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PubMed2006

Psychiatric and hostility factors related to use of anabolic steroids in monozygotic twins.

INTRODUCTION: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are derived by chemical manipulation of the testosterone molecule. The specified category of drugs produces anabolic, androgenic and psycho-active effects including elevated aggressive, hostile, violent and anti social behavior. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this case report observational study was to evaluate the possible psychological consequences of AS use in the twin user of each pair, compared with the non-user twin. METHODOLOGY: We studied two pairs of male monozygotic twins: one pair 24 years old and the other 31 years old, with absolute genome and phenotype similarity. One of the twins of each pair used AAS while the other did not. Both pairs lived in Hellenic provincial towns and followed a common training and nutrition regime. The psychometric instruments used were the Symptoms Check List-90 (SCL-90) and the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ). The psychometric evaluations took place within a time interval of 6 months. RESULTS: The study found high levels of aggressiveness, hostility, anxiety and paranoid ideation in the twins who used AS. The non-user twins showed no deviation from their initial status. CONCLUSION: The use of AAS induced several important psychiatric changes in monozygotic twins which were not present in the twin who did not use AAS.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Enhanced expression of cytokines and chemokines by blood monocytes to in vitro lipopolysaccharide stimulation are associated with hostility and severity of depressive symptoms in healthy women.

The current study investigated the relation of hostility and severity of depressive symptoms, separately and jointly, to the capacity of blood monocytes to secrete an array of cytokines when stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Subjects were 44 healthy, non-smoking, premenopausal women (aged 23-49 years) not currently taking oral contraceptives. Data were collected during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. The Cook-Medley Hostility (Ho) scale and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to assess hostility and severity of depressive symptoms, respectively. Dual-color flow cytometry was used to measure the total expression of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and monocyte inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha in blood monocytes following 4 h in vitro LPS stimulation of whole blood. In analyses adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), fasting cholesterol, alcohol use, race and 17beta-estradiol (E(2)), higher Ho scores were associated with greater LPS-stimulated expression of IL-1alpha (beta = 0.033, p = 0.02), IL-8 (beta = 0.046, p = 0.01) and IL-1beta (beta = 0.024, p = 0.06). Higher BDI scores were associated with greater expression of TNF-alpha (beta = 0.042, p = 0.02) and IL-8 (beta = 0.045, p = 0.04). The linear combination of Ho and BDI scores was significantly associated with IL-1beta (beta = 0.18, p = 0.057), IL-8 (beta = 0.36, p = 0.01), TNF-alpha (beta = 0.25, p = 0.03), and IL-1alpha (beta = 0.18, p < 0.07). Thus, in healthy women, these psychological risk factors, alone and in combination, induce a proinflammatory phenotype in circulating monocytes characterized by the up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines, supporting the hypothesis that inflammation may be a key pathway whereby hostility and depressive symptoms contribute to atherosclerosis and subsequent coronary heart disease (CHD).

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed1999

Relation between myocardial infarction, depression, hostility, and death.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the independent impact of major depression and hostility on mortality rate at 6 months and 12 months after discharge from the hospital in patients with a myocardial infarction. METHOD: Three hundred thirty-one patients were prospectively evaluated for depression with a modified version of the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule for major depressive episode. The Cook Medley Hostility Scale data were analyzed by chi(2) procedures for nominal and categoric data, and Student t test was used for continuous data types. RESULTS: Depression was a significant predictor of death at 12 months (P =. 04) but not at 6 months (P =.08). Hostility was not found to be a predictor of death at 6 months or 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Major depression in patients hospitalized after myocardial infarction is a significant univariable predictor of death at 12 months, although it was not a statistically significant predictor after adjusting for other variables. Hostility is not a predictor of death. Prospective studies are needed to determine the impact of aggressive treatment of depression on post-myocardial infarction survival.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Meta-analyses of prospective studies on coronary heart disease, type A personality, and hostility.

BACKGROUND: Several large-scale prospective studies have failed to find an association between Type A personality (TAP) or hostility and coronary heart disease (CHD). The existing meta-analyses on this topic have several shortcomings, such as a selective search of the literature, the failed use of effect sizes, and methodological flaws. METHODS: The present meta-analyses cover all prospective studies until the end of 1998. The correlation coefficient r is used as effect size to yield information on the population effect size R and variance. Several analyses have been carried out to stratify for disease endpoints, samples (healthy population, CHD patients), and methods used to determine TAP or hostility. RESULTS: The population effect size (weighted average of all correlation coefficients) for TAP and CHD is R=0.003 (n=74,326, P=0.213), and for hostility and CHD R=0.022 (n=15,038, P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The population effect size for TAP and CHD is not significant. Hostility yields a significant association with CHD; however, the effect size is so low that it has as yet no practical meaning for prediction and prevention.

