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PubMed1989

Working conditions and supervision for residents in internal medicine programs: recommendations. American College of Physicians.

Changes intended to improve resident working conditions and supervision must take into account the complex realities governing teaching services. The American College of Physicians supports the ongoing reexamination of these issues, and recommends the following: 1) change be systematic and coordinated, balancing patient care and teaching needs; 2) changes in the medical care system itself are necessary in this process; 3) efforts be continued to reduce preventable medical error on teaching services within the limits of uncertainty intrinsic to medical practice; 4) reasonable restriction be placed on total continuous duty hours, but residents not disengage themselves prematurely from care of their patients; 5) residency training specifically teach techniques for balancing patient service, education, and personal life; 6) the issue of resident workload be addressed; and 7) formal evaluation of supervisory competence, explicit attention to the spirit of resident-supervisor relationships, respect for the principle of meaningful patient responsibility, and formal resident credentialing all be taken into account in improving resident supervision.

Internal Medicine↗
PubMed2001

[Hygienic evaluation of work conditions and health state of women engaged into soldering].

Based on longstanding research, the authors present hygienic evaluation of work conditions and health state of female solderers and low temperature soldering assemblers. The findings are that the main occupational hazard is air pollution with aerosol produced in release of solder particles. The authors demonstrate data of toxicologic experiments and justify hygienic standards for lead-tin and lead-cadmium solders in air of workplace. The article covers results on health state of female solderers' newborns.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Origins and working conditions of female sex workers in urban Thailand: consequences of social context for HIV transmission.

This paper examines the social origins and working conditions of selected female commercial sex workers in Thailand. Quantitative data gathered from 678 commercial sex workers (CSWs) in low-price brothels, tea houses and other work sites in three urban centers were supplemented by focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. The commercial sex establishments were selected from lists provided by local health officials. Social factors associated with entry into commercial sex work and condom use for sexual intercourse were investigated as they operate on contextual, intermediate and proximate levels. Women from the North region of Thailand predominated (68%) and they tended to be younger than the 27% from the Northeast. The majority of all women maintained financial ties to the home by sending income to parents, siblings and other relatives but this pattern is stronger among Northern women. Qualitative data suggest that women were systematically recruited into prostitution from villages in the North and their work enabled them to comply with traditional family support roles. Women from the Northeast revealed a more complex pattern of entry with intrafamily strife, divorce, efforts to find other employment, and entry into sex work at a later age than the women from the North. Northeastern women were more than twice as likely as Northern women to have had a husband as their first sex partner (55% vs 22%). The lives of CSWs were found to be tightly controlled by brothel owners and managers, although 8% were living with a husband or partner, and non-commercial sexual relationships in the month prior to interview were reported by up to 23%. Data indicate need for even more intensive education on HIV transmission, especially with respect to risk of transmission in the absence of AIDS symptoms. Appearance and a trusting relationship were the common reasons given for not using condoms. With the most recent client, 92% reported use if the client was not known and 70% reported use if the client had visited the same CSW three or more times. Education on HIV must take these attitudes and motivations into account as well as sanctions for brothel owners who do not enforce condom use. The proportion of Thai men who visit brothels in addition to other sexual partners, high rates of HIV among CSWs, and inconsistent use of condoms create a complex web that accelerates the spread of the HIV epidemic in Thailand.

Condoms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Assessment of working conditions in health care workers].

