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PubMed1992

The perception of time as a factor in Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings: a literature review.

This literature review examines an operationalization of Martha Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings. The principle of helicy and the theory of accelerating evolution has been used by a number of authors as a theoretical framework for the exploration of how patients, particularly those who are elderly, perceive the passage of time. Although there is no conclusive evidence to support the aspect of Rogers' theory of accelerating evolution that suggests that as people grow older they perceive time as passing more quickly, there is evidence that suggests that different elderly patients can have a variable perception of the passage of time. For example, some patients perceive the passage of time as rapid and will be happy to sit quietly. Others may perceive the passage of time as occurring more slowly and will require diversional therapy. A conclusion is reached that nurses should include individual assessments of the patients' perception of the passage of time in order to identify accurately the degree of need for diversional activities.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

First-time fathers: perceptions of preparedness for fatherhood.

Little is known about how men prepare to become fathers. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe first-time fathers' perceptions of preparedness for and the transition to parenthood. Nineteen prospective and new fathers participating in 4 focus groups described the unique experiences of men as they prepared to become fathers. A total of 15 themes emerged from the data. The authors discuss themes in the transition to fatherhood--the reality of the pregnancy; physical, emotional, and financial preparation; and relationships with friends, parents-in-law, and health professionals--and conclude that the participants actively prepared for fatherhood, attempted to adjust to the perceived expectations of their new role, and sought information on how to be a good father. These results contribute to our understanding of behaviour among new fathers and to the body of research on fathering. Appropriate preparation for fatherhood has the potential to enhance maternal, child, and family health.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

A perceptive individual time trial performed by triathletes to estimate the anaerobic threshold. A preliminary study.

AIM: The aim of the study was to test the ability to estimate the power output (PO) and heart rate (HR) associated with ''anaerobic threshold'' levels for triathletes by means of a 30-min perceptive individual time trial (PITT30). METHODS: Thirteen triathletes (8 males and 5 females) performed an incremental exercise test to estimate maximal parameters such as oxygen uptake, power output and heart rate. From this incremental exercise test, the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) and ventilatory threshold (VT) for all subjects were estimated. Then, the subjects completed a PITT30 at self-selected work intensity on a stationary ergometer equipped with the SRM Training System. Mean values of PO, HR, and pedalling cadence were recorded continuously between the 5th and the 30th min of the test. RESULTS: Significant correlations were observed between the mean PO recorded during PITT30 and PO measured at IAT (r=0.88; p<0.0001) and at VT (r=0.89; p<0.0001). Furthermore, bias and limits of agreement confirm the degree of association between the 3 METHODS: However, PITT30 over-estimated HR values compared to the values obtained at IAT and VT. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that, for triathletes, mean PO measured with PITT30 allows a partial valid estimation of PO associated with 2 known methods of ''anaerobic threshold'' determination. The application of PITT30 may offer a useful tool for athletes and coaches to estimate the ''anaerobic threshold'' in order to control accurately the training effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Perception of timing of movement-onset in a simple reaction time task.

Subjects judged verbally on temporal order between pressing a switch and a marking sound (MS) in a simple reaction time paradigm. They were uncertain when sound preceded movement by less than about 60 ms or followed it by less than 130 ms (transient zone--TZ). The point of subjective equality (defined by 0.5 probability of correct judgements of temporal order of sound and switching onsets) and the median of TZ were shifted about 60 and 35 ms prior movement onset, respectively. Estimating mutual timing of movement preparation and execution and sensory delays, these shifts correspond to the simultaneity of onsets of MS and proprioceptive feedback in the brain. Thus the results suggest about proprioceptive origin of perception of active movement onset.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Simple reaction time and perception of temporal order: dissociations and hypotheses.

Simple motor reaction time and judgment of temporal order are commonly recognized as two methods for estimation of perceptual latency. Unfortunately, the results obtained by the methods under the same conditions do not agree. We review hypotheses attempting to explain the disagreement. Although some of these seem to be promising, no one at present could be fully accepted.

Arousal↗
PubMed2001

Is patients' perception of time spent with the physician a determinant of ambulatory patient satisfaction?

BACKGROUND: Time management in ambulatory patient visits is increasingly critical. Do patients who perceive a longer visit with internists report increased satisfaction? METHODS: Prospective survey of 1486 consecutively encountered ambulatory visits to 16 primary care physicians (PCPs) in an academic primary care clinic. Patients were queried regarding demographics, health status, perception of time spent before and after ambulatory visits, whether the physician appeared rushed, and visit satisfaction. Physicians were queried regarding time spent, estimated patient satisfaction, and whether they felt rushed. RESULTS: In 69% of 1486 consecutive visits, patient previsit expectation of visit duration was 20 minutes or less. Patient and PCP postvisit estimates of time spent significantly exceeded patient previsit time expectation. Patients who estimated that they spent more time than expected with the PCP were significantly more satisfied with the visit. When patient postvisit estimate of time spent was less than the previsit expectation, visit satisfaction was significantly lower independent of time spent. Patient worry about health and lower self-perceived health status were significantly associated with patient expectation for longer visits. Primary care physicians felt rushed in 10% of encounters. Although PCPs estimated patient satisfaction was significantly lower when they felt rushed, patient satisfaction was identical when PCPs did and did not feel rushed. Patients indicated that PCPs appeared rushed in 3% of encounters, but this perception did not affect patient satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Perceived ambulatory visit duration and meeting or exceeding patient expectation of time needed to be spent with the physician are determinants of patient satisfaction in an ambulatory internal medicine practice.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed2004

[Dynamics of time intervals evaluation in heroin addicts].

