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PubMed2007

The Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised: independent validation in individuals with autism spectrum disorders.

A key feature of autism is restricted repetitive behavior (RRB). Despite the significance of RRBs, little is known about their phenomenology, assessment, and treatment. The Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R) is a recently-developed questionnaire that captures the breadth of RRB in autism. To validate the RBS-R in an independent sample, we conducted a survey within the South Carolina Autism Society. A total of 320 caregivers (32%) responded. Factor analysis produced a five-factor solution that was clinically meaningful and statistically sound. The factors were labeled "Ritualistic/Sameness Behavior," "Stereotypic Behavior," "Self-injurious Behavior," "Compulsive Behavior," and "Restricted Interests." Measures of internal consistency were high for this solution, and interrater reliability data suggested that the RBS-R performs well in outpatient settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Contrasting adaptive behavior ratings of male and female institutionalized residents across two settings.

Twenty-two mentally retarded male and 22 retarded female residents from a state institution in central Ohio were compared on Adaptive Behavior Scale, Part Two, ratings across two settings (cottage and classroom). A multivariate analysis of variance did not reveal an overall interaction of sex and setting nor an overall effect for sex differences. Results did indicate a significant overall effect for setting. Significant differences were found in the following domains: Rebellious Behavior, Stereotyped Behavior and Odd Mannerisms, Unacceptable Vocal Habits, Hyperactive Tendencies, and Psychological Tendencies. Higher scores (negative direction) were noted in the classroom setting.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aggression and the termination of "rituals": a new variant of the escape function for challenging behavior?

Aggression and stereotyped behaviors are not uncommon among people with intellectual disabilities and they are often treated separately as operant behaviors. In this single case study, it is argued that the function of a young woman's aggressive behavior appeared to be that of avoiding or escaping the termination of a chain of complex stereotyped behavior (or "ritual"). She became aggressive only when this chain of stereotyped behavior was terminated and the aggression appeared to extinguish when it no longer led to escape from the termination of the "ritual". It is suggested that this is an example of a complex interaction between two behaviors and that it illustrates the need for very careful analysis of the functions of challenging behavior. Furthermore, it is proposed that the lengthening list of variables already documented as determinants of challenging behavior (provision of attention (verbal and physical), mechanical restraint, sensory or tangible events, escape from demands or from social attention, denials, escape from intrusive medical procedures, escape from task difficulty) be lengthened to include the possibility of escape from (or avoidance of) the interruption of a chain of complex stereotyped behavior or "ritual".

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Responses to selective D-1 and D-2 agonists after repeated treatment with selective D-1 and D-2 antagonists.

This study was aimed at achieving a better understanding of the functional role of D-1 and D-2 receptors in some dopamine-mediated behaviors. Hypermotility, grooming behavior and stereotyped behavior were induced, respectively, by LY 171555 (D-2 agonist), SKF 38393 (D-1 agonist) and apomorphine (mixed agonist). Acute pretreatment either with the D-1 selective antagonist SCH 23390 (0.02 mg/kg) or with the D-2 receptor blocker YM 09151-2 (0.02 mg/kg, IP) blocked all these behaviors, suggesting the existence of functional interactions between D-1 and D-2 receptors. Striatal membranes prepared from rats receiving repeated administrations with SCH 23390 (0.05 mg/kg, twice daily for 21 days) showed an increase in the number of D-1 but not of D-2 receptors. On the contrary the repeated treatments with YM 09151-2 increased only the Bmax values of D-2 receptors. While the D-1 supersensitive rats showed only enhancement of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior, the D-2 supersensitive rats exhibited an increase of both apomorphine-elicited stereotypy and LY 171555-elicited hypermotility. SKF 38393-induced grooming was unaffected by any pretreatments. Moreover when D-2 supersensitive rats were acutely pretreated with SCH 23390, the enhancement of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior was abolished. It is concluded that the behavioral expression of D-1 receptor supersensitivity requires the simultaneous activation of D-1 and D-2 receptors.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed1996

Use of fluoxetine for the treatment of stereotypical pacing behavior in a captive polar bear.

Stereotypical behaviors are common in captive animals, particularly captive polar bears. Effects of oral administration of fluoxetine on chronic stereotypical and typical behaviors in a captive polar bear were monitored. Fluoxetine treatment terminated stereotypic pacing behavior, facial tic, and huffing/coughing activity. The expression of typical polar bear behaviors was not affected by fluoxetine treatment, although the proportion of time spent engaged in typical behaviors changed during the course of the observation period. Response of the bear to fluoxetine treatment indicated that pharmacologic manipulation of the serotonergic system can safely eliminate stereotypical behaviors in captive polar bears.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Differential effects of ketamine enantiomers on anesthetic levels and glutamate release in the hippocampus].