Coronary Disease↗

PubMed2001

Cardiovascular correlates of behavioral dominance and hostility during dyadic interaction.

The present study examined cardiovascular correlates of expression of, and exposure to, naturally occurring behavioral dominance and hostility during dyadic social interaction. Unacquainted men and women undergraduates participated in three mixed-gender interactions with the same partner while their blood pressure and heart rate were assessed. Videotaped records of the interactions were coded for behavioral dominance and hostility. Exposure effects were apparent for women's systolic blood pressure and men's heart rate, with significantly greater reactivity shown by participants whose partners exhibited more dominance or hostility, respectively. Also, women's expression of dominance was positively and significantly associated with their heart rate reactivity. In addition to providing further evidence that emotion-related features of the social environment contribute to cardiovascular reactivity, these results illustrate that dominance merits attention as a correlate of cardiac stress reactivity, independent of hostility.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Cardiovascular reactivity of Singaporean male police officers as a function of task, ethnicity and hostility.

OBJECTIVE: This research examined hemodynamic processes in cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) as a function of task, ethnicity and trait hostility. METHOD: One hundred and fourteen male patrol officers from the Singapore Police Force participated in this experimental study. Trait hostility was measured using the interpersonal hostility assessment technique to derive a hostile behavior index (HBI). Heart rate, blood pressure and hemodynamic measures were taken while participants performed three tasks: mental arithmetic, number reading and anger recall (AR). RESULTS: AR elicited the greatest blood pressure, vascular and cardiac output reactivity. HBI scores were positively related to systolic blood pressure reactivity during AR for Malays whereas this was not true for Indians and Chinese. Across tasks Indians with high HBI scores appeared to be cardiac reactors whereas the reactivity patterns for Malays and Chinese were undifferentiated. Self-report of negative mood was not related to CVR. CONCLUSION: These results are consistent with the higher rates of coronary heart disease deaths among Indians as well as the higher rates for hypertension among Malays in Singapore.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Interactive effects of trait hostility and anger expression on cardiovascular reactivity in young men.

Hostility and anger-expression style are personality traits often associated with elevated cardiovascular reactivity and potential heightened risk for cardiovascular disease. In the present study a sample of 50 young, healthy men were divided into groups low or high on the Cook-Medley Hostility scale and on anger-out from Spielberger's Anger Expression scale. Subjects worked on mental arithmetic and public speaking tasks in counterbalanced order. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and hemodynamic indices were measured at baseline and during the tasks. Hostility and anger-out interacted in their effects on cardiovascular responses. The High Anger-Out/Low-Hostile group displayed the greatest increases in heart rate and blood pressures, while the High Anger-Out/High-Hostile group was least reactive. Furthermore, the High Anger-Out/Low-Hostile group showed a distinct fight/flight response pattern during public speaking, indicated by increases in stroke volume and cardiac output and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. These results suggest that a mismatch between hostile cognitions and habitual anger expression leads to greater cardiovascular reactivity to challenging tasks, potentially enhancing risk for development of cardiovascular diseases.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Parental history of hypertension and hostility moderate cardiovascular responses to interpersonal conflict.

A parental history of hypertension has been implicated in the development of hypertension, perhaps by virtue of an elevated cardiovascular response to stress. Similarly, hostility has been hypothesized to be linked to cardiovascular disease through cardiovascular hyperreactivity. The interaction of parental history and hostility in moderating cardiovascular response has been infrequently examined, though research suggests the two may be linked through familial factors. The present study examined the cardiovascular response of 98 healthy young adult males categorized as offspring of hypertensive subjects (PH+) or offspring of normotensive subjects (PH-) and as high or low hostile, based on Cook-Medley Hostility scores (HiHo vs. LoHo). Subjects were exposed to either an harassment or non-harassment stressor. Results indicated elevated cardiac output and forearm blood flow responses in PH+/HiHo subjects who were harassed as compared to any other harassed subject and all non-harassed individuals. This hemodynamic response pattern of elevated blood flow suggests a mechanism of hypertensive disease development.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Ethnicity, social class and hostility: effects on in vivo beta-adrenergic receptor responsiveness.

