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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Concentrations of mercury, cadmium, lead and copper in fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms in an emission area of a copper smelter and a mercury smelter.

Four metals were determined by AAS techniques in 56 samples of 23 wild mushroom species collected in a heavily polluted area in eastern Slovakia in 1997 and 1998. The area has been contaminated from historical polymetallic ores mining and smelting and by emissions from a mercury smelter between 1969 and 1993 and from a copper smelter since 1951. No significant differences in metal concentrations (P < 0.05) were found in four species when comparing the periods 1992-1993 and 1997-1998. Considerable contamination of most species was observed mainly for mercury and cadmium. The highest levels of mercury, up to 50 mg kg-1 dry matter, were found in Boletus reticulatus, Lycoperdon perlatum and Marasmius oreades, and of cadmium up to 20 mg kg-1 dry matter in Xerocomus chrysenteron and Lycoperdon perlatum. The latter species also had extremely high lead and copper concentrations in hundreds of milligrams per kilogram dry matter. Concentrations of mercury and copper in caps of four Boletaceae species were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those in stipes.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1998

Gravitropic bending of fruiting bodies--a model based on hyphal gravisensing and cooperativity.

Gravitropic bending of the winter mushroom Flammulina velutipes is achieved by differential growth of the apical part of the stem, the transition zone. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that bending is due to the relaxation of tissue tensions at the lower flank of the stem where hyphal extension growth is promoted in contrast to the upper flank. Extension of lower flank hyphae is preceded by a conspicuous accumulation of microvesicles in the cytosol and their subsequent fusion with the vacuolar compartment, leading to a large volume increase. The hypothesis is put forward that all hyphae in the transition zone are capable of gravisensing. It is derived from experiments with transition zone segments, which exhibit negative gravitropic response independent from their origin within the stem. A model is presented which connects individual gravisensing of the hyphae with a cooperative response within the stem or small segments of the stem. An essential step is the transmission of positional information, by each hypha with respect to the gravitational vector, to the surroundings. The existence of a soluble growth regulator, which is enriched at the lower flank of the stem, is discussed. A gradient could be formed which precedes the gradient of microvesicle formation, and thereby determines the change of growth direction.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2001

Screening of a unique lectin from 16 cultivable mushrooms with hybrid glycoprotein and neoproteoglycan probes and purification of a novel N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectin from Oudemansiella platyphylla fruiting body.

Hybrid glycoprotein and neoproteoglycan probes were prepared by coupling various glycoproteins or polysaccharides to peroxidase or biotinyl bovine serum albumin, respectively. Lectins recognizable by the neoglycoconjugate probes were extracted from 16 cultivable mushrooms. Dot-blot assay revealed five extracts to be reactive with only hybrid glycoprotein probes, but others also reacted with neoproteoglycan probes. According to the reactivity pattern with probe screening, the one lectin from Oudemansiella platyphylla extract (OPL) bound best with asialotransferrin-- and asialoagalactotransferrin--peroxidase probes and was isolated using an asialotransferrin column, but it did not bind with other hybrid glycoprotein or neoproteoglycan probes. OPL, consisting of two polypeptides with high homology in the N-terminal amino acid sequences, exhibited weak hemagglutinating activity. Purified OPL specifically bound the beta-GlcNAc probe among various biotinylated polymeric sugar probes, while it exhibited essentially the same binding specificity toward neoglycoconjugate probes as that of the crude extract, showing a preference for the asialobiantennary complex type of N-linked glycans. These results indicate that the neoglycoconjugate probes are valuable in lectin screening.

Acetylglucosamine↗
PubMed2004

Polysaccharides from the fruit bodies of the basidiomycete Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.: Fr.) Murr.

The two main polysaccharides from the basidiomycetous fungus Laetiporus sulphureus were isolated, purified and characterized. The structural assignments were carried out using (13)C, (1)H, and (1)H,(13) HSQC nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and Smith degradation. One was a linear beta-glucan having a (1-->3)-linked main chain, namely laminaran. The other was a fucomannogalactan, which consisted of a main chain of (1-->6)-linked alpha-D-galactopyranosyl residues, a part of them being substituted at O-2 by 3-O-D-mannopyranosyl-L-fucopyranosyl, alpha-D-mannopyranosyl and in a minor proportion, alpha-L-fucopyranosyl groups. This heteropolysaccharide is related to those of other Basidiomycetes heterogalactans, although it differs distinctly in its side-chain structures. Whereas part of the single-unit L-fucopyranosyl and/or 3-O-alpha-mannopyranosyl-L-fucopyranosyl residues are present as side chains of the other heterogalactans, additional alpha-D-mannopyranosyl units are present in our fucomannogalactan of L. sulphureus.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Genetic variation of Cordyceps sinensis, a fruit-body-producing entomopathogenic species from different geographical regions in China.

