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PubMed1973

Flow of Chromium into Apple Fruit during Development.

A continuous flow of chromium into apples occurs throughout their growth. This ready movement of chromium into the apple is similar to that reported for essential trace elements such as boron, zinc, iron, copper, and manganese but differs from the restricted movement reported for mercury and cadmium.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1974

Cherry fruit abscission: evidence for time of initiation and the involvement of ethylene.

Initiation of abscission at the pedicel-fruit zone in the sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) occurs near the transition of Stage II to Stage III of fruit growth. The preinitiation phase is characterized by a high fruit removal force (FRF) and explants prepared from fruits during this period do not undergo abscission as indexed by a reduction in FRF. Ethylene does not cause a significant reduction in FRF either in attached fruit or in explants prepared during this period. By contrast, after initiation (Stage III of fruit growth), there is a marked decrease in FRF with fruit development, explants prepared from fruits during this period undergo abscission, and ethylene markedly promotes the loss in break-strength. Neither the rate of evolution nor the internal concentration of ethylene in the fruit were correlated with fruit abscission. Similar abscission responses, as indexed by FRF and sensitivity to ethylene, were observed in attached fruit and in detached fruit explants.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Cytokinins of the Developing Mango Fruit : Isolation, Identification, and Changes in Levels during Maturation.

The cytokinin activity has been isolated and identified from extracts of immature mango (Mangifera indica L.) seeds. The structures of zeatin, zeatin riboside, and N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine riboside were confirmed on the basis of their chromatographic behavior and mass spectra of trimethylsilyl derivatives. Both trans and cis isomers of zeatin and zeatin riboside were also identified by the retention times of high performance liquid chromatography. In addition, an unidentified compound appeared to be a cytokinin glucoside.The concentration of cytokinins in the panicle and pulp of mango reached a maximum 5 to 10 days after full bloom and decreased rapidly thereafter. The cytokinin level in the seed remained high until the 28th day after full bloom. The quantity of cytokinins in pulp per fruit increased from the 10th day after full bloom, the maximum being attained around the 50th day after full bloom. Similarly, the amount of cytokinins per seed increased from the 10th day after full bloom, reaching a peak on the 40th day and decreasing gradually thereafter.A high percentage of fruit set in mango was persistently maintained by supplying 6-benzylaminopurine (1.5 x 10(3) micromolar) onto the panicle at the anthesis stage and by supplying gibberellic acid (7.2 x 10(2) micromolar) and naphthalene acetamide (3.1 x 10 micromolar) at the young fruit stage.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in transport tissues and adjacent sink structures in developing citrus fruit.

Juice tissues of citrus lack phloem; therefore, photosynthates enroute to juice sacs exit the vascular system on the surface of each segment. Areas of extensive phloem unloading and transport (vascular bundles + segment epidermis) can thus be separated from those of assimilate storage (juice sacs) and adjacent tissues where both processes occur (peel). Sugar composition, dry weight accumulation, and activities of four sucrose-metabolizing enzymes (soluble and cell-wall-bound acid invertase, alkaline invertase, sucrose synthase, and sucrose phosphate synthase) were measured in these transport and sink tissues of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) to determine more clearly whether a given enzyme appeared to be more directly associated with assimilate transport versus deposition or utilization. Results were compared at three developmental stages. Activity of sucrose (per gram fresh weight and per milligram protein) extracted from zones of extensive phloem unloading and transport was significantly greater than from adjacent sink tissues during the stages (II and III) when juice sacs grow most rapidly. In stage II fruit, activity of sucrose synthase also significantly surpassed that of all other sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in extracts from the transport tissues (vascular bundles + segment epidermis). In contrast, sucrose phosphate synthase and alkaline invertase at this stage of growth were the most active enzymes from adjacent, rapidly growing, phloem-free sink tissues (juice sacs). Activity of these two enzymes in extracts from juice sacs was significantly greater than that form the transport tissues (vascular bundles + segment epidermis). Soluble acid invertase was the most active enzyme in extracts from all tissues of very young fruit (stage I), including nonvascular regions, but nearly disappeared prior to the onset of juice sac sugar accumulation. The physiological function of high sucrose synthase activity in the transport tissues during rapid sucrose import remains to be determined.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Defects in fruiting body development caused by Tn5 lac insertions in Myxococcus xanthus.