The anesthetic effects of ketamine enantiomers (40 and 100 mg.kg-1, i.p.) were evaluated in the rat by behavioral parameters such as the orienting response, the tail-pinch test and the spontaneous motor behavior including stereotyped behavior (circling and nodding). The intercellular glutamate concentration in the dorsal hippocampus was measured by brain microdialysis method. The analgesic and sedative effects of the S(+)-ketamine were more potent than those of the R(-)-ketamine at each dose. The incidence of stereotyped behaviors in R(-)-ketamine groups was higher than that of S(+)-ketamine groups. The basal release of glutamate under perfusion with normal artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) was unchanged after the administration of these enantiomers. Repeat perfusion with high-potassium ACSF (100 mM K+) for 20 min increased the glutamate content in vehicle-treated rats. This depolarization-related glutamate release was suppressed by ketamine, except in the 100 mg R(-)-ketamine group in which the stimulated glutamate release tended to increase after the treatment. The inhibitory effect on this stimulated glutamate release was marked in S(+)-ketamine groups. These results suggest that the anesthetic effects of ketamine enantiomers may be mediated at least in part, via regulation of depolarization-released glutamate release.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1982

Effects of an oral hygiene punishment procedure on chronic rumination and collateral behaviors in monozygous twins.

This study investigated the suppressive effects of an oral hygiene punishment procedure on the ruminative behavior of profoundly retarded monozygous twins. Rumination, fingers in mouth/tongue out, appropriate behavior, and stereotyped behavior were measured before and during treatment with oral hygiene. Treatment was introduced for each meal in succession across the twins in a multiple-baseline design. Results showed that the rate of rumination of both twins was dramatically reduced to very low levels and stereotyped behavior increased spontaneously with the introduction of oral hygiene. Maintenance data showed that response reduction was maintained over a six-month period and, when compared to baseline levels, increased rates of socially appropriate behavior were evident in both children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Ontogeny of behavioral development, arousal and stereotypes in two strains of mice.

A number of reflexes and amphetamine-induced locomotor and stereotyped behavior were assesses in 8, 16, 32, 90 and 360 day old C57BL/6J and SEC/1ReJ inbred mice. The data indicate that C57 mice are more precocious for a number of neuronal and behavioral mechanisms while SEC mice are less mature at birth. In addition, there are appreciable fluctuations of these behavioral patterns throughout life. A rise in arousal levels was evident in both strains between 8 and 16 days and between 32 and 90 days of age. Three-hundred-sixty days old mice presented a general decrease in the levels of arousal. These findings are discussed in terms of neuronal and behavioral plasticity and in relation to the ontogeny of the different catecholaminergic systems which modulate excitory and inhibitory different behavioral patterns at different ages.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Some endorphin derivatives and hydrocortisone prevent EEG limbic seizures induced by corticotropin-releasing factor in rabbits.

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) injected into the cerebral ventricles of small mammals induces EEG limbic seizures, behavioral excitability, stereotyped behavior, and tardive enhancement of hippocampal theta voltage and frequency. Because we addressed this phenomenon when we explained the pathogenesis of infantile spasms in children, we wished to study the interference exerted by some gamma-endorphin fragments on EEG epileptiform and behavioral symptoms induced by CRF in the rabbit. Animals were implanted intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) with semichronic cortical and hippocampal electrodes, together with a cannula into the left lateral ventricle. When some gamma-endorphin derivatives (DT gamma E, DE gamma E) were injected intravenously (i.v.) for 4 days (or hydrocortisone once), they prevented the EEG ictal seizures induced in the hippocampus of rabbits by CRF injected i.c.v. Hydrocortisone and DE gamma E also prevented the appearance of scattered spiking and partially prevented tardive enhancement of theta voltage in the hippocampal EEG. Finally, DE gamma E also prevented stereotyped behavior and excitability induced by CRF. These results confirm the regulatory role exerted by CRF in limbic structure excitability and suggest that the above peptides may be involved in a regulatory feedback mechanism of CRF metabolism or activity. The possibility that these peptides may also have interesting antiepileptogenic properties should be considered.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antiparkinsonian effects of BAM-1110, a novel ergoline derivative, in MPTP-treated cynomolgus monkeys.

BAM-1110 [(5R,8R,10R)-6-methyl-8-(1,2,4-triazol-l-ylmethyl) ergoline maleate] is a newly synthesized dopamine agonist that produces little anorexic side effects (nausea and vomiting). The current study examines the effects of BAM-1110 on parkinsonian symptoms in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated monkeys, an animal model of Parkinson's disease. First, a significant antiparkinsonian effect of apomorphine hydrochloride (0.3 mg/kg given subcutaneously) was confirmed in these animals. BAM-1110 (0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg subcutaneously) relieved parkinsonian symptoms in a dose-dependent manner. Significant effects were observed at doses of 0.3 and 1 mg/kg and lasted for at least 3 h. BAM-1110, at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg that produced the submaximal antiparkinsonian effect, did not induce significant abnormal behaviors such as hyperactivity and stereotyped behaviors. Significant stereotyped behaviors were observed at 1 mg/kg of BAM-1110. Apomorphine induced hyperactive and stereotyped behaviors in parallel with its antiparkinsonian effect. BAM-1110 appears to be a potentially useful dopamine agonist to treat Parkinson's disease because of its relatively weak drug-induced hyperactive disturbances and anorexic side effects.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine↗
PubMed1994

Stereotyped human behavior: a nonlinear dynamical analysis.