Cordyceps sinensis is one of the most valuable medicinal fungi in the Orient. It is naturally distributed in the eastern extension area of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, at an altitude over 4000 m high. In order to investigate genetic variation and evolutionary relationships of C. sinensis from different geographical regions, 17 isolates of C. sinensis were collected from different provinces and the complete sequences of rDNA ITS were determined. On the basis of 5.8S rDNA and ITS region analysis, it was clearly shown that the ITS sequences within C. sinensis are highly homologous regardless of geographical origin. The distance values between the sequences in this study were lower than 0.03. This implied that C. sinensis from different geographic regions are the same species; they are not different species or a species complex. The results also showed that distance values between C. sinensis and Hirsutella sinensis are of the same order as those within C. sinensis from different geographic regions. This confirmed our previous results that C. sinensis should only have H. sinensis as its asexual stage whatever the geographic region from which the samples were collected. An rDNA ITS clone library was established to obtain further evidence for the interpretation of the fungal community structure from C. sinensis and to confirm the accuracy of the taxonomic identities produced by directly sequencing the rDNA ITS region. The discrimination between intraspecies of C. sinensis might provide additional data for the authentication of medicinal material at the species or intraspecies level.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Purification and characterization of acidic proteo-heteroglycan from the fruiting body of Phellinus linteus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Teng.

Phellinus linteus is a well-known oriental medicinal fungus that has various biological activities such as stimulation of humoral and cell mediated immunity, anti-mutagenicity activity, and anti-cancer activity. The process of isolating and purifying a water-soluble glycan from P. linteus was achieved by hot water extraction, filtration, solvent precipitation, dialysis, and freeze-drying. Acidic fractions of the polysaccharide were separated from crude polysaccharides by DEAE-cellulose anion exchange chromatography at 0.4 M NaCl. The molecular weight of the proteo-heteroglycan after Sepharose CL-4B gel filtration chromatography was about 150,000. The acidic proteo-heteroglycan consisted of 72.2% polysaccharide and 22.3% protein. The sugar of the proteo-heteroglycan was composed of mannose, galactose, glucose, arabinose, and xylose. The amino acid pattern showed that the fractions contained large amounts of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, glycine, and serine. The fractions for both alpha-glycan at 860 cm(-1) and beta-glycan at 910 cm(-1) had the characteristics of IR spectrum absorption as compared to those for beta-glucan derived from Lentinus edodes. A 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy showed that the acidic proteo-heteroglycan was a noble biomolecule mixed both alpha- and beta-linkages, and a (1,6) branched type (1,3) glycan.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Natural aromatic steroids as potential molecular fossils from the fruiting bodies of the ascomycete Daldinia concentrica.

The identification of aromatic steroid hydrocarbons bearing a methyl group at positions 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6 in sediments and petroleum has been puzzling since possible steroidal precursors have not yet been reported in living organisms. Two new aromatic steroids, (17beta,20R,22E,24R)-19-norergosta-1,3,5,7,9,14,22-heptaene (1) and (17beta,20R,22E,24R)-1-methyl-19-norergosta-1,3,5,7,9,14,22-heptaene (2), were isolated from the ascomycete Daldinia concentrica, of which compound 2 bears an unusual methyl group at position 1. We propose that the origin of these compounds is derived from the transformation undergone by their precursor due to microbial action. Compounds 1 and 2 could be the long-sought, biological precursor steroids for organic matter in Earth's subsurface.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1995

The structures of new lanostane triterpenes from the fruiting bodies of Hebeloma senescens.

Three new lanostane triterpenes, hebelomic acids B[4], E[5], and F[6], were isolated from the inedible mushroom Hebeloma senescens. The latter two compounds are acyl derivatives of the new triterpene senescensol (12-deoxycrustulinol) [12]. The structures of compounds 4-6, including the absolute configuration of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid moiety, were established on the basis of spectral and chemical evidence.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1989

Mechanisms of hypoglycemic activity of ganoderan B: a glycan of Ganoderma lucidum fruit bodies.