Little is known about the potential influences of social and psychosocial variables in accounting for ethnic differences in the beta-adrenergic receptor. We examined the effects of ethnicity, social class, and other variables on an in vivo marker of beta-adrenergic receptor responsiveness (Chronotropic 25 Dose, CD(25)) for 224 African-Americans and Caucasian-Americans. Social class was determined using the clinician-rated Hollingshead two-factor index. The Cook-Medley hostility and Buss-Durkee assaultiveness subscales were administered to a subset of subjects. Results indicated that African-Americans had decreased beta-receptor responsiveness compared to Caucasian-Americans after controlling for social class, age, and smoking (P=0.001). Secondary analysis for a subset of subjects revealed significant hostility x ethnicity interactions, such that hostility predicted decreased beta-receptor responsiveness for Caucasian-Americans (P=0.004), but not for African-Americans. Thus, decreased beta-adrenergic receptor responsiveness in African-Americans does not appear to be due to differences in current social class, age, or smoking status, nor to higher reports of hostility.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A latent variable analysis of coexisting emotional deficits in substance abusers: alexithymia, hostility, and PTSD.

The emotional disturbance of substance abusers is often described as an inability to identify and express feelings coupled with an excess vulnerability to experience negative affect. However, there is only limited empirical support for this perspective. To validate this description, we first defined components of alexithymia, hostility, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) derived from established measures of each by conducting confirmatory factor analyses based on a self-report data set from a clinical sample of 253 alcoholics and drug addicts. We then fashioned and tested overarching latent variables representing the three aspects of emotional dysfunction (i.e., alexithymia, hostility, and PTSD) and finally tested the correlations among these overarching variables. We found a strong association between a factor labeled Bottled-Up Emotions and another labeled Neurotic Hostility (r = .62) as well as an association between PTSD and Bottled-Up Emotions (r = .66). The structure, magnitude, and intercorrelation of the latent variables did not depend on the type of psychoactive substance abused. These results support the view that features of alexithymia and hostility coexist in substance abusers and that this joint deficit is part of a broad disturbance across multiple psychological domains including pathological response to traumatic stress.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

The movement of hostility during recovery from depression.

Sixteen depressed in-patients from a hospital in Athens were assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale and the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire. Comparison of admission, discharge and mid-treatment scores showed that: (1) There was a larger drop in depression score in the first half of treatment. (2) Hostility scores, except for extrapunitiveness, decreased significantly over time, larger changes occurring in the first half of treatment. (3) Comparisons with British scores showed that during illness there were no significant differences between British and Greeks, though the latter tended to be more extrapunitive. At recovery, the Greeks were significantly more extrapunitive. The movement of hostility in depressive illness, the validity of the HDHQ and need for national norms are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Hostile emotion and obsessional neurosis.

The literature on the place of hostile emotion in obsessional neurosis is reviewed. In the main study 11 obsessional neurotic and 11 depressive patients matched for severity of illness were given questionnaires to measure experienced hostility and anger, and a repertory grid of standard form. The obsessional group showed a qualitatively distinct correlational pattern of measured aspects of hostility-anger, including a high correlation between outwardly directed aspects of hostility and anger; this pattern was replicated in a validation study. In contrast, the obsessional group was not differentiated by a negative cognitive set. Treatment implications for obsessional neurosis are briefly discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Aggressiveness, not impulsiveness or hostility, distinguishes suicide attempters with major depression.

BACKGROUND: Impulsiveness, hostility and aggressiveness are traits associated with suicidal behavior, but also with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The presence of large numbers of BPD subjects in past attempter samples may distort the relative importance of each of these traits to predicting suicidal behavior, and lead to prospective, biological and genetic models that systematically misclassify certain subpopulations of suicidal individuals. METHOD: Two hundred and seventy-five subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD), including 87 with co-morbid BPD (69 past suicide attempters, 18 non-attempters) and 188 without BPD (76 attempters, 112 non-attempters) completed standard impulsiveness, hostility and aggressiveness ratings. Differences between past suicide attempters and non-attempters were examined with the sample stratified by BPD status. RESULTS: As expected, BPD subjects scored significantly higher than non-BPD subjects on all three trait measures. Stratifying by BPD status, however, eliminated attempter/non-attempter differences in impulsiveness and hostility in both patient subgroups. Past suicide attempters in each of the two subgroups of patients were only distinguished by higher levels of aggressiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Once BPD is accounted for, a history of aggressive behavior appears to be the distinguishing trait characteristic of suicide attempters with major depression, rather than global personality dimensions such as impulsiveness or hostility. Aggressiveness, and not these related traits, may be the ideal target for behavioral, genetic and biological research on suicidal behavior, as well as for the clinical assessment of suicide risk.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Hostility and anger expression in African American and European American men is associated with cardiovascular and lipid reactivity.

