suggest that phospholipids may influence the percutaneous penetration of PR by changing the lipid-chain fluidity of the SC.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Effects of sciatic neurectomy on the femur in growing rats: application of peripheral quantitative computed tomography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

The effects of unilateral sciatic neurectomy (USN) on the development of the femur were studied in 15 growing Wistar-derived rats (age, 5 weeks). The rats were divided into four groups: USN-operated group (right femur), USN-nonoperated group (left femur), sham-operated group (right femur), and sham-nonoperated group (left femur). Bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), bone area, periosteal circumference, and endosteal circumference were measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and the mineral/matrix ratio was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The USN-operated group showed a significant decrease in cortical BMC, bone area, and periosteal circumference compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). The cortical BMD did not vary significantly between the groups. In the cancellous bone, the USN-operated group showed a significant decrease in BMD and BMC at the metaphysis compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). The mineral/matrix ratio of the cortical bone did not differ significantly between the USN-operated and USN-nonoperated groups. These results suggest that in cortical bone, USN inhibits periosteal bone formation but has no significant effect on the mineral/matrix ratio of cortical bone in femurs. In cancellous bone, USN induces bone loss at the metaphysis.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Identification of iso- and n-propylphosphonates using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Organophosphorus nerve agents and their precursors, specifically listed in the schedules of chemicals in the Annex to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), include analogues with C1-C3 alkyl groups on phosphorus. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) requires designated laboratories to unequivocally identify isomeric propyl groups bonded to phosphorus in analytes that may be present in samples submitted for analysis. Homologous series of isomeric pairs of dialkyl iso- and n-propylphosphonates, alkyl iso- and n-propylphosphonochloridates, and alkyl iso- and n-propylphosphonofluoridates, have been analysed by liquid chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry and/or by gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that P-propyl isomers can be reliably differentiated by collision induced dissociation (CID) of selected fragment ions and by their infrared P=O stretching and C-H deformation frequencies.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed2001

Silver(I) complexes with DNA and RNA studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresis.

Ag(I) is a strong nucleic acids binder and forms several complexes with DNA such as types I, II, and III. However, the details of the binding mode of silver(I) in the Ag-polynucleotides remains unknown. Therefore, it was of interest to examine the binding of Ag(I) with calf-thymus DNA and bakers yeast RNA in aqueous solutions at pH 7.1-6.6 with constant concentration of DNA or RNA and various concentrations of Ag(I). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresis were used to analyze the Ag(I) binding mode, the binding constant, and the polynucleotides' structural changes in the Ag-DNA and Ag-RNA complexes. The spectroscopic results showed that in the type I complex formed with DNA, Ag(I) binds to guanine N7 at low cation concentration (r = 1/80) and adenine N7 site at higher concentrations (r = 1/20 to 1/10), but not to the backbone phosphate group. At r = 1/2, type II complexes formed with DNA in which Ag(I) binds to the G-C and A-T base pairs. On the other hand, Ag(I) binds to the guanine N7 atom but not to the adenine and the backbone phosphate group in the Ag-RNA complexes. Although a minor alteration of the sugar-phosphate geometry was observed, DNA remained in the B-family structure, whereas RNA retained its A conformation. Scatchard analysis following capillary electrophoresis showed two binding sites for the Ag-DNA complexes with K(1) = 8.3 x 10(4) M(-1) for the guanine and K(2) = 1.5 x 10(4) M(-1) for the adenine bases. On the other hand, Ag-RNA adducts showed one binding site with K = 1.5 x 10(5) M(-1) for the guanine bases.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Liposome-based formulations for the antibiotic nonapeptide Leucinostatin A: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characterization and in vivo toxicologic study.

Leucinostatin-A is a nonapeptide isolated from Paecilomyces marquandii, Paecilomyces lilacinus A257, and Acremonium sp., exerting remarkable phytotoxic, antibacterial (especially against Gram-positive) and antimycotic activities. With the aim to find alternative formulation for in vivo administration, a number of Leucinostatin-A-loaded liposomal formulations have been prepared and characterized. Both large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles consisting of synthetic and natural lipids were evaluated. In addition, to determine the nature of peptide-membrane interactions and the stability of liposomes loaded with Leucinostatin-A, a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy study was performed. The results suggest that the mode of interaction of the peptide is dependent on its concentration, on bilayer fluidity, and on liposome type. Finally, the LD50 of both free and liposome-delivered Leucinostatin-A was determined in mice. These results suggest that the incorporation of Leucinostatin-A into liposomes may result in decreased Leucinostatin-A toxicity, as the intraperitoneal administration of Leucinostatin-A-loaded liposomes reduced the LD50 of Leucinostatin-A 15-fold.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Differentiation of carbohydrate gums and mixtures using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics.

