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Results for “Trained Immunity”

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PubMed1997

Influence of the level of dietary lipid intake and maximal exercise on the immune status in runners.

Chronic exercise and high fat diets are associated with immune suppression. This study compares cellular immune responses at rest and after maximal exercise in runners after eating diets comprised of 17% low fat (LF), 32% medium fat (MF), and 41% high fat (HF) (4 wk each). VO2max increased significantly from the 17% to 41% fat diet. The leukocyte cell counts were significantly increased after exercise. In men, significantly higher proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (P < 0.004) was observed with MF diet, while response to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was significantly decreased by MF and HF diets. The number of CD8+ (suppressor) T cells was significantly higher in men and exercise increased it significantly, while CD4+ (helper) T cells were not affected. Natural killer cells number was significantly increased 2.5 fold by exercise and with increase in dietary fat. The production of IL-2 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells was significantly higher in men (P < 0.0001) and increasing dietary fat significantly increased IL-2 production (P < 0.001). In men, exercise decreased the level of the proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha), whereas in women, with the exception of MF diet for IL-6, exercise had no effect. This study indicates that short, intense bouts of exercise in runners training 40 miles.wk-1 have mixed effects on the immune system. A high percentage of fat intake (41%) did not have any deleterious effects on the immune system of the well-trained runners.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Paediatric exercise immunology: health and clinical applications.

Considerable advances have been made in exercise immunology over the last two decades, and it is becoming evident that many of the health benefits of regular physical activity may be directly related to activation of the immune system. The number of investigations devoted to the paediatric population, however, remains low, and our understanding of the interaction between acute and chronic exercise and the immune system in youth is, therefore, relatively deficient. The purpose of this review is to disseminate the existing knowledge in the area of paediatric exercise immunology and to discuss growth-related issues with respect to exercise and the immune system in health and disease. In general, healthy children experience smaller overall perturbations to the immune system in response to an acute bout of exercise, and demonstrate a faster recovery of the immune system following exercise. The immune effects of chronic exercise and/or exercise training in healthy children and adolescents have not been well-documented, and there is only limited evidence to suggest that moderate to high levels of habitual physical activity are associated with a reduction in the incidence of infection and illness in youth. A number of paediatric clinical conditions expressing a strong immune component are also discussed in the context of acute exercise effects and the potential benefits of enhanced physical activity. Given the linkage between childhood health and adult disease, paediatric exercise immunology represents a fruitful area for future study.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Mucosal immunity and respiratory illness in elite athletes.

This review focuses on studies of immunity in elite athletes and specifically addresses the role of mucosal immunity in respiratory illness and associations with the intensity, volume and duration of exercise. Investigations of mucosal immunity have mostly studied the response of salivary immunoglobulins to exercise, although nasopharyngeal secretions and breast milk have also been examined. Habitual exercise at an intense level can cause suppression of mucosal immune parameters. Salivary IgA and IgM concentrations decline immediately after a bout of intense exercise and usually recover within 24 h. Training at an intense level can result in a chronic suppression of mucosal immunoglobulin levels over many years, and in some endurance sports a decline over a training season has been observed. The degree of suppression is associated with the intensity of the exercise and the duration or volume of the training. Low levels of salivary IgM and IgA, particularly the IgA1 subclass, are associated with an increased risk of respiratory illness. Monitoring mucosal immune parameters during critical training periods and establishing personal profiles for individual athletes may provide an assessment of the risk status of an athlete for URTI and allow effective management by the athlete and coach. Despite suppression of mucosal immune parameters, elite athletes are capable of normal responses to novel oral vaccinations, indicating that mucosal immune mechanisms are intact. The mechanisms underlying the mucosal immune suppression are unknown but most likely reflect alterations in T-lymphocyte cytokine control mechanisms.

Exercise↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Neonatal tetanus among rural-born Nigerian infants.