Ganoderan B increased the plasma insulin level in normal and glucose-loaded mice but elicited no effect on insulin binding to isolated adipocytes. Administration of ganoderan B elicited significant increases of the activities of hepatic glucokinase, phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, decreased the hepatic glucose-6-phosphate and glycogen synthetase activities and did not affect the activities of hexokinase and glycogen phosphorylase. Ganoderan B reduced the glycogen content in the liver but had no influence on total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the plasma and liver.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

How amoeboids self-organize into a fruiting body: multicellular coordination in Dictyostelium discoideum.

When individual amoebae of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum are starving, they aggregate to form a multicellular migrating slug, which moves toward a region suitable for culmination. The culmination of the morphogenesis involves complex cell movements that transform a mound of cells into a globule of spores on a slender stalk. The movement has been likened to a "reverse fountain," whereby prestalk cells in the upper part form a stalk that moves downwards and anchors to the substratum, while prespore cells in the lower part move upwards to form the spore head. So far, however, no satisfactory explanation has been produced for this process. Using a computer simulation that we developed, we now demonstrate that the processes that are essential during the earlier stages of the morphogenesis are in fact sufficient to produce the dynamics of the culmination stage. These processes are cAMP signaling, differential adhesion, cell differentiation, and production of extracellular matrix. Our model clarifies the processes that generate the observed cell movements. More specifically, we show that periodic upward movements, caused by chemotactic motion, are essential for successful culmination, because the pressure waves they induce squeeze the stalk downwards through the cell mass. The mechanisms revealed by our model have a number of self-organizing and self-correcting properties and can account for many previously unconnected and unexplained experimental observations.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

cAMP pulses coordinate morphogenetic movement during fruiting body formation of Dictyostelium minutum.

Aggregation in the primitive cellular slime mold Dictyostelium minutum proceeds by means of chemotaxis toward a continuously secreted folic acid analog [De Wit, R. J. W. & Konijn, T. M. (1983) Cell Differ. 12, 205-210]. The onset of culmination is marked by the appearance of concentric waves of cell movement on the aggregate surface. Culmination proceeds by the chemotactic attraction of amoebae to the center of wave propagation, which results in the accumulation of amoebae into a finger-like structure. Evidence is presented that the chemoattractant used during culmination is cAMP, which is secreted in pulses. The cells secrete cAMP themselves; cAMP receptors and phosphodiesterase activity appear on the cell surface just before the onset of culmination. Micromolar concentrations of externally applied cAMP induce disorientation of amoeboid movement at the onset of culmination. These observations are compatible with the hypothesis that the cAMP signaling system organizes multicellular development in both primitive and advanced cellular slime mold species. Advanced species such as Dictyostelium discoideum use this signaling system also in an earlier stage of development to organize the process of cell aggregation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Purification and characterization of a Neu5Acalpha2-6Galbeta1-4Glc/GlcNAc-specific lectin from the fruiting body of the polypore mushroom Polyporus squamosus.

A lectin has been purified from the carpophores of the mushroom Polyporus squamosus by a combination of affinity chromatography on beta-D-galactosyl-Synsorb and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel. Gel filtration chromatography, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and N-terminal amino acid sequencing indicated that the native lectin, designated P. squamosus agglutinin, is composed of two identical 28-kDa subunits associated by noncovalent bonds. P. squamosus agglutinin agglutinated human A, B, and O and rabbit red blood cells but precipitated only with human alpha(2)-macroglobulin, of many glycoproteins and polysaccharides tested. The detailed carbohydrate binding properties of the purified lectin were elucidated using three different approaches, i.e. precipitation inhibition assay (in solution binding assay), fluorescence quenching studies, and glycolipid binding by lectin staining on high-performance thin layer chromatography (solid-phase binding assay). Based on the results obtained by these assays, we conclude that although the P. squamosus lectin binds beta-D-galactosides, it has an extended carbohydrate-combining site that exhibits highest specificity and affinity toward nonreducing terminal Neu5Acalpha2, 6Galbeta1,4Glc/GlcNAc (6'-sialylated type II chain) of N-glycans (2000-fold stronger than toward galactose). The strict specificity of the lectin for alpha2,6-linked sialic acid renders this lectin a valuable tool for glycobiological studies in biomedical and cancer research.

ABO Blood-Group System↗