Some forms of stereotyped human behavior seem to occur randomly in time. A dynamical analysis of several topographies demonstrates that while such stereotypies have the spectral characteristics of random noise, the rate at which each subject exhibits his/her stereotypy is to some extent predictable and, unlike uncorrelated noise, prediction accuracy declines with increasing prediction interval. Rhythmic stereotypies appear to be more predictable than nonrhythmic topographies but both show a similar decline in prediction accuracy. Furthermore, the distribution of interresponse times exhibits self-similar behavior. These results point to a deterministic, rather than stochastic, origin for the variability of observed rates of stereotyped behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Behavioral evidence for dopaminergic supersensitivity following chronic treatment with methadone or chlorpromazine in the guinea pig.

This study demonstrated the enhancement, as a consequence of prior chronic drug treatment, of two behaviors (stereotyped oral behaviors and open field locomoation) which are thought to depend primarily on the striatel dopamine system. Following a 5-week treatment with methadone (MD), chlorpromazine (CPZ), or saline, the dopamine agonist methamphetamine (MA) elicited more intense stereotypies in the MD and CPZ animals. After chronic treatment with MD, the MA-elicited stereotypies were reduced by an acute dose of MD. Stereotyped oral behaviors elicited by a stressful stimulus (foot shock) were enhanced in the MD animals both during and following chronic drug treatment. MA-elicited open field locomotion, measured 2 weeks following termination of chronic drug treatment, was enhanced in the MD and CPZ animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Use of clomipramine to treat ritualistic stereotypic motor behavior in three dogs.

Atypical, stereotypic motor and locomotor behavior was observed in 3 dogs. In 1 dog, the behavior included circling, vocalization, and snapping; in another, circling associated with pica and aerophagia; and in a third, gradually intensifying locomotor behavior stimulated by bright light. This behavior interfered with normal interaction between their owners and the dogs, and has been associated with obsessive-compulsive disorders. Treatment with clomipramine, along with other psychotropic medications and behavioral modification, suppressed the inappropriate behavior in all dogs; in 2 of the 3 dogs, the condition worsened when clomipramine treatment was withdrawn. Clomipramine may be helpful in treatment of such behavioral disorders, but one should consider the ability of such drugs to mask or worsen metabolic or neurologic problems, to induce toxicoses when used at inappropriate dosages, and to be abused by human beings.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Antagonism by sulpiride of three apomorphine-induced effects in rodents.

Three effects of apomorphine (hypothermia and climbing behavior in mice, stereotyped behavior in rats) were studied. Sulpiride antagonized the two effects in mice but stereotyped behavior in rats remained unchanged. Pimozide and haloperidol antagonized the three effects. These results could be explained by the existence of two types of dopaminergic receptors or by the different accessibility to identical dopaminergic receptors located in different CNS areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Genotypic influences on striatal dopaminergic regulation in mice.

Genotypic influences on dopaminergic-induced behaviors and striatal dopaminergic receptors were evaluated in CBA/J, C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ male mice. CBA/J mice were less behaviorally sensitive to apomorphine (stereotypic behavior) but more sensitive to haloperidol (catalepsy) than C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice. Striatal dopaminergic receptors, assayed by binding of [3H]spiroperidol (antagonist) and [3H]ADTN (agonist), were 50% fewer in CBA/J compared to BALB/cJ mice; C57BL/6J mice had low to intermediate numbers of receptors. Striatal dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) concentrations were similar in all strains. However, a 20% higher DOPAC/dopamine ratio in CBA/J mice suggests greater dopamine turnover. Median eminence dopamine was similar in all strains, but norepinephrine was 30% higher in BALB/cJ mice. CBA/J mice failed to show antagonist-induced supersensitivity-type responses to chronic haloperidol treatment: enhanced stereotypic response to apomorphine and a 30% increase of dopaminergic receptors occurred in C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice, but not in CBA/J mice. These data suggest that CBA/J mice either cannot respond to chronic haloperidol treatment or have an elevated threshold for induction of supersensitivity response. Chronic treatment with the dopamine agonist bromocriptine (7d) depressed apomorphine-induced stereotypic behavior in C57BL/6J mice and eliminated stereotypy in BALB/cJ mice, but caused no change in stereotypic behavior in CBA/J mice. Dopaminergic receptors were 15% lower after bromocriptine treatment in all strains. These results suggest that some striatal dopaminergic functions are impaired in CBA/J mice relative to BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J mice. The impaired haloperidol-induced supersensitivity responses in the CBA/J mouse may be a useful model for analyzing similar impairments of supersensitivity responses in old rodents.

Animals↗