Permanent tissue expansion.
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Chondrodysplasia punctata is an uncommon group of congenital bone dysplasias. A common feature of this disease is a characteristic facial appearance including nasal hypoplasia. This paper describes the management of a case presenting with this disease in which soft tissue augmentation was achieved with tissue expansion of the nasal skin. Follow-up of more than 4 years demonstrates that a satisfactory result has been achieved, with no facial scars. The relevant literature is discussed.
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Craniofacial surgery has evolved through an era of refinement and finesse, both in techniques and in results. Tissue expansion offers an opportunity to improve the quantity and quality of tissue available for these procedures. It may also be of benefit in long-term molding of the craniofacial skeleton during growth of the child, obviating the need for multiple revisions. This adjunct to craniofacial surgery is being performed with minimal complications and results in improved appearance for the patient.
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The authors present a case of cover of synthetic material by expanded skin. In a context of post-sepsis revision, this cover proved to be of excellent quality, superior to normal scalp. The specific characteristics of tissue expansion may possible explain, in this context, the superiority of the expanded skin. The authors intend to adopt a similar therapeutic approach is such a situation should arise in the future.
The reconstruction of subtotal and total losses of the nose involves the use of local and regional flaps from a variety of areas. The forehead flap, using either a Converse reconstruction or a midline glabellar reconstruction, has been widely used for large losses. In order to obviate this type of reconstruction, we have used tissue expansion to gain large flaps for large defects. Our technique and three representative cases are presented.
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Esthetic reconstruction of facial defects requires the use of skin with similar characteristics to that of the deficient site. Local and regional skin are the most suitable, but the amount available may be insufficient for both reconstruction and primary closure of the donor site. We describe three illustrative cases in which tissue expansion of local and regional skin allowed satisfactory reconstruction and donor site closure that would otherwise not have been possible.
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Reconstructive scar revision as a result of cutaneous malignancy, trauma, or cicatricial inflammatory disease can be augmented by tissue expansion. This more complicated, two-staged procedure provides expansion of adjacent, normal skin that is advanced as a flap to reconstruct defects with tissue of good color and texture match. Its adaptation in dermatology to scalp reduction for cicatricial alopecia and other cutaneous disease is described.
Major complications can occur during cutaneous expansion. They appear to be related to microcirculatory disorders. An experimentation in the rat demonstrated a significant difference in the results depending on the protocol adopted (slow or rapid expansion). Complications occurred in the case of rapid expansion. The results for TcPO2, histology and capillaroscopy corroborate the clinical data. The authors show that measurement of the TcPO2 has a predictive value in relation to complications. They propose the use of this technique in human clinical practice. The TcPO2 and the cutaneous oxygenation index allows control of tissue expansion in order to prevent the development of complications.
The success of endosseous dental implants is enhanced when sufficient bone is present to stabilize the implant. If adequate bone for full coverage of the implant is not possible, then the use of guided bone regeneration to regenerate the missing bone has been shown to be a predictable solution. Defect size can often limit the amount of soft tissue available for coverage of the membrane, which is essential in obtaining an optimal result when using regenerative and osseointegrative principles. The treatment philosophy demonstrated in this case report uses controlled subperiosteal tissue expansion to facilitate the incorporation of guided bone regeneration with the subsequent placement of endosseous dental implants. This treatment modality provided a successful treatment for an otherwise compromised case.
The use of preoperative pneumoperitoneum was described initially for the repair of large ventral hernias. Large volumes of air are injected into the peritoneal cavity, which distends the abdominal wall progressively. This method is usually used to facilitate the reinstatement of the viscera into the abdominal cavity and improves postoperative diaphragmatic function. The authors use this method for preoperative tissue expansion of the abdominal wall before full-thickness resection of the abdominal wall for dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in a 12-year-old girl. In total, 6.8 L air was injected over 3 weeks without problem. The subsequent laxity of the abdominal wall permitted the primary closure of a 14- x 16-cm resection. The postoperative course was uncomplicated. Preoperative pneumoperitoneum can be used when reconstruction can be delayed. This is so in cases of slow tumor growth and in cases of infectious or posttraumatic full-thickness abdominal defects. The parietal laxity obtained with the pneumoperitoneum not only increases the possibilities of direct closure but also increases the possibilities of pedicled flap reconstructions.