PROBLEM: Identify factors that influence the high rate of tetanus among infants born in rural areas. SUBJECTS: Home-born infants (n = 39) admitted to a medical center with fever. Males (n = 24) and females (n = 15); age range 3-15 days. METHOD: Retrospective, descriptive design. The author used a 10-item interview schedule and a 9-item clinical checklist, including observation of infants' umbilical cords and physical state. FINDINGS: Of the 39 infants, 27 contracted neonatal tetanus; 11 died. All infants with tetanus were delivered at home by traditional, nonprofessional attendants. Factors contributing to high tetanus incidence included: lack of sepsis control, cord care, mothers' lack of immunization, delivery in settings. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Traditional nonprofessional attendants need training by professional nurses and midwives, and integration into the national health services. Immunization programs and health education are necessary, and can be delivered by nurses and midwives.

Female↗

PubMed1985

Planning principles for accelerated immunization activities: a joint WHO/UNICEF statement.

These guidelines are intended to highlight some broad principles concerning program acceleration. Since policies in the field of immunization are evolving so rapidly the intention is that they will be updated and revised as necessary. The guidelines are a supplement to, but not a substitute for, the training materials prepared by the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), World Health Organization, Geneva, which provide a more comprehensive guide to immunization program management.

Delivery of Health Care↗

PubMed2004

Natural killer cells and exercise training in the elderly: a review.

Consistent reports of the positive relationship between regular physical activity and immunosenescence have generated much excitement in the field of exercise immunology. It is generally accepted that natural killer (NK) cell activity per NK cell decreases with age; decreases in NKCA have been associated with infection and death in the aged. The effects of exercise and training on natural killer cells, components of the innate immune system, have been studied extensively in young people. However, the published research on the elderly population is limited. Generally it has been found that training increases or does not change natural killer cell activity or counts in the elderly. The clinical relevance of these results is yet to be fully explored. In addition, the limitations of these studies on immune function have been many, and studies are often difficult to compare due to differences in their methods and presentation of results.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Mucosal immune responses and risk of respiratory illness in elite athletes.

This review focuses on studies of mucosal immunity in elite athletes and specifically addresses the role of mucosal immunity in respiratory illness and associations with the intensity, volume, and duration of exercise. Habitual exercise at an intense level can cause suppression of mucosal immune parameters. Salivary IgA and IgM concentrations decline immediately after a bout of intense exercise and usually recover within 24 hours. Training at an intense level can result in a chronic suppression of mucosal immunoglobulin levels. The degree of suppression is associated with the intensity of the exercise and the duration or volume of the training. Low levels of salivary IgM and IgA, particularly the IgA1 subclass are associated with an increased risk of respiratory illness. Monitoring mucosal immune parameters during critical training periods and establishing personal profiles for individual athletes may provide an assessment of the risk status of an athlete for URTI and allow effective management by the athlete and coach. The nature of the respiratory illnesses in some elite athletes is still uncertain. Recent data indicate viral reactivation may be a significant cause of the respiratory symptoms. Despite suppression of mucosal immune parameters, elite athletes are capable of normal responses to novel oral vaccinations, indicating that mucosal immune mechanisms are intact.

Exercise↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A survey of vaccinations of immigrants and refugees in San Diego County, California.

PURPOSE: This report summarizes a vaccination coverage survey of 65 immigrant and refugee families in San Diego County. It included gathering information from 19 community and government organizations on the immunization system, and on families' barriers impeding immunization. METHODS: The "rapid appraisal" exploratory method flexibly used several research methods, such as informant interviews and door-to-door surveys, changing methods as new questions were uncovered. The researcher went alone, or with organizations' staffs, to interview families, record their vaccination records, and give them forms telling which vaccine doses they lacked. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The 4:3:1 (4 DTP, 3 polio, 1 MMR) vaccination series completion rate among children while they were aged 19-35 months old ranged from 33% in those born in 1984-1985, to 60% in those born in 1996-1997. The hepatitis B vaccine completion coverage rate among children in the 1984-1993 birth cohorts was 73%. The hepatitis B vaccine completion coverage rate among Hmong, Vietnamese, and Chinese adolescents ranged from 86%-100%, and among the Kurdish was 85%, Somali 73%, Lao 43% and Cambodian adolescents 35%. CONCLUSIONS: The hepatitis B vaccine completion coverage rate was higher among Hmong, Vietnamese, and Chinese adolescents probably because they lived near clinics and schools providing the vaccine to many, and among the Kurdish and Somali because they received many doses in refugee programs. The families experienced immunization barriers involving transportation, languages, little knowledge of immunizations, and missed opportunities. Two populations have cultural barriers: numerous European-Americans believe in anti-vaccine ideas; and many East Africans have little knowledge of the English language and the American system. RECOMMENDATIONS: Health personnel should continue using current methods to promote immunizations. Community organizations' staffs should consistently check vaccination records, and health officials should do more trainings for those staffs. The National Task Force on Hepatitis B Immunization, Focus on Asians and Pacific Islanders should broaden its work from Asians and Pacific Islanders, to other nationalities with intermediate or high hepatitis B endemicity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The impact of community health worker training and programs in NYC.