Guar gum, a nonionic galactomannan, is used as an economical thickener and stabilizer in the food industry and is often combined with xanthan, locust bean gum (LBG), or carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) to promote synergistic changes in viscosity or gelling behavior via intermolecular interactions; however, the adulteration of LBG with guar gum is a well-known industrial problem. The ability to identify the purity of gums and concentrations of individual gums in mixtures would be advantageous for quality control in the food industry. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods are rapid and require minimum sample preparation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the ability of FTIR techniques to (1) differentiate LBG with a variety of mannose/galactose (M/G) ratios, (2) differentiate guar, LBG, tara, and fenugreek gums, (3) differentiate pure guar gum from guar gum mixed with LBG, xanthan gum, or CMC, (4) quantify LBG, xanthan gum, and CMC in guar gum, and (5) quantify guar gum in LBG. Two FTIR methods were used: diffuse reflectance (DRIFT) on powdered gum samples added to KBr at 5%, w/w, and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) on 1%, w/w, gum solutions. Spectra were collected and then analyzed by multivariate statistical procedures (chemometrics). The DRIFT method provided better discrimination and quantitative results than the ATR method. Canonical variate analysis (CVA) of DRIFT spectra (1200-700 cm(-1)) was able to classify LBG with various M/G ratios, pure galactomannans, and pure versus mixtures of gums with 100% accuracy. Quantification of an individual gum in gum mixtures (0.5-15%, w/w) was possible using partial least-squares (PLS) analysis of DRIFT spectra with R2 > 0.93 and using this approach for quantifying guar gum added to LBG resulted in an R2 > 0.99, RMSEC = 0.29, and RMSEP = 3.31. Therefore, the DRIFT FTIR method could be a useful analytical tool for quality control of select gums and gum mixtures used in the food industry.

Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium↗

PubMed2006

Role of solvent on protein-matrix coupling in MbCO embedded in water-saccharide systems: a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study.

Embedding protein in sugar systems of low water content enables one to investigate the protein dynamic-structure function in matrixes whose rigidity is modulated by varying the content of residual water. Accordingly, studying the dynamics and structure thermal evolution of a protein in sugar systems of different hydration constitutes a tool for disentangling solvent rigidity from temperature effects. Furthermore, studies performed using different sugars may give information on how the detailed composition of the surrounding solvent affects the internal protein dynamics and structural evolution. In this work, we compare Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements (300-20 K) on MbCO embedded in trehalose, sucrose, maltose, raffinose, and glucose matrixes of different water content. At all the water contents investigated, the protein-solvent coupling was tighter in trehalose than in the other sugars, thus suggesting a molecular basis for the trehalose peculiarity. These results are in line with the observation that protein-matrix phase separation takes place in lysozyme-lactose, whereas it is absent in lysozyme-trehalose systems; indeed, these behaviors may respectively be due to the lack or presence of suitable water-mediated hydrogen-bond networks, which match the protein surface to the surroundings. The above processes might be at the basis of pattern recognition in crowded living systems; indeed, hydration shells structural and dynamic matching is first needed for successful come together of interacting biomolecules.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed2006

Evaluation of fetal bone structure and mineralization in IGF-I deficient mice using synchrotron radiation microtomography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