Mutations caused by insertions of Tn5 lac that block development are rare. At least six of the eight mutations examined appeared to be regulatory. Three of these were found to disrupt social motility, suggesting a particular importance for this function. One other occurred in a known cell-cell interaction gene, bsgA, and the remaining two were located in genes operative early in the developmental program.

Cell Movement↗
PubMed2002

A CheW homologue is required for Myxococcus xanthus fruiting body development, social gliding motility, and fibril biogenesis.

In bacteria with multiple sets of chemotaxis genes, the deletion of homologous genes or even different genes in the same operon can result in disparate phenotypes. Myxococcus xanthus is a bacterium with multiple sets of chemotaxis genes and/or homologues. It was shown previously that difA and difE, encoding homologues of the methyl-accepting chemoreceptor protein (MCP) and the CheA kinase, respectively, are required for M. xanthus social gliding (S) motility and development. Both difA and difE mutants were also defective in the biogenesis of the cell surface appendages known as extracellular matrix fibrils. In this study, we investigated the roles of the CheW homologue encoded by difC, a gene at the same locus as difA and difE. We showed that difC mutations resulted in defects in M. xanthus developmental aggregation, sporulation, and S motility. We demonstrated that difC is indispensable for wild-type cellular cohesion and fibril biogenesis but not for pilus production. We further illustrated the ectopic complementation of a difC in-frame deletion by a wild-type difC. The identical phenotypes of difA, difC, and difE mutants are consistent and supportive of the hypothesis that the Dif chemotaxis homologues constitute a chemotaxis-like signal transduction pathway that regulates M. xanthus fibril biogenesis and S motility.

Agglutination↗
PubMed2001

fw2.2 directly affects the size of developing tomato fruit, with secondary effects on fruit number and photosynthate distribution.

fw2.2 is a quantitative trait locus responsible for approximately 30% of the difference in fruit size between large, domesticated tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and their small-fruited wild relatives. The gene underlying this quantitative trait locus was cloned recently and shown to be associated with altered cell division in ovaries (Frary et al., 2000). However, it was not known whether the change in fruit size is associated with other changes in plant morphology or overall fruit yield-changes that could potentially cause the fruit weight phenotype. To shed light on this issue, a detailed comparison was made between nearly isogenic lines differing for alleles at this locus to search for pleiotropic effects associated with fw2.2. Field observations show that although the small-fruited nearly isogenic line produced smaller ovaries and fruit as expected, this was compensated by a larger number of fruit-due mainly to a significantly greater number of inflorescences-but with no net change in total fruit mass yield. This strongly suggests that fw2.2 may have a pleiotropic effect on how the plant distributes photosynthate among fruit. In a flower removal experiment to control for differences in inflorescence size and number, fruit size remained significantly different between the nearly isogenic lines. These observations indicate that the primary effect of fw2.2 is in controlling ovary and fruit size, and that other associated phenotypic effects are secondary.

Alleles↗
PubMed1993

Expression of Acid Invertase Gene Controls Sugar Composition in Tomato (Lycopersicon) Fruit.

A wild tomato species, Lycopersicon chmielewskii, accumulates high levels of soluble sugar in mature fruit and, unlike the domesticated tomato species, Lycopersicon esculentum, accumulates sucrose rather than glucose and fructose. Genetic and biochemical analyses of progeny resulting from a cross of L. chmielewskii with L. esculentum have previously indicated that the trait of sucrose accumulation is controlled by a single recessive gene and is associated with low levels of acid invertase protein in the developing fruit. Analysis of progeny from the BC2F3 generation from the L. esculentum x L. chmielewskii cross revealed that sucrose-accumulating fruit accumulate sugar in two phases corresponding to fruit expansion and fruit maturation and that the majority of the sucrose was stored in the latter phase after the fruit had reached maximum size. The only significant enzymic difference between the sucrose-accumulating and hexose-accumulating fruit was the lack of acid invertase activity in sucrose-accumulating fruit. Sucrose phosphate synthase activity did not increase in the sucrose-accumulating fruit during late development when the rate of sucrose accumulation increased. The lack of acid invertase activity in sucrose-accumulating fruit was correlated with inheritance of the L. chmielewskii acid invertase gene and the absence of acid invertase mRNA in developing fruit. This suggests that the L.chmielewskii invertase gene is transcriptionally silent in fruit and that this is the basis for sucrose accumulation in progeny derived from the interspecific cross of L. esculentum and L. chmielewskii.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