The Northern Manhattan Community Voices Collaborative is committed to improving health care in Harlem, Washington Heights, Inwood, and low-income communities in New York City, large parts of which are home to many immigrants to the U.S. The collaborative developed a program to train and integrate community health workers (CHWs) into ongoing programs at partner community organizations. We report on our 2000-2005 experiences with CHWs for health insurance, child immunizations, and asthma management. A total of 1,504 CHWs were trained, with 16%-200% increase in CHW competency for selected skills. The CHWs facilitated health insurance enrollment for about 30,000 individuals, assisted 8,000 children to become completely immunized, and supported 4,000 families improving asthma management. Integration of CHW training into community programs is effective for empowering health promotion in underserved communities.

Community Health Planning↗

PubMed1989

An assessment of emergency medicine residency graduates' perceptions of the adequacy of their residency training.

A study of emergency medicine residency training graduates was conducted to determine their perceptions of the quality of their graduate training. A sample of 300 individuals was randomly selected from a population of 1,000 persons graduating from 1982 through 1984. Respondents were asked to use a scale of 1 to 5 (with 1 being highest) to rate the adequacy of their residency training relative to 20 major core content areas. A 50% response rate (N = 151) was achieved. Mean ratings of residents' perceptions of the adequacy of their training relative to the core content ranged from 1.7 to 3.24. Training in resuscitation and stabilization, principles of emergency care, and general assessment were among the most highly rated, while training in physician interpersonal skills, disorders related to the immune system, and cutaneous disorders were rated the lowest. Overall, residents were quite positive in their perceptions regarding the quality of their training. They indicated plans to attend continuing medical education programs to reinforce some of their training and to address some of the deficiencies they perceived in residency training. Programs are encouraged to conduct similar surveys with their own graduates to assess particular strengths and weaknesses.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Training effects in mice after long-term voluntary exercise.

BACKGROUND: Mice are an important animal model in exercise studies on the immune system, cancer, and aging. There is limited research about the training effects of long-term voluntary exercise in this species. PURPOSE: To describe the training effects in mice given long-term aerobic voluntary exercise. METHODS: Female C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to 1) individual cages with in-cage running wheels with 24-h access (WR; N = 31), or 2) individual cages without running wheels for 16 wk (NR; N = 20). Run-to-exhaustion (RTE) times, VO2peak, speed at VO2peak, and citrate synthase (CS), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity in the soleus, plantaris, and red and white gastrocnemius were assessed. RESULTS: Final body weight and speed at VO2peak did not differ by training condition. WR mice had significantly longer RTE times (P < 0.001) and higher VO2peak (P < 0.05) compared with NR mice. Higher CS and SDH activities were found in WR compared with NR mice for soleus (P < 0.01), red gastrocnemius (P < 0.01), and plantaris (P < 0.01) muscles. PFK activity was higher in WR mice in white gastrocnemius compared with NR mice (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Voluntary running wheel activity for 16 wk in female C57BL/6 mice resulted in longer run times to exhaustion, higher VO2peak, and higher SDH and CS activities in oxidative muscles. These findings suggest that wheel running in female C57BL/6 mice: 1) produces a measurable aerobic training effect and 2) is an effective exercise modality for long-term training studies.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of hypoxic hypoxia on immune reactivity and some factors of nonspecific resistance of humans and animal organisms].