The role of insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) during pre-natal development has not been evaluated in detail. However, the high degree of growth retardation and peri-natal mortality in IGF-I deficient mouse models indicates that it plays a critical role during this time. Techniques to assess the structure and quality of bone in small animal fetuses could be beneficial in better understanding its role in bone metabolism and skeletal development. Synchrotron microtomography (SR-microCT) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) may provide methods to visualize and quantify differences in the structure and mineral density of bone in small animal fetuses. Tibia and spine from IGF-I deficient and wildtype fetal mice (18th day gestation) were imaged using SR-microCT. Three-dimensional structural indices and the degree of mineralization were determined for each sample. Mineralization was also assessed using FTIR and von Kossa staining. Bone volume was systematically lower in IGF-I -/- animals (tibia: -15%, p<0.05) while both sites were found to have a more rod-like architecture (24%, p<0.05; 113%, p<0.01) and lower trabecular separation (-16%, p<0.05; -21%, p<0.05). These structural results were mostly consistent with those seen in adult models of IGF-I deficiency. The degree of mineralization as measured by SR-microCT was higher in the IGF-I tibial metaphysis (11.7%, p<0.0001), while FTIR of the whole bone showed mineralization to be lower in the knockout group (-11%, p<0.05). Interestingly, von Kossa staining revealed no mineral content in the IGF-I -/- spinal ossification center while SR-microCT clearly indicated the presence of highly attenuating components, if somewhat lower in IGF-I -/- animals (-2.2%, p<0.05). This indicates that IGF-I deficiency is linked to subtle differences in the mineral environment and mineralization progression. The advantages unique to SR-microCT allow for 3D visualization and quantification of pre-natal bone microstructure and mineral density in mice which was not previously possible.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy application to vascular biology: comparative analysis of human internal mammary artery and saphenous vein wall.

Saphenous vein (SV) and internal mammary artery (IMA) are used for aorto-coronary bypass grafting. IMA is considered to be the graft of choice for coronary revascularization having a long-term patency compared to SV. The aim of this study is to investigate the structure of vascular wall using a new technical approach. We analysed the chemical composition of vessel wall layers (total lipid, lipid ester and protein) of 25 vascular segments (19 SV and 6 IMA) using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR analysis showed that in intima layer lipid ester and protein concentration (expressed as arbitrary units) was significantly higher in SV (lipid ester = 0.020 +/- 0.002; protein = 0.449 +/- 0.022) than in IMA (lipid ester = 0.014 +/- 0.002; protein = 0.342 +/- 0.032). Moreover, the percentage of lipid ester on total lipid was significantly higher in SV (intima = 54.7 +/- 2.9%; media = 78.4 +/- 4.9%; adventitia = 83.9 +/- 8.3%) wall layers compared to IMA ones (intima = 37.3 +/- 4.9%; media = 45.4 +/- 3.8; adventitia = 57.1 +/- 4.8). These data suggest that a different chemical composition of wall layers could also be responsible for the morphological modifications observed in SV after grafting.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Differentiation of Micromonospora isolates from a coastal sediment in Wales on the basis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 16S rRNA sequence analysis, and the amplified fragment length polymorphism technique.

A number of actinomycetes isolates were recovered from coastal sediments in Aberystwyth (Wales, United Kingdom) with standard isolation techniques. Most of them were putatively assigned to the genera Streptomyces and Micromonospora on the basis of their morphological characteristics, and there appeared to be no difference whether the isolation media contained distilled water or seawater. A group of 20 Micromonospora isolates was selected to undergo further polyphasic taxonomic investigation. Three approaches were used to analyze the diversity of these isolates, 16S rDNA sequencing, fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The 16S rDNA sequence analysis confirmed that all of these isolates should be classified to the genus Micromonospora, and they were analyzed with a group of other Micromonospora 16S rDNA sequences available from the Ribosomal Database Project. The relationships of the 20 isolates were observed after hierarchical clustering, and almost identical clusters were obtained with these three techniques. This has obvious implications for high-throughput screening for novel actinomycetes because FT-IR spectroscopy, which is a rapid and reliable whole-organism fingerprinting method, can be applied as a very useful dereplication tool to indicate which environmental isolates have been cultured previously.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗

PubMed2004

Effects of unilateral sciatic neurectomy on growing rat femur as assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and bending test.

We studied the effects of unilateral sciatic neurectomy (USN) on the development of the femoral shaft in the 30 growing Wistar-derived rats aged 5 weeks. Rats were allocated to three groups. One of these was immediately used for measurements, and the remaining 2 groups underwent USN of internal control. Specimens obtained from each group were divided into 2 subgroups: left femurs of each group served as the control subgroup (CONT) and right femurs from each group as the USN-operated subgroup (USN-OP). The bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), bone area, periosteal circumference and endosteal circumference were measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and the mineral/matrix ratio was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A three-point bending test was performed to analyze the biomechanical effects of sciatic neurectomy. USN-OP showed a significant decrease in cortical BMC, bone area, and periosteal circumference compared with CONT. The mineral/matrix ratio of cortical bone did not differ significantly between USN-OP and CONT. Strength and stiffness were significantly decreased in USN-OP compared with CONT. The results showed that USN inhibited periosteal bone formation, but has no significant effects on the mineral/matrix ratio of cortical bone in femurs.

Animals↗