Effect of salinity on tomato fruit ripening.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) plants from various cultivars growing on half-strength Hoagland solution were exposed at anthesis to 3 or 6 grams per liter NaCl. Salinity shortened the time of fruit development by 4 to 15%. Fruits of salt-treated plants were smaller and tasted better than did fruits of control plants. This result was obtained both for ripe fruits tested on the day of picking and for those picked at 100% development and allowed to ripen at room temperature for 9 days. Percentage of dry weight, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity; content of reducing sugars, Cl(-), Na(+), and various pericarp pigments; and electrical conductivity of the juice were higher in fruits of saline-treated plants than they were in those of control plants, while the pH was lower. Ethylene and CO(2) evolution rates during ripening; as well as the activities of pectin methyl esterase, polymethylgalacturonase, and polygalacturonase; were also higher in fruits of the saline-treated plants. The treatment with 6 grams per liter NaCl shortened the fruit shelf life considerably.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Changes in strain and deposition of cuticle in developing sweet cherry fruit.

Changes in surface area, deposition and elastic strain of the cuticular membrane (CM) were monitored during development of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit. Fruit mass and surface area ('Sam') increased in a sigmoidal pattern between 16 and 85 days after full bloom (DAFB) with maximum rates of 0.35 g day(-1) and 0.62 cm(2) day(-1), respectively. Rates of total area strain, namely the sum of elastic plus plastic strain, were highest in cheek and stem cavity regions followed by stylar and suture regions. Rates of total uniaxial strain were higher in transverse, namely perpendicular to the stem/stylar axis, than in longitudinal direction, namely parallel to the stem/stylar axis. On a whole fruit basis CM mass remained essentially constant during fruit development. Mass of CM, dewaxed CM and wax per unit surface area decreased during development, particularly between 43 and 71 DAFB. There was no change in wax content of isolated CM. Up to 43 DAFB the surface area of isolated CM was similar to the area prior to excision indicating little elastic strain, but markedly decreased thereafter. Calculating elastic and plastic components of total strain of the CM revealed, that initial deformation up to 22 to 43 DAFB was mostly plastic. Thereafter, elastic strain was evident and both, elastic and plastic deformation, increased linearly with an increase in total strain. There was no consistent difference in the relative contribution of elastic strain to total strain between transverse and longitudinal directions, but both total and elastic strain were larger in the transverse direction. Abrading the CM had only little effect on fruit turgor. However, turgor decreased when the exocarp was cut indicating that the exocarp provided a significant structural shell of a mature sweet cherry fruit ('Regina'). Our data demonstrate, that (1) surface area expansion in sweet cherry fruit causes elastic and plastic strain of the CM, and (2) the onset of elastic strain coincided with the cessation of CM formation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Accumulation of a glycine rich protein in auxin-deprived strawberry fruits.

Growth of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch. cv. Ozark Beauty) receptacles is regulated by auxin supplied from the achenes. The receptacle growth can be stopped at any stage by deachening the fruits, and can be resumed by exogenous application of auxin. In our earlier studies we demonstrated auxin regulated polypeptide changes at different stages of strawberry fruit development. Removal of achenes from fruits and growing the receptacles without auxin resulted in the time-dependent accumulation of 52,000 Mr polypeptide. Amino acid analysis revealed that the protein is rich in glycine. Our studies, with normal and variant strawberry receptacles, indicate that the synthesis and accumulation of this glycine-rich protein correlates with cessation of receptacle growth. These results suggest a possible role for the glycine-rich protein in cessation of growth.

Indoleacetic Acids↗