An evaluation of time perception in drug addicts was carried out in 12 s intervals, using 10 attempts with up to 0.1 s precision. Eighty-two heroin addicts in abstinent and post abstinent periods have been observed, the results being compared to 52 healthy controls. During the first two days after admission to the hospital (abstinent syndrome development), time intervals values were lower in patients than in controls, reaching a precision of recalling 12s, with a following exceeding of this index. On day 15-16, time perception returned to precise level (post abstinent period). Depending on drug addiction duration and individual features of brain hemisphere asymmetry, changes in subjective time perception were revealed in the study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Patient and physician perceptions of timely access to care.

BACKGROUND: Timeliness of care is 1 of 6 dimensions of quality identified in Crossing the Quality Chasm. We compared patient and physician perceptions of appropriate timing of visits for common medical problems. METHODS: This study was conducted at 2 internal medicine clinics at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. Adult patients and companions, and outpatient General Internists were surveyed. The survey contained 11 clinical scenarios of varying urgency. Respondents indicated how soon the patient in each scenario should be seen. Responses ranged from that day to 1 to 3 months. Responses were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-two patients and 46 of 61 physicians responded. For 8 of the 11 scenarios patients felt they should be seen significantly earlier than physicians. Scenarios involving chronic knee and stomach pain, routine diabetes care, and hyperlipidemia generated the greatest differences. Patients and physicians agreed on the urgency of scenarios concerning wheezing in an asthmatic, an ankle injury, and acute pharyngitis. CONCLUSIONS: Patients expected to be seen sooner than physicians thought necessary for many common chronic medical conditions, but are in agreement about timeliness for some acute problems. Understanding patient expectations may help physicians respond to requests for urgent evaluation of chronic conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Motor timing deficits in community and clinical boys with hyperactive behavior: the effect of methylphenidate on motor timing.

In a previous paper we showed that community children with hyperactive behavior were more inconsistent than controls in the temporal organization of their motor output. In this study we investigated: (1) various aspects of motor timing processes in 13 clinically diagnosed boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who were compared to 11 community boys with hyperactive behavior and to a control group and (2) the effect of methylphenidate on the motor timing processes in the clinical group with ADHD in a double blind, cross-over, medication-placebo design, including 4 weeks of medication. The clinical group with ADHD, like the community group with hyperactivity, showed greater variability in sensorimotor synchronization and in sensorimotor anticipation relative to controls. The clinical group was also impaired in time perception, which was spared in the community group with hyperactivity. The persistent, but not the acute dose, of methylphenidate reduced the variability of sensorimotor synchronization and anticipation, but had no effect on time perception. This study shows that motor timing functions are impaired in both clinical and community children with hyperactivity. It is the first study to show the effectiveness of persistent administration of methylphenidate on deficits in motor timing in ADHD children and extends the use of methylphenidate from the domain of attentional and inhibitory functions to the domain of executive motor timing.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Empirical and theoretical issues in the perception of time to contact.

Four questions concerning the perceptual source of information about time to contact (tc) are addressed: (a) What conditions are required for the optic variable tau to play a role in the perception of tc? (b) When these conditions are met, does tau alone provide sufficient information for accurate timing of interceptive actions? (c) Does a distance divided by velocity account of tc perception provide a convincing alternative to an account that is based on tau? (d) Is there any empirical evidence that distinguishes the two accounts? A "global" type of tau variable and a "local" type of tau variable are distinguished, each with different limitations. The discussion is largely concerned with local tau variables, 2 versions of which are identified. It is concluded that tau alone cannot provide sufficient information for skilled timing. An extended tau-based account presented in an earlier article (Tresilan, 1990) is discussed. It is argued that no extant empirical data can distinguish the extended account from the distance divided by velocity account.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2001

Temporal cognition and the phenomenology of time: a multiplicative function for apparent duration.

The literature on time perception is discussed. This is done with reference both to the "cognitive-timer" model for time estimation and to the subjective experience of apparent duration. Three assumptions underlying the model are scrutinized. I stress the strong interplay among attention, arousal, and time perception, which is at the base of the cognitive-timer model. It is suggested that a multiplicative function of two key components (the number of subjective time units and their size) should predict apparent duration. Implications for other cognitive domains are drawn, and in particular an analogy is suggested between apparent duration and apparent movement.

Arousal↗
PubMed1997

Further argument for the existence of a pacemaker in the human information processing system.