OBJECTIVE: Validation and first use of a self-completed questionnaire to assess opinion on working conditions in health professionals. METHODS: The questionnaire consisted of 40 items. It was developed via review of the literature and two focus groups. A reliability test-retest study was performed on 45 health professionals with different roles. Factorial validity and internal consistency of each derived subscale were evaluated on a wide sample of 514 professionals. In addition, the opinion of the health care professionals was evaluated and possible relationships were tested between total and subscale scores and the following variables: age, sex, professional role and years in the job. RESULTS: Weighted kappa was higher than 0.60 for 95% of the items, higher than 0.70 for 43% and higher than 0.80 for 20%. Factor analysis revealed that six factors--work content and organisation, physical fatigue, relationships, mental stress, hours of work, and physical environment--explained 57% of total variance. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the subscales ranged from 0.70 to 0.91. Low levels of satisfaction in dfferent job aspects were found among general hospital staff. They were particularly dissatisfied with personal growth and development, fairness in incentives, dissemination of information, environment, support of new ideas and skills, career opportunities. In particular, satisfaction differed among the various professional roles. DISCUSSION: The questionnaire was found reliable and had a coherent factor structure, with six factors or subscales that showed good internal consistency. This questionnaire may be useful to assess satisfaction with work in health care staff. The preliminary results of its use suggest that satisfaction with different aspects of work is low.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[A comparative study of morbidity with temporary disability and hygienic assessment of working conditions of workers engaged in major occupations at the Dneproshina tire-manufacturing plant].

Comparative study (1979-81, 1965-67) of temporary disability showed its upward trend in tire vulcanizers by 20%. This fact was associated with unfavourable working conditions, workers' stability and aging, elevated physical work load. In the disease structure there occurred some changes: the share of osteomuscular diseases showed a rise and that of nervous and digestive diseases declined. All the studied professional groups (assemblers, millers, vulcanizers) experienced a rise in osteomuscular morbidity and only vulcanizers had higher rates of respiratory, skin and subcutaneous diseases.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed2005

Do occupation and work conditions really matter? A longitudinal analysis of psychological distress experiences among Canadian workers.

This study analyses the relationship between occupation, work conditions and the experience of psychological distress within a model encompassing the stress promoted by constraints-resources embedded in macrosocial structures (occupational structure), structures of daily life (workplace, family, social networks outside the workplace) and agent personality (demography, physical health, psychological traits, life habits, stressful childhood events). Longitudinal data were derived from Statistics Canada's National Population Health Survey and comprised 6,359 workers nested in 471 occupations, followed four times between 1994-1995 and 2000-2001. Discrete time survival multilevel regressions were conducted on first and repeated episodes of psychological distress. Results showed that 42.9 per cent of workers had reported one episode of psychological distress and 18.7 per cent had done so more than once. Data supported the model and challenged the results of previous studies. The individual's position in the occupational structure plays a limited role when the structures of daily life and agent personality are accounted for. In the workplace, job insecurity and social support are important determinants, but greater decision authority increases the risk of psychological distress. Workplace constraints-resources are not moderated either by the other structures of daily life or by agent personality.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Feature of osteoarthrosis among steel plant workers under various working conditions].

Clinical manifestations of osteoarthrosis were studied with reference to gender of the workers engaged at metallurgic plant and their working conditions. The examinees were divided into three groups: workers doing hard mechanical labor and exposed to chemical and physical factors (group 1); workers doing the above labor and exposed to physical factors only (group 2); intellectuals (group 3). In group 1 women, nodular polyosteoarthrosis (x-ray stage II) was encountered significantly more frequently than in men of this group and males and females from groups 2 and 3. Oligoarthrosis without nodules (x-ray stage I) occurred more frequently in men. In group 2 nodular polyosteoarthrosis occurred more frequently in women. Oligoarthrosis without nodules stage I both in males and females was more frequent than in group 1. Polyosteoarthrosis in females and oligoarthrosis in males was more incident in group 2 than in group 3. In group 3 males and females diagnosis of monoarthrosis without nodules (x-ray stage I) was made significantly more frequently than in groups 1 and 2.

Female↗
PubMed1992

[The calendar as criterion--duration of sick leave and physicians' work conditions].