Physiological stress reactivity has been examined with respect to cynical hostility and anger expression, but primarily among Caucasians. Investigations of African Americans are far fewer and have focused only on the cardiovascular system. This study compared the relationships between hostility and anger expression on the one hand, and both cardiovascular and lipid reactivity on the other, among African Americans and European Americans. Forty-six men participated in a study examining cardiovascular and lipid reactivity to a speech stressor. African American men low in cynical hostility had greater blood pressure reactivity to the stressor; this effect appeared to be due primarily to low cynical men with high Anger In. Independent of ethnicity, those with a general tendency to either always express or always inhibit the expression of anger had higher triglyceride reactivity, relative to those with a more flexible style of anger expression. These results suggest that it is important to examine ethnicity in relationship to measures of hostility and anger expression, to uncover vulnerable individuals.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

A neuropsychological model relating self-awareness to hostility.

Neuropsychological advances may help researchers better understand the relationship between psychological constructs. This paper proposes a neuropsychological model explaining the negative relationship between hostility and "self-awareness," which has been suggested by previous research [H. A. Demaree and D. W. Harrison (1995a) "Behavioral, Physiological, and Neuropsychological Correlates of Hostility," manuscript submitted for publication; L. H. Epstein and P. A. Cluss (1982) "A Behavioral Medicine Perspective on Adherence to Long-Term Medical Regimes," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 50, pp. 950-971; M. F. Scheier et al. (1974) "Self-Awareness and Physical Aggression," Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology, Vol. 10, pp. 254-273]. The authors review the role of the right cerebrum in both hostility and "self-awareness"--including arousal, perceptual, expressive, and integrative processes. Using identifiable tracts in the brain, the model suggests how deficits in "self-awareness"--poor awareness of physiological arousal, natural and emotional environment, etc.--may enhance the probability of hostility expression. This model is supported by previous empirical research and provides direction for future neuropsychological investigation.

Awareness↗

PubMed1990

What does the cook and medley hostility scale measure? Affect, behavior, and attributions in the marital context.

The Cook and Medley (1954) Hostility (Ho) scale has been used in several important studies evaluating potential health consequences of hostility. A relative lack of compelling information about the construct validity of the Ho scale, however, has raised concerns about the appropriate interpretation of previous research. In this study, 60 married couples discussed a low conflict topic, a high conflict topic, and then a second low conflict topic. High Ho men responded to the high conflict topic with significant increases in self-reported anger and anxiety and overt hostile behavior, but low Ho men did not. Furthermore, compared to low Ho men, high Ho men blamed their wives more for their usual disagreements on the high conflict topic and saw their disagreement-engendering behavior as more intentional. Among women, Ho scores were weakly related only to overt hostile behavior. Finally, couples consisting of two low Ho persons displayed a uniquely agreeable interactional style.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Self- and spouse ratings of anger and hostility as predictors of coronary heart disease.

Self- and spouse ratings of anger and hostility were examined as predictors of coronary heart disease (CHD) in 185 cardiac patients. Patients completed the Multidimensional Anger Inventory (MAI) and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability (MCSD) Scale; the MAI (rewritten to 3rd person) was completed by patients' spouses or by a peer. Thallium scans were used to measure CHD status. Results showed that patient-rated MAI scores were inversely correlated with MCSD. There were no gender differences for patient-rated MAI scores, but spouse ratings showed gender effects for Anger-Arousal and Hostile Outlook: Women rated their husband higher than men rated their wife. Patients with positive thallium scans were no different from those without CHD on patient-rated MAI scores; however, spouse ratings indicated that those with CHD had higher Hostile Outlook and Anger-In scores. After accounting for the effects of traditional CHD risk factors, only spouse-rated hostility contributed significant incremental variance to the prediction of CHD status.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Hostility, anger-in, and cardiovascular reactivity in white women.

Relations between cardiovascular reactivity and cynical hostility, aggressiveness, antagonism, and anger-in were examined in White college women for conditions of high and low interpersonal stress. High stress was created by having the participants discuss an issue on which they held a strong view with a confederate who adamantly espoused an opposing view. Participants in the low-stress condition discussed an issue on which they held no strong views with a confederate who amicably expressed agreement. Participants higher in cynical hostility exhibited more systolic blood pressure reactivity than individuals lower in cynical hostility in the high interpersonal stress condition only. Also, antagonism was positively related to heart rate reactivity across conditions. However, neither aggressiveness nor anger-in was related to reactivity in either condition. Overall, cynical hostility and a disposition toward disagreeable, manipulative behaviors (i.e., antagonism) but not overt aggressive behavior were found to be related to cardiovascular reactivity.

Adult↗