To support the idea that temporal information processing may depend on an internal clock, Treisman et al. proposed a pacemaker model (Treisman, M., Faulkner, A., Naish, P.L.N., Brogan, D., 1990. The internal clock: Evidence for a temporal oscillator underlying time perception with some estimates of its characteristics frequency. Perception 19, 705-743.) and a technique for interfering with it by introducing an external periodic phenomenon. Experimental results obtained by these authors on time estimation and production tasks support this model. In another study, Treisman et al. established that the pacemaker also affects reaction times (RT) (Treisman, M., Faulkner, A., Naish, P.L.N., 1992. On the relation between time perception and the timing of motor action: Evidence for a temporal oscillator controlling the timing of movement. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 45A, 235-263.). In the present study, we addressed the question as to which information processing stage (Sanders, A.F., 1980. Stage analysis of reaction process, In: Stelmach, G.E., Requin, J. (Eds.). Tutorials in motor behavior. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 331-354.) is affected by this internal clock. For this purpose, we used the Additive Factors Method (Sternberg, S., 1969. The discovery of processing stages: Extension of Donder's method. In: Koster, W.G. (Ed.). Attention and Performance II. Acta Psychologica 30, 276-315.). To vary sensorial processing time, we used two visual stimulus intensities. Stimulus-response mapping was manipulated to enhance central processing time. To modify the duration of the motor stages, the two responses could be given by two fingers on the same hand (right ring vs. middle finger) or by two fingers of the different hands (right ring vs. left middle finger). Intensity of the stimulus, stimulus-response mapping, and repertoire of responses were found to be additive. We obtained RT modulations similar to those obtained by Treisman et al. in 1992. No first order interactions were observed between the periodical phenomenon and the other manipulated factors but only a third order one. Two possible interpretations of these results are proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Differences in the perception and time course of syntactic and semantic violations.

A reading time and an ERP experiment conducted in Italian investigated the parser's responses to a syntactic violation (subject-verb number agreement) and to a semantic violation (subject-verb selectional restriction), examining the time course of comprehension processes until sentence end. The reading-time data showed that the syntactic violation was detected earlier than the semantic one and that the two violations differed in the time-course. The ERP data fully supported the reading time data: Syntactic anomalies elicited a left anterior negativity (LAN) and a P600. Semantic anomalies elicited a N400 centred on the parietal sites which started 90 ms later (latency 430 ms) than the LAN. Furthermore, the N400 evoked by the words that followed the target word continued and increased until sentence end. The results are discussed with respect to the hypotheses that the parser constructs distinct syntactic and semantic analyses of a sentence and that this characteristic holds cross-linguistically. The appropriateness of different methodologies to the study of sentence processing is also evaluated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Audiovisual gating and the time course of speech perception.

The time course of audiovisual information in speech perception was examined using a gating paradigm. VCVs that evoked the McGurk effect were gated visually and auditorily. The visual gating yielded a McGurk effect that increased in strength as a linear function of amount of visual stimulus presented. The acoustic gating revealed a more nonlinear function in which the VC information was considerably weaker than the CV portion of the VCV. The results suggest that the flow of cross-modal information in quite complex during audiovisual speech perception.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

The distribution and clinical significance of sleep time misperceptions among insomniacs.

It is well recognized that sleep time misperceptions are common among insomniacs, but little is known about the distribution and clinical significance of these subjective distortions. The current investigation was conducted to examine the distribution of sleep time misperceptions among a large (n = 173), diverse group of insomniacs and to determine if such misperceptions might relate to the patients' clinical characteristics. Consistent with previous studies, our subjects, as a group, produced sleep estimates that were significantly (p < 0.0001) lower than polysomnographically determined sleep times. However, patients' sleep time perceptions were widely distributed across a broad continuum, which ranged between gross underestimates and remarkable overestimates of actual sleep times. Results also showed that subgroups, formed on the basis of presenting complaints and diagnostic criteria (i.e. International Classification of Sleep Disorders nosology), differed in regard to the magnitude and direction of their sleep distortions. Moreover, these differences appeared consistent with the types of objective sleep disturbances these subgroups commonly experience. Hence, the tendency to underestimate actual sleep time is not a generic attribute of all insomniacs. Furthermore, it appears that the accuracy and nature of sleep time perceptions may relate to the type of sleep pathology underlying insomniacs' presenting complaints.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Biobehavioral effects of therapeutic touch.

PURPOSE: To document immediate and short-term biobehavioral effects of therapeutic touch (TT), estimate the magnitude of TT effects, and compare TT effects to placebo responses. DESIGN: A repeated measures, pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design. TT and mimic TT were administered using standardized protocols to 11 adults in a controlled setting. METHODS: Four physiological (total pulse amplitude, blood pressure, pulse, temperature) and three subjective (stress, self-assessment of health, time perception) variables were evaluated over 24 hours. FINDINGS: Total pulse amplitude and time perception decreased significantly immediately after TT intervention, indicating vasoconstriction and time passing "faster," with large and medium effect sizes significantly greater than were placebo responses. Vasodilation, a relaxation response, was expected instead of vasoconstriction. CONCLUSIONS: TT may have adverse and positive outcomes.

Adult↗