This paper addresses physicians' tendency to allot standardized, "rounded off" sick leave. Of the 401 sick leaves reviewed, 64.3% lasted for one or two weeks, one or two months, or to the end of the week or month. The patients' presumed wish for an extended leave, and the practitioners' strained work situation were examined as possible influential factors. A scrutiny of general practitioners' and company practitioners' working conditions, and employees' current inclination to work, does not support these ideas. Dialogue between physician and patient should be improved and we also suggest a change to "vaguer" durations of sick leave.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Working conditions in home care: a survey of Washington state's home care workers.

Home care services make it possible for millions of older Americans to continue living in the community. Such services may enhance the recipients' quality of life while providing essential respite to family caregivers. But while there has been increasing recognition of the burden borne by the predominantly female family caregivers, there has been less attention to the plight of the home care workforce. With the growth of the home care industry, the burden of care has to some extent shifted from one category of female caregivers to another. This paper, based on a survey of 16 agencies and 1,900 workers, examines the employment conditions of home care workers in Washington state. The study reveals a pattern of harsh working conditions, low wages, and few benefits. The findings raise questions about the ethics and efficacy of government policies that are based on the exploitation of home care workers.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Physiologic and hygienic evaluation of work conditions and health status of workers engaged in sugar and starch-molasses production].

The sanitary and hygienic evaluation of the work conditions in sugar and amylosyrup production revealed such occupational hazards as intensive noise and vibration, inadequate lighting, contamination of the air with sugar and lime dust. Hazardous conditions result in functional changes in the workers, lead to the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and neural diseases, which are likely to be caused by the overheating, intensive sweating and disorders of water and mineral metabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Subjective symptoms among female workers and winter working conditions in a consumer cooperative.

Subjective musculoskeletal symptoms are more frequently complained about in cold store work and in related conditions than in normal temperature work. This cross sectional study was undertaken (a) to explore the prevalence of subjective symptoms in winter among a group of female workers engaged in classification of cold storage goods, and in a group of female checkers in several supermarkets of a large consumer cooperative; and (b) to give recommendations for improving the winter working conditions of these workers. The subjects consisted of 46 workers engaged in classification of cold storage goods, 56 checkers operating a laser scanner in supermarkets and 59 office workers (control group). Work loads for the three groups were estimated according to the recommended criteria. A self-administered questionnaire covering age, occupational career, smoking, alcohol drinking and physical exercise, present or past history of diseases, individual protective measures against cold, and subjective symptoms (54 items) was used. The air temperature of the working site at the opening time for classification workers was 4.8 degrees C which was significantly lower than those measured for the other two work places (12.1 degrees C and 15.8 degrees C). About 70 to 80% of classification workers complained of cold sensation in different body regions, as well as shoulder stiffness, and problems related to the back. The supermarket checkers and office workers had a high prevalence of cold sensation in their feet. The frequencies of using warm clothes and foot heaters, as an individual measure to work comfortably in winter among the classification workers and the checkers were significantly higher than that among the office workers. We concluded that work difficulty due to moderate cold exposure among workers in the consumer cooperative could be reduced by some physical activity as well as proper clothes.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Working conditions of medical students--medical students and research].

A questionnaire survey was conducted among 33 medical students (22 men and 11 women) working as part or full-time research trainees at the University of Bergen in 1990, in order to examine various aspects of their working conditions. Most trainees (81%) experienced a well-organized initial research project, and 85% were quite content with their personal supervision. The students "defined" two hours per week as an "adequate amount" of supervision. A higher percentage of the male trainees were first author of scientific publications, while a higher percentage of the females felt that they had learned something from their scientific training. Surprisingly perhaps, relatively more of the female wished to do research full time in the future. 94% of the research trainees recommended other medical students to participate in research training programmes during their student career.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗
PubMed2004

[Social, hygienic, and economic mechanisms of managing work conditions of insured workers in the system of mandatory social insurance].

The author considers methodic approaches to calculation of insurance rates, discounts and additions, taking into account potential risk of health disorders during work activity, based on hygienic classification of work conditions by jeopardy and hazards of occupational environment with cumulative biologic action, by work intensity and hardness.

Algorithms↗