Evidences available in home and foreign literature concerning the effect of normobaric hypoxia, adaptation to mountain climate conditions and trainings in barochamber on cellular and humoral indices of immunity have been critically considered. The data on the influence of permanent residence under mountain conditions on the level of sickness rate of population, bioenergy indices, and activity of the opiate brain system have been studied as well. The analyzed data indicate that it is expedient to use normobaric hypoxia for effects on the state of immunic organism system.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2002

Reactions of immune system to physical exercises.

The great attention to reactions of immune system to the physical exercises in sportsmen is linked to the growth of training volumes, to the increase of competition numbers and to the elevation of morbidity. Immune deficiency may be considered as the detonator of pathological processes among which acute respiratory diseases (ARD) are investigated most completely in sports medicine. Other pathologies require long-term observations, but it is not so simple to do due to the frequent renewal of sports groups. Besides ARD, there are reports about the growth of cases of poliomyelitis, endotoxemia, allergic and autoimmune disorders. Immune reactions in sportsmen are developed at the background of fever, impaired balance of ergotrophic hormone activity and in a number of cases under conditions of systemic endotoxemia. We have described the extreme type of immune deficiency in sportsmen, in which we could not determine different isotypes of Ig. The phenomenon of Ig disappearance is reproduced under the experimental conditions that opened the way to study its mechanisms. Physical exercises decrease function of immunocompetent cells, their antiviral resistance, antigen presentation and expression of class II MHC molecules. With the involvement of macrophages hyperproduction of IL-6 is developed in muscle tissues. After physical exercises other cytokines also change the state of immunity. Also, neuropeptides getting in touch the links between endocrine and immune systems may make a contribution to immunosuppression. The immunosuppression may be prevented by use of special carbohydrate diets and by administration of complexed preparations. The prophylaxis is capable to control the morbidity, profoundly to increase the training volumes and to enhance the labor efficiency.

Common Variable Immunodeficiency↗

PubMed2003

Impact of elevated ambient temperatures on the acute immune response to intensive endurance exercise.

To date, there has been little research examining how elevated ambient temperatures exert an additional effect on the acute immune response to endurance exercise. Seven endurance-trained, non-heat-acclimated men [mean (95% confidence interval): 29.7 (25.9-33.5) years, .VO(2max) 66.3 (61.3-71.3) ml.kg(-1).min(-1)] performed two 60-min treadmill runs (75% .VO(2max)) in two different environments (EX1: 18 degrees C/50% room temperature/relative humidity and EX2: 28 degrees C/50% room temperature/relative humidity) with a 7-day interval between the runs. Blood samples were drawn at rest and 0, 0.5, 3, 24, and 48 h after exercise. Compared to EX1, exercise-induced increases in core temperature, sweating rate, heart rate, plasma norepinephrine, cortisol, human growth hormone, and neutrophil and monocyte counts were significantly (5% level) more pronounced after EX2. In contrast, responses of plasma epinephrine, myeloperoxidase, interleukin (IL)-6 as well as lymphocyte counts were similar in EX1 and EX2. Plasma concentrations of IL-8 and C-reactive protein were affected by neither exercise nor by additional heat exposure. Our results suggest that the additional impact of elevated ambient temperatures on stress responses to endurance exercise in trained subjects seems to affect primarily the cardiocirculatory and hormonal systems, and resulting changes in neutrophil and monocyte cell-trafficking. In contrast, heat stress does not seem to exert large additional effects on the acute immune response to endurance exercise as performed in the present study.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗

PubMed1998

Effects of weight loss and exercise training on natural killer cell activity in obese women.

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were two-fold: (1) to evaluate the effects of an 8-wk weight loss program on natural killer (NK) cell activity in obese women and 2) to determine whether an additional program of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training modified the effects of caloric restriction on immune function. METHODS: Twenty-two healthy obese women with a mean weight of 96.9 +/- 14 kg and age of 38 +/- 7 yr were randomly assigned to diet-alone (D) or diet-plus-exercise training (D + EX) conditions. Subjects consumed 950 kcal.d-1 using prepackaged portion-controlled foods. Subjects in the D + EX group participated 3 times.wk-1 in a supervised program of light-to moderate-intensity aerobic activity and resistance training. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: After 8 wk of treatment, body weight decreased significantly in both groups (10.8% in D vs 11.4% in D + EX), whereas absolute and relative VO2peak increased in only D + EX (12.3% in D vs 57.7% in D + EX). Both groups experienced significant decreases in peripheral blood leukocytes and lymphocytes, although cell numbers remained within clinically normal range at week 8. NK cell (CD56+) proportion was unchanged in both groups after weight loss. The proportion of peripheral mononuclear cells expressing the interleukin-2 receptor-alpha (IL-2R alpha) (CD25+) decreased significantly (25.2%) in D and was unchanged in D + EX, resulting in a significant difference between groups at week 8. NK cell cytotoxicity was suppressed in D and unchanged in D + EX after treatment. Changes in NK cell activity were significantly correlated with proportional changes in (CD25+) (r = 0.584, P = 0.022), but not CD56+. CONCLUSIONS: A combined program of light- to moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise offsets the apparent decrement in NK cell activity associated with weight loss.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Trained traditional birth attendants as educators of refugee mothers.

Following training courses for traditional birth attendants among refugee Afghan women in Pakistan, a survey was conducted to test the knowledge and practices of the participants and of mothers whose babies had been delivered by them, using untrained birth attendants as the basis for comparison. Marked improvements in knowledge and skills were demonstrated, and recommendations made by the trained birth attendants about breast-feeding, maternal nutrition, immunization and hygiene were generally followed by mothers before and after delivery. Furthermore, far fewer complications and deaths were associated with deliveries performed by trained birth attendants than with those conducted by their untrained colleagues. The training of traditional birth attendants was clearly an effective way to educate women about hygiene and health.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Should vaccines require a prescription?

OBJECTIVE: To review the rationale for requiring prescriptions to control vaccine access, in contrast to other medications. DATA SOURCES: Literature on immunization delivery and health-service barriers was reviewed via MEDLINE search and relevant textbooks. Additional literature was obtained from reference lists of pertinent articles. DATA SYNTHESIS: Society controls access to medications to protect consumers. Many medications have changed from prescription-only to over-the-counter (OTC) status. No parenteral drug has been switched, although insulin has long had OTC status. Limiting access to vaccines has advantages in record-keeping, storage, injection quality, and response to anaphylactic reactions. These advantages are outweighed by 600000 people who will die over the next decade for lack of pneumococcal and influenza immunizations. Physicians see most of those who die of these diseases, but many neglect to vaccinate them. Three options are offered to expand access to these vaccines. The most feasible one involves expanding prescribing authority for pneumococcal and influenza vaccines to all licensed healthcare professionals and paraprofessionals with physiologic and pharmacologic expertise to responsibly vaccinate. Community pharmacies offer advantages as immunization delivery sites, in terms of proximity, hours of operation, and knowledge of people at highest risk. Expanded professional training can ensure high levels of public safeguards while expanding immunization delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Society decides the controls needed to protect the health of the people. If society restricts vaccine access too severely, people die needlessly. Increasing prescribing authority for pneumococcal and influenza vaccines to more health professionals will save many lives.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Seroprevalence of measles- and rubella-specific antibodies among military recruits, Canada, 1991.

A study of the seroprevalence of measles- and rubella-specific antibodies among military recruits in Canada in 1991 was undertaken to: 1) determine the proportion of military recruits who are measles and/or rubella seropositive when they enter the military; 2) detect general problems in the immune coverage in the young adult population; and 3) determine the proportion of measles seronegativity attributable to non-response, waning immunity or lack of exposure to either the disease or the vaccine. One initial blood sample was collected from all 399 recruits enrolled in basic training during the month of January 1991, prior to immunization with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR). Another sample was obtained from 354 of these recruits 3 to 5 weeks following this immunization. Only 18 (4.5%) recruits had negative measles-specific neutralization on the first sample. Only 12 (3.0%) recruits had negative measles-specific EIA on the first sample. All recruits had neutralization titres 40 or higher on the second sample. A total of 43 (10.8%) individuals had negative results for rubella EIA before immunization, 35 of which (81.4%) tested positive on the second sample.

Adolescent↗